保护性耕作措施对陡坡地养分流失的影响

采用田间小区试验方法,在自然降雨条件下,原位监测了南方紫色土陡坡地(坡度=15°)不同保护性耕作措施对地表径流量、径流水氮磷浓度及养分累积量的影响。结果表明,不同处理径流量及氮磷流失量最大的月份为5月,占全年流失量的40%以上;横坡垄作及横坡垄作+秸秆覆盖均能够降低不同作物生长季及休闲季径流水中的氮磷浓度的均值及最大值。烟草季,常规处理(CK)、横坡垄作(KF)和横坡垄作+秸秆覆盖(BMP)径流水中的总氮浓度分别为3.44、3.37和3.28 mg·L~(-1);甘薯季,CK、KF和BMP 3个处理径流水中总氮的浓度分别为2.79、2.61和2.63 mg·L~(-1);休闲季分别为3.01、2.78和2.64 mg·L~(-1)。KF和BMP优化处理后,全年的径流量从CK处理的5 553 m3·hm~(-2)分别降至5 347 m~3·hm~(-2)(KF)和2 905 m3·hm~(-2)(BMP),其中BMP处理与CK处理之间的差异达到显著水平(P0.05)。与CK处理相比,KF处理径流水中不同形态氮磷的流失量虽都有降低,但二者之间差异未达到显著水平,BMP处理则显著降低了径流水中总氮(TN)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)、铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)、总磷(TP)、可溶性总磷(TDP)的流失量(P0.05)。此外,横坡垄作+秸秆覆盖还可以将起始产生径流的最小降雨量从CK处理的26.95 mm提高至67.15 mm。综上结果可以看出,单纯的横坡垄作对陡坡地的养分流失截留效果是有限的,而横坡垄作+秸秆覆盖处理则可以显著减少陡坡地的径流,进而对氮、磷养分的流失产生较好的截留效果。     

转变耕作方式对长期旋免耕农田土壤有机碳库的影响

土壤深松是解决长期旋免耕农田耕层浅薄化、亚表层（>15～30 cm）容重增加等问题的有效方法之一,而将长期旋免耕农田进行深松必然导致农业生态系统中土壤有机碳（soil organic carbon,SOC）及碳固定速率的变化。因此,为对比将长期旋免耕转变为深松前后农田土壤有机碳库变化,该研究利用连续12a 的旋耕和免耕长期定位试验以及在此基础上连续6 a旋耕-深松和免耕-深松定位试验,对比了转变耕作方式对农田土壤0～30 cm有机碳含量、周年累积速率及其固碳量的影响。研究结果表明,经过连续12 a的旋耕和免耕处理（2002－2014）,2014年免耕处理土壤0～30 cm有机碳储量比试验初期（2002年）提高38%,旋耕处理降低了30%,而对照常规处理无显著差异。免耕处理土壤0～30 cm有机碳储量比旋耕处理高约2.6倍（2014年）。长期免耕显著提高了土壤0～30 cm的有机碳含量,2002~2014年其土壤0～30 cm固碳量为16.69 t/hm2,但长期旋耕导致土壤0～30 cm SOC含量显著降低,表现为土壤有机碳的净损耗,年损耗速率为?0.75 t/hm2。而长期旋耕后进行深松（旋耕-深松处理）6年其土壤0～30 cm的有机碳含量较原旋耕处理提高32%～67%,且显著提高了土壤固碳量及周年累积速率;免耕-深松土壤0～30 cm的有机碳周年累积速率较免耕处理下降了42%。长期旋耕造成有机碳水平下降的条件下,将旋耕处理转变为深松处理在短期内更有利于促进土壤有机碳的积累,而将长期免耕处理转变为深松措施,降低了土壤有机碳的累积速率和固碳量。     

