三种非常规粗饲料的瘤胃发酵参数和养分降解特性研究

为比较三种非常规粗饲料(花生秧、构树、艾草)的瘤胃发酵参数和养分降解特性,试验选取体重为(600±30)kg、装有永久瘘管的荷斯坦干奶牛作为瘤胃液的供体动物,将风干并粉碎的三种非常规粗饲料分别放入发酵瓶中,并添加人工瘤胃液,于发酵2 h、6 h、12 h、24 h后分别测定各发酵物的产气量、养分降解率(干物质降解率、中性洗涤纤维降解率和酸性洗涤纤维降解率)、瘤胃发酵参数(pH值和挥发性脂肪酸含量)。结果表明：在体外发酵24 h内,构树瘤胃发酵物的产气量均显著高于花生秧和艾草(P<0.05);花生秧瘤胃发酵物的干物质降解率、中性洗涤纤维降解率和酸性洗涤纤维降解率均高于构树和艾草(P>0.05或P<0.05);艾草瘤胃发酵物的pH值均为最高;花生秧瘤胃发酵物的乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和总挥发酸含量均为最高,艾草瘤胃发酵物的均为最低。说明相比于艾草,花生秧和构树在反刍动物生产中具有较高的利用价值。     

粗饲料体外发酵特性及对微生物细胞膜界面物理化学特性的影响

本试验旨在研究不同来源粗饲料发酵特性及对微生物细胞膜界面物理化学特性的影响。以小麦秸、玉米秸、水稻秆、苜蓿和桂牧一号为试验材料,采用体外发酵技术,研究不同粗饲料发酵48 h时体外发酵特性及发酵液微生物界面物理化学特性。结果表明:1)5种粗饲料体外发酵产气量及产气动力学参数[最大产气量(Vf)、产气曲线常数(b)、产气分率(k)、达到最大产气量1/2时所用时间(T0.5)、初始发酵产气分率(FRD0)和达到最大产气量1/2时的发酵产气分率(FRDt0.5)]存在差异;Vf以桂牧一号最高,显著高于水稻秆(P0.05),极显著高于小麦秸(P0.01);b、k及T0.5以小麦秸最高,T0.5按小麦秸水稻秆玉米秸和桂牧一号苜蓿的顺序显著降低(P0.05);苜蓿的FRD0和FRDt0.5显著或极显著高于桂牧一号、水稻秆和玉米秸(P0.05或P0.01)。2)苜蓿干物质消失率显著或极显著高于水稻秆、小麦秸(P0.05或P0.01),氨态氮含量显著高于桂牧一号、水稻秆(P0.05)。不同粗饲料间发酵液微生物细胞膜通透性按玉米秸小麦秸水稻秆桂牧一号和苜蓿的顺序显著降低(P0.05)。由此可见,不同品种粗饲料间在发酵特性以及微生物部分界面物理化学特性间存在差异,利用不同粗饲料发酵不同步的特性进行组合,可能有利于提高粗饲料的利用。     

体外盲肠发酵法研究驴主要粗饲料的发酵特性

试验旨在研究不同的粗饲料对驴盲肠体外发酵过程中各项参数产生的影响。采用单因素完全随机试验设计,通过体外盲肠发酵法比较研究苜蓿、燕麦草、全株玉米青贮、羊草、玉米秸秆和谷草的体外盲肠发酵参数,以谷草为对照组,不同粗饲料作为处理组。结果表明,在各项发酵参数中,苜蓿的产气量和氨态氮含量最高;全株玉米青贮菌体蛋白含量最高,谷草最低;苜蓿和燕麦草乙酸含量较高,玉米秸秆和谷草较低;全株玉米青贮和燕麦草丙酸含量较高,谷草最低;燕麦草的丁酸、异丁酸、异戊酸、戊酸和总挥发性脂肪酸含量均最高,玉米秸秆和谷草较低。粗饲料多项组合效应值排序为苜蓿>燕麦草>全株玉米青贮>羊草>玉米秸秆>谷草。研究表明,苜蓿、燕麦草、全株玉米青贮和羊草的体外盲肠发酵效果较好,玉米秸秆和谷草的较差。     

