杜泊羊、东弗里生羊与小尾寒羊杂交效果分析

在完全舍饲的条件下,用杜泊羊公羊和东弗里生羊公羊与小尾寒羊母羊杂交,杂交后代的体型外貌与其父本有更多的相似之处。杜寒杂交羊和东寒杂交羊哺乳期日增重极显著高于小尾寒羊(P0.01),在3月龄断奶至6月龄,杜寒杂交羊的日增重最高,极显著高于小尾寒羊和东寒杂交羊(P0.01),小尾寒羊和东寒杂交羊断奶后日增重差异不显著(P0.05)。在体尺相关性状变化上也较明显,杜寒、东寒杂交羊的体高、体斜长均极显著低于小尾寒羊(P0.01);东寒杂交羊和杜寒杂交羊的胸围、胸深、胸宽均极显著高于小尾寒羊(P0.01)。在屠宰性能方面,杜寒杂交羊宰前活重极显著高于小尾寒羊(P0.01),显著高于东寒杂交羊(0.01P0.05);胴体重杜寒杂交羊高于小尾寒羊和东寒杂交羊(0.01P0.05),6月龄公羊屠宰率杜寒杂交羊高于小尾寒羊和东寒杂交羊约3个百分点,杜寒杂交羊的净肉重极显著高于小尾寒羊(P0.01)和东寒杂交羊(P0.01)。杜寒杂交组合在肉用性能方面具有较好的改良效果,可在生产中着力推广。     

肉用绵羊与小尾寒羊杂交羔羊肉品质研究

为了研究不同杂交羔羊肉品质特性,试验采用肉品质测定的方法。结果表明:杜泊公羊与小尾寒羊母羊杂交F1代(简称杜寒F1代)和德克塞尔与小尾寒羊母羊杂交F1代(简称德寒F1代)6月龄羔羊肉食用品质好于小尾寒羊,小尾寒羊、德寒F1代和杜寒F1代羔羊臂三头肌肉中肌纤维组织学特性无显著差异(P0.05);杜寒F1代背最长肌和股二头肌肉嫩度好于德寒F1代和小尾寒羊,杜寒F1代和德寒F1代羔羊肉氨基酸和粗蛋白含量低于小尾寒羊,但羔羊肉营养成分没有显著差异。     

杜泊羊和小尾寒羊杂一代羔羊与小尾寒羊羔羊生长性能、屠宰性能及肉品品质的比较

本试验选用杜寒杂交一代羔羊(杜寒F1)与小尾寒羊羔羊各10只,研究同一饲养水平条件下,两者生产性能、屠宰性能及肉品品质的差异。试验结果表明:杜寒F1羔羊0～3月龄、3～6月龄平均日增重分别比小尾寒羊羔羊提高44.86%和38.58%(P<0.05);屠宰率和眼肌面积分别比小尾寒羊羔羊高出17.46%和19.93%(P<0.05);杜寒F1羔羊背最长肌肉中粗脂肪和钙的含量均显著高于小尾寒羊羔羊(P<0.05)。综合以上结果:杜寒F1羔羊的增重速度、屠宰性能产肉力和肉品品质均优于小尾寒羊,适合用作肥羔生产。     

杜泊绵羊与湖羊和小尾寒羊杂交试验

以杜泊羊为父本,湖羊与小尾寒羊为母本进行杂交,母本群体同期发情后用父本鲜精进行人工授精。对杂交羔羊日增重、屠宰性能、肉品品质各项指标进行比较分析。结果表明:0~6月龄杜湖F_1羔羊与杜寒F_1羔羊日增重均极显著高于湖羊和小尾寒羊(P0.01);杜湖F_1羔羊屠宰率、胴体重分别高于杜寒F_1羔羊4.16%和4.62%,但差异均不显著(P0.05),杜湖F_1羔羊肉品的剪切力低于杜寒F_1羔羊11.57%,且差异显著(P0.05)。说明杜湖F_1羔羊产肉性能与肉品质均优于杜寒F_1羔羊,具有较高的生产高端羊肉的潜力。     