盐化草甸土春秋整地对土壤性状及水稻产量的影响

为明确整地时期对水田土壤的理化性质以及水稻产量的影响,在盐化草甸土型水稻土上开展了水田连续春、秋整地对土壤和水稻产量影响大区对比试验研究。结果表明:秋季整地可降低土壤含水量和容重,0～10 cm土层土壤含水量下降10.07%,容重下降0.02 g·cm~(-3);秋季整地可以提高土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量,3次连续调查结果是土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量秋整地比春整地分别提高29.30%、43.77%和24.06%,秋整地土壤淹水培养后铵态氮含量比春整地高7.94 mg·kg~(-1),秋整地土壤中交换性钠离子比春整地下降11.16%～129.72%,pH值下降0.10～0.36;秋整地可以提高水稻根系活力,促进籽粒养分吸收,与春整地相比,籽粒氮、磷、钾积累量分别提高4.51、2.49和1.03 kg·hm~(-2),水稻产量第1年增产1.03%,第2年增产22.61%,差异极显著,两年平均增产11.82%。综上所述,秋整地的盐化草甸土区稻田,无论是水稻产量还是土壤理化性质方面,均较春整地好。     

黑土区坡耕地横坡垄作措施防治土壤侵蚀的土槽试验

为了研究黑土区坡耕地横坡垄作防治坡面土壤侵蚀的效应,该文利用8 m×1.5 m的试验土槽,设计3个降雨强度(50、75和100 mm/h)、1个典型坡度(5°)以及横坡垄作和无垄作(平坡裸地对照试验)的试验处理进行模拟降雨试验,研究东北黑土区横坡垄作坡面在不同降雨强度下的防治坡面侵蚀效应。结果表明:横坡垄作在50 mm/h降雨强度下坡面基本不发生土壤侵蚀,但在75和100 mm/h降雨强度下会发生断垄,造成防蚀效应急剧降低。横坡垄作坡面的径流和侵蚀过程均明显存在以断垄时间为界的突变,在3个降雨强度下,横坡垄作断垄前可使坡面径流量和侵蚀量分别减少97.7%和99.1%以上,坡面蓄渗率达到97.2%以上;而断垄后坡面径流量和侵蚀量分别增加23.3~25.9倍和136.8~171.5倍,蓄渗率下降至50%以下。试验研究表明横坡垄作在≤50 mm/h的降雨强度下具有很好的坡面防治侵蚀效应,但当遇到强降雨时易发生断垄,防蚀效应急剧降低。     

斜置潜土逆转旋耕抛土仿真及试验

斜置潜土逆转旋耕是一种新的旋耕方式,研究其抛土机理对于优化设计斜置潜土逆转旋耕机有重要意义。该文在 LS-DYNA 平台上建立了斜置逆转旋耕抛土 SPH(smoothed particle hydrodynamics,即光滑粒子流体动力学方法)仿真模型,通过该模型对不同工况下的斜置潜土逆转旋耕抛土模拟仿真,得出了不同参数条件下斜置逆转旋耕时不同层的后抛土率,将相同条件下仿真得到的不同层的后抛土率和室内土槽试验得到的不同层的后抛土率进行了对比分析,验证结果表明,最大仿真误差为 12.50%,最小仿真误差为 0.20%,平均误差为 3.09%。应用校正的仿真模型,以斜置角、前进速度、潜土深度以及刀辊转速作为试验的 4 个因素,并对每个因素取 3 个水平,以后抛土率为试验指标,进行了斜置潜土逆转旋耕抛土虚拟正交试验。采用极差分析法、方差分析法以及回归分析法对试验结果进行了分析,数据分析结果表明,影响后抛土率的主次顺序依次为潜土深度、斜置角、前进速度和刀辊转速,后两者对后抛土率影响不显著,并且得出了潜土深度、斜置角与后抛土率的数学关系模型。根据虚拟试验结果优化了斜置潜土逆转旋耕机物理样机并且进行了田间试验,田间试验结果表明,斜置潜土逆转旋耕成功解决了旋耕机支架和中央传动箱体潜土的难题,并且用 R175 标准旋耕刀达到了 20 cm 的耕深,实现了短刀大深耕。     

耕作措施对旱农区农田土壤质量与碳排放的影响

依托2001年布设在陇中旱农区的田间定位试验,于2018年研究了传统耕作(T)、免耕(NT)、传统耕作+秸秆还田(TS)和免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)对麦豆轮作体系下豌豆田土壤碳排放、土壤质量的影响.研究结果表明:1)NTS处理可以提高黄绵土土壤质量.NTS处理下土壤物理、化学和生物学质量均最高;2)NT、NTS可以减少黄...     

