果树喷雾用圆盘风扇三维气流速度场数值模拟与验证

为研究用于果树风送喷雾的圆盘风扇气流速度场分布特性,采用k-ε紊流模型和稳态求解方法,设置合适的边界条件,对单、双风扇不同出口风速的气流速度场进行三维稳态数值模拟和试验验证。结果表明,双风扇同时送风时,在离两风扇中心1~3m的范围内,中心区域的风速明显小于两边的风速,在3~5m的范围内中心区域的风速和两边的风速相差不大。模拟值与试验值对比表明变化趋势一致,二者的拟合直线决定系数R2分别为0.8044和0.7957,所建模型可以比较准确地模拟风扇气流速度场的分布。     

锤片式揉碎机气流场数值模拟与试验

为研究揉碎机锤片结构参数与揉碎效率之间的关系,实现高效能揉碎,从空气动力学角度出发,分析在T型结构锤片的激励下,揉碎机内腔气流场结构与物料运动之间的关系。运用计算流体动力学（CFD）技术,分析揉碎机内腔气流场的压力场分布形态和速度场分布形态。模拟结果表明：揉碎机内腔气流轴向速度梯度较大,环流层的悬浮输送特性有利于物料充分揉搓和输送,整个揉碎室内从入料口到出料口轴向气流速度逐渐变大,流场速度梯度明显。设计验证试验,对模拟所得的风速与试验测得的值相比较,结果表明,仿真值与试验值变化趋势基本一致,二者最大相对误差为8%。     

小型植保无人机下洗气流场影响雾滴运动特性规律研究

为了研究小型无人机下洗气流场对雾滴运动特性的影响规律，以小型无人机为基础，采用Navier-Stokes(N-S)方程、realizable k-ε模型和Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure-Linked Equations算法，对施药过程中的下洗气流场和雾滴离散运动进行了详细的数值模拟分析。研究分析无人机下洗气流的速度特性、雾滴沉积特性以及作业高度对农药沉积效果的影响。通过试验结果可知，模拟值与试验值的相对误差在20%以内，验证了下洗气流场数值模型的可行性。进一步模拟分析结果表明，在无人机喷药平台的影响下，下洗气流场在距离旋翼1 m处达到速度峰值。随着作业高度的增加，雾滴逐渐分散并扩散。雾滴主要分布在两个“气流引入区”和两个“气流导出区”,该分布特征有助于优化施药效果和提高农药的使用效率。根据分析结果，当无人机飞行作业姿态与地表保持平行，且将作业高度调整至0.8～1.0 m之间时，可显著提高农药沉积量，从而提高植保无人机的施药效果。本研究验证了下洗气流场数值模型的可行性，为小型植保无人机的对靶雾滴漂移及沉积研究提供了参考依据。     

大豆播种机偏置双圆盘气吸式排种器

设计了一种大豆播种机偏置双圆盘气吸式排种器。通过分析偏置双圆盘气吸式排种器取种、排种作业原理,对其关键部件进行了设计、优化。以排种器播种吸盘转速、气流运动速度为试验因素,漏播率为试验指标分别进行单因素试验和二次通用旋转组合试验,运用Design-Expert软件得出回归曲面并建立数学模型,得出最佳因素组合为气流速度220 m/s、排种器播种吸盘转速100 r/min,此时漏播率为2.72%。     

温室轨道式弥雾机气流速度场三维模拟与试验

基于CFD模拟技术建立了温室轨道式弥雾机的气流速度场分布模型,并对模拟结果进行了验证.研究表明,在所设计的模拟区域内,气流速度在垂直和水平两个方向呈梯度减小趋势;改变喷孔气流速度对气流速度场空间分布状态不会产生显著影响,但对雾滴的分布范围有明显拓展作用;把喷孔气流速度由25 m/s提高到50 m/s,可将吹送距离由2.4m增大到3.6m,气流速度场范围半径由0.20m扩大到0.25 m.试验和模拟结果对比表明,所建模拟模型能够较准确地模拟温室轨道式弥雾机气流速度场的速度分布特性.     

基于CFD畜禽车厢体内温度场和速度场的模拟

为避免畜禽运输车在运输过程中因气流不均导致家禽损失,利用CFD模拟方法对畜禽运输车封闭式厢体内的温度场和速度场进行仿真分析。模拟结果表明,温度、风速较大的区域主要集中在每一层的第3、第4栏中,速度分布模拟值与实测值的相对误差范围为2.7%~5.1%,温度分布模拟值与实测值相对误差为1.2%~4.1%。模拟的气流速度和温度与实测的气流速度和温度值有着相同的变化规律,其中实测值与模拟值的最大误差不超过2℃,但由于气流的不均匀,高温仍集中在每一层的尾部。使用CFD模拟方法能够真实表达畜禽运输车厢体内气流状态,对厢体内温度场和气流场的模拟是一种有效的方法。     

设施离心雾化喷雾机的雾化性能探究试验

针对无行间硬化路与悬挂导轨的南北垄种植的日光温室，可采用离心雾化与气流辅助技术进行行侧施药作业。针对搭载对行间歇施药控制系统的推车式电动离心雾化喷雾机，以体积中值直径、相对跨度为指标，喷雾距离、雾化器转速、泵流量为试验因素，进行雾滴粒径影响因素试验和雾滴粒径模型标定试验。试验结果表明：流量、雾化器转速与其控制电机占空比均可进行线性拟合；针对体积中值直径，仅在雾化器电机占空比为15%时，喷雾距离呈负相关的显著性影响；任一喷雾距离或流量，雾化器转速对其呈负相关的显著性影响；任一雾化器转速，泵流量呈正相关的显著性影响；雾化器转速、泵流量均对相对跨度呈正相关的显著性影响；采用非线性回归法，建立喷雾距离在0.50~1.00 m下雾化器转速和泵流量相关的初始雾滴粒径模型，在有效占空比范围内，雾滴粒径在469~1003 μm范围可调，满足不同情况下的雾滴粒径需求。     

联合收割机清选室空间气流场的实验研究

研究和改善联合收割机清选室的气流场分布,使气流场和振动筛密切配合,对提高清选质量具有重要的实际意义.在DFQX-3型清选仿真与控制装置试验台上,设定离心风机转速5个水平和倾角3个水平,测量了每次试验时清选室空间75个测量点的气流速度.实验结果表明,离心风机的转速增大,各测点的气流速度也增大;调节出风角,就能调整筛面气流的高速区和低速区的分布.离心风机转速1250r/min,倾角25°时空间气流分布较适宜清选.实验结果对联合收割机清选装置的设计和开发具有一定的指导意义.     

风扇组对气流速度场影响的CFD仿真及验证

针对密植苹果园农药喷施不均匀、药液难以进入冠层内部的问题,结合密植苹果园的种植特点,提出了一种组合风扇的风送式喷雾结构,并通过CFD模拟探究该组合风扇出风口速度和倾角对气流速度场的影响规律。结果表明:随着组合风扇入口气流速度的增大,风送距离随之增大,但气流场分布特性基本一致;随着上下位风扇倾角的增大,3个风扇的相互影响越来越明显,3个风扇气流场的交汇扩大了组合风扇气流场的作用范围,侧位风扇倾角越大,X轴正向气流速度越大且越容易穿入厚厚的冠层内部;在入口风速为9m/s时,上下位风扇最佳倾角为35°～50°,侧位风扇倾角可根据果园植株幅宽特性进行调整;舍去两端误差较大的采样点,各倾角下采样点的相对误差基本分布在11. 00%～30. 00%之间,标准差介于0. 50～7. 50之间,模拟值与实验值的符合性较好。在距风扇安装位置0. 5～1. 5m之间的垂面上,气流场分布总体趋势为:中部流速最大,由中部向两侧逐渐递减。     

玉米收获机籽粒回收装置气流场分布试验研究

为了提高玉米收获机籽粒回收率和减小回收籽粒的含杂率,设计了上置风机振动筛式籽粒回收装置,用于清除轻杂物,促使苞叶翻转并顺利排出机外,并对其气流场的主要影响因素进行试验研究。为探究分风板对回收室内气流场的影响,应用Fluent模块进行仿真分析,仿真结果表明,分风板能够有效改善回收室内气流分布情况。为获取籽粒回收室内气流场的精确分布,在回收室内设置若干个测量点,采用风速仪测量各点处的风速,并观察分析苞叶在气流场作用下的姿态。为探究所设计气流场对籽粒回收率的影响,选取风机转速、出风倾角及作业速度为试验因素,籽粒回收率为评价指标,进行了3因素3水平正交田间试验,利用SPSS软件对试验结果进行方差和均值分析,得到各试验因素对试验指标的影响和主次顺序。试验结果表明,风机转速对籽粒回收率影响最大,出风倾角次之,而作业速度影响不显著。最佳组合为风机转速1 000 r/min,出风倾角15°。      

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。