利用体外法研究绒山羊常用粗饲料的瘤胃发酵特性

文章旨在利用体外法研究绒山羊常用粗饲料的瘤胃发酵特性。采用单因素完全随机试验设计,通过体外三步法比较了6种粗饲料(玉米秸秆、谷草、苜蓿、玉米青贮、燕麦草、羊草)的体外瘤胃发酵参数,每种饲料作为一个处理,以玉米秸秆为对照组。结果表明,体外瘤胃pH以苜蓿最高,玉米青贮最低(P<0.05);BCP浓度苜蓿显著高于谷草、羊草和玉米秸秆,其中以玉米秸秆最低(P<0.05),体外瘤胃NH₃-N浓度以玉米青贮最高,玉米秸秆最低,谷草也较低(P<0.05)。原虫数量以玉米青贮最高,苜蓿最低(P<0.05)。不同的粗饲料体外瘤胃培养液TVFA浓度以玉米青贮和苜蓿较高,玉米秸秆较低(P<0.05);产气量以玉米青贮和苜蓿草较高,玉米秸秆和谷草较低。不同粗饲料多项组合效应值中,玉米青贮和苜蓿的MFAEI值较大,谷草次之,玉米秸秆最低(P<0.05)。说明绒山羊对玉米青贮和苜蓿具有较好的体外瘤胃发酵效果,玉米秸秆和谷草较差。     

利用体外三步法研究绒山羊常用粗饲料原料的营养物质降解率北大核心

试验旨在通过体外三步法(瘤胃液法-胃蛋白酶-胰酶)研究绒山羊常用粗饲料原料的体外营养物质降解率。采用单因素完全随机试验设计,比较研究6种粗饲料(玉米秸秆、谷草、苜蓿、玉米青贮、燕麦草、羊草)的营养物质体外降解率。粗饲料原料均在65℃干燥并粉碎过40目筛,在体外模拟瘤胃内环境培养48 h,模拟胃内环境消化1 h,小肠内环境消化24 h,测定粗饲料的干物质(DM)、有机质(OM)、粗蛋白(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、半纤维素(HCL)、粗灰分(Ash)和总能(GE),每个处理设6个重复。结果显示,苜蓿和玉米青贮的DM、OM、CP、EE瘤胃-胃-小肠体外降解率分别在96、94%、97%、88%以上,DE高于16 MJ/kg,体外瘤胃的NDF、ADF、HCL降解率较高。苜蓿、玉米青贮的DM、OM、CP和EE在绒山羊体外瘤胃的降解贡献率多在70%以上,玉米秸秆最低,低于65%;谷草的OM和EE降解贡献率低于60%。研究表明,苜蓿和玉米青贮的营养价值高于谷草、燕麦草和羊草,玉米秸秆最低。     

牛至精油对绵羊瘤胃体外养分降解率、发酵特性及CH4产量的影响

试验旨在研究牛至精油对绵羊瘤胃体外养分降解率、发酵特性及CH₄产量的影响。采用单因素完全随机试验设计,在培养液中分别添加0(CON)、100(EO₁)、400(EO₂)、700(EO₃)和1000 mg·L^-1(EO₄)牛至精油,每组4个重复。发酵48 h后测定养分降解率、发酵参数及不同时间总产气量和CH₄产量。结果表明:1)与CON组相比,干物质降解率、粗蛋白降解率、中性洗涤纤维降解率在EO₁组中均显著升高(P<0.05),在EO₄组中均显著降低(P<0.05),EO₂组中均无显著差异(P>0.05),干物质降解率在EO₃组中显著降低(P<0.05),添加牛至精油对酸性洗涤纤维降解率(ADFD)无显著影响(P>0.05);2)EO₁组pH最低,而总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)、丙酸浓度最高,且乙酸浓度显著高于EO₂、EO₃和EO₄(P<0.05),但乙酸/总挥发性脂肪酸显著低于EO₃、EO₄组(P<0.05),乙酸/丙酸显著低于CON组(P<0.05)。与CON组相比,牛至精油组丁酸、丁酸/总挥发性脂肪酸和氨氮浓度显著降低(P<0.05);3)发酵36 h后,总产气量、甲烷产量均随牛至精油的添加而逐渐降低,与CON组相比,EO₁组发酵18~48 h总产气量显著降低(P<0.05),EO₂、EO₃和EO₄组总产气量、CH₄产量在发酵18 h后均显著降低(P<0.05),EO₄组甲烷百分比在发酵12~36 h显著降低(P<0.05)。综上所述,在绵羊瘤胃体外培养液中添加牛至精油能够提高饲粮养分降解率,调控瘤胃发酵,降低总产气量和甲烷产量,体外条件下添加量不应高于100 mg·L^-1。     

不同粗饲料日粮发酵规律及合成瘤胃微生物蛋白质效率研究

对玉米秸和稻草用30％水、3％尿素和4％石灰进行处理，用尼龙袋法测定了处理前后32种粗饲料的降解法;用持续人工瘤胃法研究了处理玉米秸、处理稻草和羊草为粗饲料配合日粮的降解规律．结果表明，化学处理使玉米秸的降解率从40．05％（P＜0．05）．3种粗饲料日粮合成微生物蛋白质的效率相似（P＞0．05）．     

不同纤维素酶处理时间和添加水平对小麦秸秆体外营养物质降解率及瘤胃发酵特性的影响

本试验旨在研究不同纤维素酶处理时间和添加水平对小麦秸秆体外营养物质降解率及瘤胃发酵特性的影响。采用4×4双因素试验设计,包括4个纤维素酶处理时间（0、15、30、720 min）和4个纤维素酶添加水平（5 000、10 000、15 000、20 000 U/kg）,分别测定在不同发酵时间（24、48 h）的营养物质降解率和发酵参数。结果表明：1）随着纤维素酶处理时间增加,除24 h半纤维素降解率（HD）外,体外发酵24、48 h干物质降解率（DMD）、中性洗涤纤维降解率（NDFD）、酸性洗涤纤维降解率（ADFD）、木质素降解率（ADLD）、HD、纤维素降解率（CD）显著增加（P<0.05）。随着纤维素酶添加水平增加,24 h DMD、NDFD、ADFD、HD、CD和48 h HD呈线性增加（P <0.05）,24 h ADLD和48 h DMD、NDFD、ADFD、ADLD、CD呈二次增加（P <0.05）。纤维素添加水平为10 000和20 000 U/kg之间的DMD、NDFD、ADFD、ADLD和CD差异不显著（P>0.05）。2）随着纤维素酶处理时间增...     

大豆皮替代粗饲料饲喂肉幼兔的生长性能和体外纤维饲料动态发酵

通过肉幼兔生长试验和盲肠微生物活体外发酵试验,评定大豆皮替代不同水平粗饲料大豆秸的饲喂价值。利用45只肉幼免进行30天生长试验,饲料处理为大豆皮分别替代0％、25％和50％大豆秸。随大豆皮替代粗饲料水平的提高,试兔日增重和饲料转化效率呈二次曲线规律提高(p<0.04),其中在25％替代水平下最高,但对饲料进食量没有显著影响(p>0.10)。提高大豆皮替代水平导致盲肠内容物pH和NH_3-N浓度直线降低(p<0.001),而总挥发酸浓度直线提高(p<0.03)。随饲粮中大豆皮替代粗饲料比例的提高,苜蓿、大豆皮和小麦秸等纤维饲料的活体外48h净产气量、产气速度均直线提高(p<0.001),而产气延滞期直线降低(p<0.01)。     

Effect of microbial inoculants on the fermentation characteristics,nutritive value,and in vitro digestibility of various forages