长期施肥与耕作方式对土壤酶活性的影响

通过长期田间试验,研究了白浆土耕种18年后施肥与耕作方式对土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:无论轮作还是连作施肥,土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、中性磷酸酶活性均有不同程度提高,施用厩肥尤为明显,OM处理的脲酶活性最大,与CF、CK处理间差异显著,轮作的土壤脲酶活性和中性磷酸酶活性均高于连作;深松处理配施化肥可以提高白浆土的蔗糖酶和脲酶活性,且轮作影响大于连作。     

耕作方式对黄绵土无机磷形态的影响

以设置在陇中黄土高原并已经进行了5年的田间定位试验为基础,采用蒋-顾石灰性土壤无机磷分级法,研究了不同耕作方式对黄绵土无机磷形态的影响。结果表明,供试土壤中78.6%的磷以无机磷形式存在,且以Ca-P占绝大多数。无机磷各形态含量排列顺序为:Ca10-P Ca8-P O-PAl-P Fe-PCa2-P。与传统耕作不覆盖(T)相比,免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)、免耕不覆盖(NT)、传统耕作结合秸秆还田(TS)均可降低土壤中的Ca8-P、O-P和0—5 cm土层中的Ca10-P含量,其中NTS最为明显;NTS处理可提高土壤中的Al-P、Fe-P含量。不同处理中,Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe-P均以0—5 cm土层中含量最高,且随着土层的增加呈下降趋势;但是Ca10-P 以5—10 cm土层含量最高;各处理O-P在土壤剖面中的变化没有显著差异。     

Effects of autumn tillage and residue management on soil respiration in a long‐term field experiment in Sweden

Several previous field studies in temperate regions have shown decreased soil respiration after conventional tillage compared with reduced or no‐tillage treatments. Whether this decrease is due to differences in plant residue distribution or changes in soil structure following tillage remains an open question. This study investigated (1) the effects of residue management and incorporation depth on soil respiration and (2) biological activity in different post‐tillage aggregates representing the actual size and distribution of aggregates observed in the tilled layer. The study was conducted within a long‐term tillage experiment on a clay soil (Eutric Cambisol) in Uppsala, Sweden. After 38 y, four replicate plots in two long‐term treatments (moldboard plowing (MP) and shallow tillage (ST)) were split into three subplots. These were then used for a short‐term trial in which crop residues were either removed, left on the surface or incorporated to about 6 cm depth (ST) or at 20 cm depth (MP). Soil respiration, soil temperature, and water content were monitored during a 10‐d period after tillage treatment. Respiration from aggregates of different sizes produced by ST and MP was also measured at constant water potential and temperature in the laboratory. The results showed that MP decreased short‐term soil respiration compared with ST or no tillage. Small aggregates (< 16 mm) were biologically most active, irrespective of tillage method, but due to their low proportion of total soil mass they contributed < 1.5% to total respiration from the tilled layer. Differences in respiration between tillage treatments were found to be attributable to indirect effects on soil moisture and temperature profiles and the depth distribution of crop residues, rather than to physical disturbance of the soil.     

耕作方式对土壤螨类群落结构的影响

土壤螨类是土壤生态系统中重要的指示生物之一。为探讨耕作方式对土壤螨类数量、类群数、群落结构以及垂直分布的影响, 试验选取位于东北黑土区中国科学院海伦农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站中5种耕作方式(免耕耕作、少耕耕作、平翻耕作、组合耕作和旋耕耕作)试验区内土壤螨类为研究对象, 采用改良干漏斗(Modified Tullgren)法, 于2009年5月、6月和7月3个时期分离0~15 cm土层中的土壤螨类。结果表明: 耕作方式对土壤螨类数量和类群数存在显著影响, 3个时期共捕获土壤螨类2 441只, 免耕耕作、少耕耕作、组合耕作、旋耕耕作和平翻耕作分别捕获土壤螨类366只、436只、553只、819只和267只, 分别隶属于13科、18科、13科、14科和11科。传统的旋耕耕作具有最高的土壤螨类个体数量, 而保护性耕作中的少耕耕作具有最高的土壤螨类类群数。不同时期耕作方式对土壤螨类垂直分布的影响不同, 5月除免耕耕作外其他4种耕作方式均较好地保持了土壤螨类垂直分布的表聚特征, 即0~5 cm土层中土壤螨类的数量显著(P<0.05)高于其他两层(5~10 cm, 10~15 cm), 其中组合耕作和少耕耕作在3个时期中均较好地保持了土壤螨类的表聚特征, 且少耕耕作较好地保持了土壤螨类的多样性。MGP分析结果表明: 土壤甲螨群落随季节的变化在组成上发生变化, 从最初的高等甲螨为优势类群转化为低等甲螨为优势类群, 免耕和少耕的这种趋势较其他耕作方式更为明显, 少耕耕作3个时期土壤甲螨的组成类型分别为P型、G型和O型, 而免耕耕作3个时期土壤甲螨的组成类型分别为P型、O型和G型。少耕和免耕两种保护耕作方式较其他耕作方式更有利于土壤螨类群落结构的稳定性及多样性的保持, 有利于农田土壤生态环境的保护。     

Influences of tillage operations on soil translocation over sloping land by hoeing tillage

Very few studies have investigated the factors affecting soil displacement and tillage erosion by hoeing tillage. This study adopted a magnetic tracer method to investigate the influences of hoe form and tillage depth on soil translocation over steep hillslopes in Southwest China using a new type of magnetic tracer, i.e., ilmenite powder. Ilmenite powder enhanced the magnetic sensitivity of soil at the end position of tracer distribution, and improved the accuracy and efficiency of tillage translocation measurements. Tillage translocation by wide and perforated hoes was found to be significantly correlated with slope gradient (P < 0.01), however, no significant correlation was found for narrow and bidentate hoe tillage (P > 0.05). Compared with wide hoes, the tillage erosion rates resulting from the use of narrow, perforated and bidentate hoes were reduced by 12.4%, 11.0%, and 16.3%, respectively, indicating that changes in hoe forms resulted in a marked decrease in downslope soil translocation and tillage erosion. Tillage erosion rate decreased by 64% when the tillage depth was reduced from 0.26 to 0.14 m. These results suggest that innovations in hoe form and reductions in tillage depth are important means to manage tillage erosion due to hoeing.     

Characterization of soil profiles in a landscape affected by long-term tillage

Soil movement by tillage redistributes soil within the profile and throughout the landscape, resulting in soil removal from convex slope positions and soil accumulation in concave slope positions. Previous investigations of the spatial variability in surface soil properties and crop yield in a glacial till landscape in west central Minnesota indicated that wheat (Triticum aestivum) yields were decreased in upper hillslope positions affected by high soil erosion loss. In the present study, soil cores were collected and characterized to indicate the effects of long-term intensive tillage on soil properties as a function of depth and tillage erosion. This study provides quantitative measures of the chemical and physical properties of soil profiles in a landscape subject to prolonged tillage erosion, and compares the properties of soil profiles in areas of differing rates of tillage erosion and an uncultivated hillslope. These comparisons emphasize the influence of soil translocation within the landscape by tillage on soil profile characteristics. Soil profiles in areas subject to soil loss by tillage erosion >20 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ were characterized by truncated profiles, a shallow depth to the C horizon (mean upper boundary 75 cm from the soil surface), a calcic subsoil and a tilled layer containing 19 g kg⁻¹ of inorganic carbon. In contrast, profiles in areas of soil accumulation by tillage >10 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ exhibited thick sola with low inorganic carbon content (mean 3 g kg⁻¹) and a large depth to the C horizon (usually >1.5 m below the soil surface). When compared to areas of soil accumulation, organic carbon, total nitrogen and Olsen-extractable phosphorus contents measured lower, whereas inorganic carbon content, pH and soil strength measured higher throughout the profile in eroded landscape positions because of the reduced soil organic matter content and the influence of calcic subsoil material. The mean surface soil organic carbon and total nitrogen contents in cultivated areas (regardless of erosion status) were less than half that measured in an uncultivated area, indicating that intensive tillage and cropping has significantly depleted the surface soil organic matter in this landscape. Prolonged intensive tillage and cropping at this site has effectively removed at least 20 cm of soil from the upper hillslope positions.     

The role of tillage and crops on a soil loss of an arable Stagnic Luvisol

The poor physical, chemical and biological properties make Stagnic Luvisol highly susceptible to water erosion on sloping terrains. The objective of this paper is to estimate the effect of different tillage treatments and crops (maize, soybean, winter wheat, spring barley, oilseed rape) on water erosion. The highest erosion in investigation period (1995–2014) was recorded in the control treatment with fallow, followed by the treatment that involved ploughing and sowing up and down the slope. Significantly, lower soil losses were recorded in no-tillage and treatments with ploughing and sowing across the slope. Regarding the crops significantly higher soil losses were recorded in spring row crops (maize and soybean) compared to high-density winter crops (wheat and oilseed rape) and double crop (spring barley with soybean). In the studied period, an average loss of 46 mm of the plough layer was recorded in the control treatment, while in treatment with ploughing and sowing up and down the slope average annual soil loss was 10 mm. According to the results of this study no-tillage and tillage across the slope are recommended as tillage which preserves soil for the next generations in agro-ecological conditions of continental Croatia.     

保护性耕作对土壤养分分布及冬小麦吸收与分配的影响

通过田间试验研究了华北平原山前平原区不同耕作方式下土壤氮、磷、钾等养分分布及冬小麦吸收与分配变化和对产量的影响。试验设深翻耕秸秆还田(MC)、秸秆还田旋耕(X)、秸秆粉碎免耕(NC)和整秸覆盖免耕(NW) 4 种冬小麦播前土壤耕作方式。试验结果表明, 6 年的不同耕作处理对土壤养分分布及冬小麦吸收与分配有显著影响。秸秆还田旋耕可显著提高土壤表层(0~5 cm)有机质、全氮以及碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量,但随土壤深度增加, 提高效果呈逐渐下降趋势; 20~30 cm 土层土壤有机质、全氮和速效氮含量显著低于秸秆粉碎免耕处理。两种免耕模式(NC、NW)植株的全氮、全磷、全钾含量在苗期明显低于翻耕(MC)和旋耕(X)模式,在返青期差异最为显著。到拔节和扬花期, 免耕(NC、NW)植株的全氮、全磷、全钾含量与翻耕(MC)和旋耕(X)之间的差异逐渐减少, 并最终影响到籽粒养分的积累。     

Effect of tillage below the seed on emergence of wheat seedlings in a hardsetting soil

Two field experiments investigated the effect of tilled and untilled soil below the seed and the effect of a press wheel on the emergence of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings on a hardsetting soil at Tatura, Victoria, Australia. Soil physical properties of the seedbed including penetrometer resistance, temperature and water content were recorded. The fate of seeds and seedlings and the length of roots were determined. In the experiments, germination was high (over 90%) and was not affected by the depth of tillage, the press wheel or by temporary waterlogging, but several physical conditions of the soil restricted emergence. In the first experiment, the rate and final emergence (at Day 10) was increased by tillage below the seed (e.g. at 46–90 mm depth) in spite of the penetrometer resistance of soil at 0–20 mm depth being 50% greater than that in the treatment untilled below the seed. The roots of the seedlings in the treatments untilled below the seed were temporarily waterlogged (at Days 0–1) and grew in soil that was drier (at Days 3–9) and harder than in treatments tilled below the seed. In the second experiment, the press wheel increased the rate of emergence by decreasing the sowing depth by 10 mm. Tillage below the seed increased the rate of emergence by decreasing the penetrometer resistance of the soil to less than 2.0 MPa.     

多年固定道保护性耕作对土壤结构的影响

为了解决拖拉机作业机组作业时造成的土壤普遍压实,在10a连续固定道保护性耕作试验基础上,研究了固定道保护性耕作对土壤容重、孔隙度、紧实度、水分以及冬小麦产量的影响。试验结果表明,对于作物生长带,固定道保护性耕作可以降低0～20cm土层的容重6.8%,提高0～40cm土层土壤总孔隙度4.6%,降低0～30cm土层土壤紧实度31.5%,提高0～1m土层蓄水能力,在固定道占地20%的情况下,仍能提高冬小麦产量10.8%。因此,固定道保护性耕作是减少土壤压实、改善土壤结构、提高小麦产量的有效耕作方式。     

冷凉地区不同耕作措施对土壤环境和作物生长发育的影响

通过不同耕作措施的实施,比较其对玉米种植地土壤水分、土壤温度、玉米生长发育及产量的影响,从而探讨不同的耕作方式在旱作农业试验区的适宜性。结果表明:不同的保护性耕作措施均可提高土壤水分含量,其中留茬旋耕处理的土壤贮水量最高,达(4.542±0.894)×105L/hm2;在玉米播种前期及苗期,免耕覆盖处理降低土壤温度1~2℃,而整个生育期留茬旋耕处理与传统耕作处理的土壤温度相近;苗期,留茬旋耕处理的玉米株高、根长、鲜重和干重均优于其它处理,促进了玉米的生长发育;不同的保护性耕作措施均可提高玉米的产量,与传统耕作相比可增产4.01%~22.1%。整秆还田和留茬旋耕处理玉米产量较高,两者之间差异不显著。综合考虑不同耕作措施的效应,留茬旋耕处理比整秆还田处理更适宜于冷凉地区的推广、应用。     

Effect of design parameters of flat tillage tools on loosening of a clay soil

Very little research has been done to investigate soil loosening as a function of the geometry of the tillage tool and of the original soil properties and moisture content. A field experiment was conducted to observe the effects of the geometric parameters of flat tillage tools on their draft, cutting efficiency and loosening of a moist clay soil. The test tool variables included rake angles to the horizontal of 30, 60 and 90°, widths of 75 and 150 mm and depths of operation of 100, 150 and 200 mm. Measurements were taken of draft, disturbed soil cross sectional profiles and the initial area of soil disturbed by the tools. The resulting draft requirement increased with width, depth and rake angle of the tool. The cross sectional area of soil disturbed did not change appreciably with rake angle, but the significant increase in draft with angle resulted in markedly diminished soil cutting efficiency (area divided by draft). The degree of soil loosening was generally smaller at a rake angle of 60° than at 30 or 90°, and tended to be higher at greater depths of operation. In addition, a larger depth to width ratio generally increased the degree of loosening. Results for the soil studied indicate that the best implement design for low draft, high cutting efficiency and superior soil loosening should have a rake angle of about 30° and should be fairly narrow with a depth to width ratio of 2 or more.     

Effect of stubble height and tillage on winter soil temperature in central Alberta

Production of winter wheat in central Alberta may be risky due to winter-kill by low temperatures. Winter survival can be enhanced with a snow-trapping stubble. The effect of barley stubble height and tillage on snow depth and soil temperature was investigated during the winters of 1983–1984 and 1984–1985 on a Black Chernozemic soil at Lacombe, Alberta. Snow depth was measured only in 1984–1985 and was deepest under zero tillage with the tallest stubble (30 cm). Under zero tillage, stubble height had a significant effect on soil temperature. Soil temperatures under zero tillage with no stubble were the lowest and fluctuated greatly in response to air temperatures. Soil temperatures increased with an increase in stubble height and were highest at a stubble height of 15 or 30 cm. Soil temperatures in plots with stubble 15 cm tall were 3.9-5.3°C higher than in plots with no stubble. Under conventional tillage, stubble did not affect soil temperatures in 1983–1984, but in 1984–1985 soil temperatures in November and December were warmer when stubble was incorporated than when it was removed. Soil temperatures under conventional tillage were generally similar to temperatures under zero tillage with no stubble or with stubble of 7.5 cm. Although the soil temperatures during the course of this study did not go below the critical lethal limits of −20°C, the results indicated that stubble height and zero tillage may provide a solution to some of the problems associated with winter kill of winter wheat in central Alberta.     

Effect of fertilization on respiration from different sources in a sandy soil of an agricultural long-term experiment

Annual changes in stocks of soil organic carbon may be detected by measurement of heterotrophic respiration, but field studies of heterotrophic respiration in long-term fertilization experiments on sandy soils are scarce. Our objectives were to: (1)investigate the influence of fertilizer type on mineralization of soil organic carbon and crop residue, and (2) show how fertilization treatments affect the annual C balance (net ecosystem carbon balance, NECB; negative values indicate a CO₂-source) in the sandy soil of the Darmstadt experiment. Treatments were long-term mineral fertilization with cereal straw incorporation (MSI) and application of rotted farmyard manure (FYM), both treatments receiving 14 g N m^?2 year^?1. This study used δ¹³C natural abundance after introduction of a C₄ crop to distinguish between different sources of respiration. Mineralization derived from C₃ sources was similar for MSI and FYM treatments (～270 g C m^?2 year^?1). The rate of residue mineralization in MSI treatments was higher, resulting in a mineralization of 49 and 37% of initial residue C in the soil of MSI and FYM treatments, respectively. The NECB (g C m^?2 year^?1) indicated the MSI treatment (approximately ?190) as a stronger source compared with the FYM treatment (～?30).