杜泊、萨福克、无角陶塞特与小尾寒羊杂交肥羔肉质特性的研究

选在相同条件下饲养的杜泊、萨福克、无角陶塞特与小尾寒羊杂交一代及小尾寒羊(公羔、5～6 月龄、体重46～48.5 kg)共16只,每个处理4只.经屠宰取背最长肌和股二头肌各半制备样品,测定肌肉中化学成分、氨基酸、矿物质和微量元素含量.结果表明:粗蛋白质含量,萨寒F1 20.8%,陶寒F1 20.5%,杜寒F1 20.1%,均高于小尾寒羊(19.6%).每百克肉中17种氨基酸总量也分别高于小尾寒羊,依次为萨寒F1(20.09g),陶寒F1(19.78g);杜寒F1(19.13g);小尾寒羊(18.42g).人体营养所需要的必需氨基酸总量分别比小尾寒羊提高8.86%;8.54%和2.16%,其中组氨酸的含量显著高于小尾寒羊(P＜0.05);杜寒F1和陶寒F1的蛋氨酸含量也显著高于小尾寒羊(P＜0.05).与风味(鲜味)有直接关系的天冬氨酸和谷氨酸含量也分别比小尾寒羊高.萨寒F1和陶寒F1粗脂肪含量高于小尾寒羊(P＜0.05).杂交肥羔钙极显著高于小尾寒羊(P＜0.01),铁、锰、硒含量也显著高于小尾寒羊(P＜0.05);而小尾寒羊肥羔肉含锌量(34mg)高于杂交羊;有毒有害元素均未检出,综合评定杂交肥羔肉的营养价值和肉质品质均优于小尾寒羊.     

杜泊、萨福克、无角陶塞特与小尾寒羊杂交肥羔肉质特性的研究

选在相同条件下饲养的杜泊、萨福克、无角陶塞特与小尾寒羊杂交一代及小尾寒羊(公羔、5~6月龄、体重46~48.5kg)共16只,每个处理4只。经屠宰取背最长肌和股二头肌各半制备样品,测定肌肉中化学成分、氨基酸、矿物质和微量元素含量。结果表明:粗蛋白质含量,萨寒F120.8%,陶寒F120.5%,杜寒F120.1%,均高于小尾寒羊(19.6%)。每百克肉中17种氨基酸总量也分别高于小尾寒羊,依次为萨寒F1(20.09g),陶寒F1(19.78g);杜寒F1(19.13g);小尾寒羊(18.42g)。人体营养所需要的必需氨基酸总量分别比小尾寒羊提高8.86%;8.54%和2.16%,其中组氨酸的含量显著高于小尾寒羊(P<0.05);杜寒F1和陶寒F1的蛋氨酸含量也显著高于小尾寒羊(P<0.05)。与风味(鲜味)有直接关系的天冬氨酸和谷氨酸含量也分别比小尾寒羊高。萨寒F1和陶寒F1粗脂肪含量高于小尾寒羊(P<0.05)。杂交肥羔钙极显著高于小尾寒羊(P<0.01),铁、锰、硒含量也显著高于小尾寒羊(P<0.05);而小尾寒羊肥羔肉含锌量(34mg)高于杂交羊;有毒有害元素均未检出,综合评定杂交肥羔肉的营养价值和肉质品质均优于小尾寒羊。     

杜泊羊、萨福克羊、无角陶塞特羊与小尾寒羊杂交肥羔羊肉质特性的研究

选在相同条件下饲养的小尾寒羊及杜泊羊、萨福克羊、无角陶塞特羊与小尾寒羊杂交一代和杜寒二代(公羔、5～6月龄、体重46～48.5 kg)羊共20只,每个处理4只.经屠宰取背最长肌和股二头肌各半制备样品,测定肌肉中化学成分、氨基酸、矿物质和微量元素含量.结果表明粗蛋白质含量,萨寒F120.8 %; 陶寒F120.5%; 杜寒F220.3 %;杜寒F120.1 %,均高于小尾寒羊(19.6%).每百克肉中17种氨基酸总量也分别高于小尾寒羊,依次为萨寒F1 (20.09 g),陶寒F1(19.78 g);杜寒F2(19.38 g);杜寒F1(19.13 g);小尾寒羊(18.42 g).人体营养所需要的必需氨基酸总量分别比小尾寒羊提高8.86 %;8.54 %;8.11 %和2.16%,其中组氨酸的含量显著高于小尾寒羊(P＜0.05);杜寒F1、杜寒F2和陶寒F1的蛋氨酸含量也显著比小尾寒羊高(P＜0.05).与风味(鲜味)有直接关系的天冬氨酸和谷氨酸含量也分别比小尾寒羊高.萨寒F1和陶寒F1粗脂肪含量高于小尾寒羊(P＜0.05).杂交肥羔钙含量显著高于小尾寒羊(P＜0.01),铁、锰、硒也高于小尾寒羊(P＜0.05),而小尾寒羊肥羔肉含锌量(34 mg)高于杂交羊;有毒有害元素均未检出.说明肉羊生产的生态环境和饲料条件均能达到绿色食品和有机食品的要求.利用杜泊、萨福克、无角陶塞特绵羊杂交小尾寒羊,杂交羊不仅肉的营养价值得到了提高,而且肉的风味也得到了较大改善.综合评定杂交肥羔肉的营养价值和肉质品质均优于小尾寒羊.     