This study was aimed to examine the characteristics of three isolated lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains (HG24, M1, and TG1), and to evaluate their effects on fermentation characteristics, nutritive value, and in vitro digestibility in a variety of substrates. The experiments were conducted with Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schred.), and oat (Avena sativa L.) in laboratory silo (1 L) for ensiling 30 days. All the treated silages had significantly (p < 0.05) higher in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), and lower undesirable microorganism populations compared with controls. In Italian ryegrass and oat silages, all the inoculants improved the fermentation quality, evidenced by distinctly (p < 0.05) higher LA contents and ratios of LA to acetic acid, and lower pH, butyric acid and ammonia nitrogen contents. Strains HG24 and commercial inoculant G (Lactobacillus plantarum MTD‐1) performed better than strains M1 and TG1, indicated by obviously (p < 0.05) higher LA contents, LAB numbers, and IVDMD. In tall fescue silage, all the isolated LAB strains (HG24, M1 and TG1) markedly (p < 0.05) increased IVDMD compared with strain G. Strain HG24 is recommended as a good LAB inoculant for ensiling in various forages.     

不同类型草地牧草消化率季节动态与营养品质的关系研究

试验选用5只瘤胃瘘管羊,用尼龙袋法对采自甘肃玛曲高寒草甸、沼泽化草甸、甘肃张掖平山湖荒漠草原及新疆温性草原天然混合牧草的干物质消化率(DMD)和营养成分进行测定。结果表明,高海拔地区的高寒草甸和沼泽化草甸牧草干物质消化率显著高于低海拔地区荒漠草原,且随着时间的推移,高寒草甸和沼泽化草甸牧草干物质消化率先升高后降低,且在6月体内消化率达到最高,而平山湖荒漠草原表现相反趋势。新疆温性荒漠草原则随着季节的变化,从花期—果期—枯草期牧草干物质消化率逐渐降低。玛曲高寒草甸牧草干物质消化率与牧草粗蛋白含量(CP)呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与牧草中酸性洗涤纤维(ADF), 中性洗涤纤维(NDF)呈极显著负相关(P<0.01);牧草生育期与CP含量和DMD呈极显著负相关,与DM, ADF, NDF均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),说明在高寒牧区,6,7和8月牧草营养价值较高,可满足放牧家畜维持和生产能量需要。     

Evaluation of nutritive value and in vitro rumen fermentation gas accumulation of de-oiled algal residues

Background：Algae are widely recognized for their high oil content and for exponentially accumulating biomass with particular potential to provide single cell protein for human consumption or animal feed.It is believed that along with biodiesel from algae,the high protein de-oiled algal residue may become an alternative feed supplement option in the future.This study was conducted to investigate de-oiled algal residue obtained from the common Chlorella species,Thalassiosira weissflogii,Selenarstrum capricornutum,Scenedesmus sp.,and Scenedesmus dimorphus for assessment as potential feed supplements for ruminants by comparing with soybean（Glycine max） meal and alfalfa（Medicago sativa） hay.Results：With the exception of T.weissflogii,algal residue had higher concentrations of Cu,Zn,and Mn and lower concentration of Ca,Mg,and K than soybean meal and alfalfa hay.The algal residue CP（crude protein）concentrations ranged from 140 to 445 g/kg DM and varied among the de-oiled residues.In vitro rumen fermentation gas accumulation curves indicated that algal biomass degradation potential was less than that of soybean meal or alfalfa hay by up to 41.7%.The gas production curve,interpreted with a dual pool logistic model,confirmed that the fraction sizes for fast fermenting and slow fermenting of de-oiled algal residues were smaller than those in soybean meal and alfalfa hay,and the fermenting rate of the fractions was also low.Conclusions：Inferior in vitro rumen gas accumulation from the five de-oiled algal residues suggests that these algal byproducts are less degradable in the rumen.     

Evaluation of nutritive value and in vitro rumen fermentation gas accumulation of de-oiled algal residues

Background

Algae are widely recognized for their high oil content and for exponentially accumulating biomass with particular potential to provide single cell protein for human consumption or animal feed. It is believed that along with biodiesel from algae, the high protein de-oiled algal residue may become an alternative feed supplement option in the future. This study was conducted to investigate de-oiled algal residue obtained from the common Chlorella species, Thalassiosira weissflogii, Selenarstrum capricornutum, Scenedesmus sp., and Scenedesmus dimorphus for assessment as potential feed supplements for ruminants by comparing with soybean (Glycine max) meal and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) hay.

Results

With the exception of T. weissflogii, algal residue had higher concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Mn and lower concentration of Ca, Mg, and K than soybean meal and alfalfa hay. The algal residue CP (crude protein) concentrations ranged from 140 to 445 g/kg DM and varied among the de-oiled residues. In vitro rumen fermentation gas accumulation curves indicated that algal biomass degradation potential was less than that of soybean meal or alfalfa hay by up to 41.7%.The gas production curve, interpreted with a dual pool logistic model, confirmed that the fraction sizes for fast fermenting and slow fermenting of de-oiled algal residues were smaller than those in soybean meal and alfalfa hay, and the fermenting rate of the fractions was also low.

Conclusions

Inferior in vitro rumen gas accumulation from the five de-oiled algal residues suggests that these algal byproducts are less degradable in the rumen.     

干燥方法对几种牧草营养价值和体外消化率的影响

研究了不同干燥方法对盛世紫花苜蓿、环峡南苜蓿、特高多花黑麦草营养价值和体外消化率的影响,结果表明:喷化学干燥剂和压扁茎秆结合喷化学干燥剂使两种豆科牧草茎叶干燥速度趋于一致,缩短了干燥时间,减少了营养物质损失,从而提高了干草的质量;喷化学干燥剂在缩短特高多花黑麦草干燥时间上无效,但在提高其体外消化率上效果显著;与自然晒干和阴干相比,压扁茎秆,喷化学干燥剂及两者结合使用有效提高了牧草的体外消化率。     

贵州 42 种野生牧草营养价值灰色关联度分析简

 对贵州本地４２种自然生长的野生牧草进行识别、鉴定,分析其中的干物质、粗蛋白、粗纤维、粗脂肪、灰分、钙和磷的含量,结果显示,贵州不同地域生长的同种野生牧草间多数营养成分相近,且与全国平均水平相近,个别营养成分含量存在一定差异。为了避免常规营养评价方法中只考虑粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗纤维等少数因子而忽略其他因子的弊端,本文采用灰色关联度分析法对４２种野生牧草的营养成分进行综合评价。４２种野生牧草中营养价值最高的有菊科莶、小飞蓬、苦苣菜,藜科灰灰菜,苋科反枝苋５种;营养价值较高的有１４种,菊科白蒿、青蒿、三叶鬼针草、苦荬菜、千里光,禾本科狗尾草、茅草、双穗雀稗、狗牙根,蓼科酸模叶蓼、金荞麦,桑科构树,十字花科荠菜,蝶形花科洋槐;营养价值较低的７种,菊科一年蓬,豆科黄花木,石柱科鹅肠菜,蔷薇科刺梨,莎草科香附子,马齿苋科马齿苋,芸香科野花椒;其余１６种样品的营养价值处于中等水平,包括菊科鱼鳅串,禾本科鸭茅、黑麦草、薏苡、扁穗雀麦,蓼科扛板归、辣蓼,苋科空心莲子草,桑科草,豆科白刺花、白三叶,忍冬科羊屎条、金银花,旋花科小旋花,蔷薇科刺泡和马鞭草科荆条。本文的研究结果说明,４２种牧草中的３５种值得进一步开发利用。     

不同品种牧草间组合时体外产气发酵特性研究

采用体外发酵产气技术研究了鲁梅克斯杂交酸模-三叶草分别与皇竹草、桂牧1号、冬牧70、矮象草、牛鞭草、黑麦草和苏丹草按0∶100、25∶75、50∶50、75∶25和100∶0的比例进行组合时的体外发酵产气特性。结果表明,当鲁梅克斯-三叶草分别与皇竹、桂牧1号和冬牧70组合时,产气量和理论最大产气量以鲁梅克斯-三叶草占75%时最高,而与黑麦草组合时则以25%时最高,并显著(P<0.05)高于其占75%的组合。与矮象草和苏丹草组合时以其占50%时最高,而与牛鞭草组合时则以50%最低。当鲁梅克斯-三叶草与除黑麦草之外的牧草组合时,产气速率随鲁梅克斯-三叶草所占比例的上升而上升,与黑麦草组合时,产气速率则呈相反方向变化,但不同组合比例间无显著差异。当鲁梅克斯-三叶草与除皇竹、桂牧1号、牛鞭草和冬牧70以外的禾本科牧草组合时,不同比例的牧草组合不同发酵时间点之间的正组合效应达到了显著水平。结论认为,3种牧草间组合可不同程度地提高牧草的体外发酵产气量。     

不同粗饲料组合对晋南牛瘤胃体外发酵特性的研究

旨在研究全株玉米青贮(WCS)、小麦秸秆(WS)和苜蓿青贮(AS)不同组合比例对晋南牛瘤胃体外发酵特性的影响,筛选不同饲料组合应用的最适比例.将全株玉米青贮、小麦秸秆、苜蓿青贮以不同比例组合(80:10:10,70:10:20,70:20:10,60:10:30,60:20:10,60:30:10,50:10:40,5...     

Estimation of nutritive value and dry matter intake of forage

Since the 1900s, proximate analysis has been the mainstream method of feed analysis. In addition to this method, the detergent method, which was developed in the 1960s, has become a popular methodology for feed composition and nutritive value evaluation. One fundamental characteristic of this method is that fractionated carbohydrates are classified as either the fiber of feed in terms of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) or non‐fiber carbohydrates (NFC), which include sugar and starch. Meanwhile, in Japan another method, the enzymatic method, has been developed. The characteristic of this method is that fractionated carbohydrates are classified as either the fiber contained in feed in terms of organic cell wall (OCW) or nitrogen‐cell wall free extracts (NCWFE, non‐structural carbohydrates). One important fraction of feed nutrition is digestible carbohydrates, which are the sum of digestible non‐structural carbohydrates and the digestible fiber. The content of digestible non‐structural carbohydrates is obtained based on the nutritional uniformity of NFC and NCWFE in the detergent and enzymatic method, individually. The digestible fiber is obtained in the detergent method from the potential digestibility of NDF and lignifications, and obtained in the enzymatic method from the highly digestible organic a fraction and the poorly digestible organic b (Ob) fraction. The amount of digestible carbohydrates obtained by these two methods of analysis is sometimes significantly different. The Ob fraction obtained by the enzymatic method shows a significant negative correlation, and a 1% increase in the Ob content of hay dry matter suppresses the dry matter intake of dairy cattle by 0.17 kg.     

不同生长阶段的油菜饲用营养价值评价研究

探索不同生长阶段油菜的营养价值,为油菜的饲用提供数据支撑和参考。以同一品种、不同时期(蕾薹期、初花期、盛花期、结荚初期、结荚后期)采集的油菜以及油菜秸秆作为试验素材,通过常规营养成分的检测分析以及随意干物质采食量(DMI)、体外干物质消化率(IVDMD)、粗饲料分级指数(GI和GI’)的预测,分析油菜的饲用价值。结果表明:(1)随着油菜生长阶段的发展,结合常规营养成分、随意干物质采食量(DMI)、体外干物质消化率(IVDMD)以及粗饲料分级指数(GI)分析,油菜饲用的营养价值呈逐渐下降的趋势;(2)油菜生长的不同阶段饲用价值不一样,通过预测分析,应结合生物产量以及饲喂动物,综合营养指标选择合适的生长阶段进行采收、贮存和饲用。