杜泊、萨福克、无角陶塞特与小尾寒羊杂交肥羔肉质特性的研究

选在相同条件下饲养的杜泊、萨福克、无角陶塞特与小尾寒羊杂交一代及小尾寒羊(公羔、5～6月龄、体重46～48.5kg)共16只,每个处理4只.经屠宰取背最长肌和股二头肌各半制备样品,测定肌肉中化学成分、氨基酸、矿物质和微量元素含量.结果表明:粗蛋白质含量,萨寒F120.8%,陶寒F120.5%,杜寒F120.1%,均高于小尾寒羊(19.6%).每百克肉中17种氨基酸总量也分别高于小尾寒羊,依次为萨寒F1(20.09g),陶寒F1(19.78g);杜寒F1(19.13g);小尾寒羊(18.42g).人体营养所需要的必需氨基酸总量分别比小尾寒羊提高8.86%;8.54%和2.16%,其中组氨酸的含量显著高于小尾寒羊(P＜0.05);杜寒F1和陶寒F1的蛋氨酸含量也显著高于小尾寒羊(P＜0.05).与风味(鲜味)有直接关系的天冬氨酸和谷氨酸含量也分别比小尾寒羊高.萨寒F1和陶寒F1粗脂肪含量高于小尾寒羊(P＜0.05).杂交肥羔钙极显著高于小尾寒羊(P＜0.01),铁、锰、硒含量也显著高于小尾寒羊(P＜0.05);而小尾寒羊肥羔肉含锌量(34mg)高于杂交羊;有毒有害元素均未检出.说明肉羊生产的生态环境和饲料条件均能达到绿色食品和有机食品的要求.利用杜泊、萨福克、无角陶塞特绵羊杂交小尾寒羊,杂交羊不仅肉的营养价值得到了提高,而且肉的风味也得到了较大改善.综合评定杂交肥羔肉的营养价值和肉质品质均优于小尾寒羊.     

东弗里生羊、杜泊羊与小尾寒羊杂交羔羊肌肉营养成分比较研究

纯种小尾寒羊、东寒杂一代羊及杜寒一代羊各5只在大群舍饲条件下育肥,满6月龄宰杀做肌肉营养成分分析。结果表明:杜寒杂一代羊肌肉脂肪含量极显著低于纯种小尾寒羊与东寒杂一代羊(P0.01),而东寒杂一代羊肌肉脂肪含量又极显著低于小尾寒羊(P0.01);东寒杂一代羊和杜寒杂一代羊肌肉铁含量均极显著高于小尾寒羊(P0.01),以杜寒杂一代羊为最高(167.02 mg/kg);东寒杂一代羊肌肉锰及锌含量极显著高于其他两组(P0.01);3组羊肌肉水分、蛋白质、灰分及总磷等均无显著差异(P0.05)。说明小尾寒羊经杂交后,其肌肉脂肪含量明显降低,矿物质中铁、锰及锌含量显著提高,蛋白质含量有所增加。     

杜泊绵羊与小尾寒羊杂交肥羔肉质特性的研究

选在相同条件下饲养的杜泊绵羊与小尾寒羊杂交一二代和小尾寒羊共24只,分为3个处理。屠宰取背最长肌和股二头肌测定肌肉中化学成分、氨基酸、矿物质和微量元素含量。结果表明:粗蛋白质含量杜寒F1 20.1%,杜寒F220.3%,均高于小尾寒羊19.6%。17种氨基酸总量为杜寒F1 19.13 g,杜寒F2 19.38 g,小尾寒羊18.42 g。人体营养所需要的必需氨基酸含量分别比小尾寒羊提高2.16%和8.11%;其中蛋氨酸含量显著(P<0.05)高于小尾寒羊。与风味(鲜味)有关的天冬氨酸和谷氨酸含量也分别比小尾寒羊高。杜寒杂交一二代肥羔肉中钙、铁、锰显著高于小尾寒羊(P<0.05)。而小尾寒羊肥羔肉锌、铜含量则显著高于杜寒F1和F2杂交羊。有毒有害元素均未检出。综合评定杜寒杂交一二代肥羔肉的营养价值和肉质品质接近,但均优于小尾寒羊。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …