不同水深和光照强度对中华鲟受精卵孵化率的影响

试验研究了不同水深和光照强度对中华鲟受精卵孵化率的影响.不同水深试验结果表明,在0～40 cm水层中,随水深增加,中华鲟受精卵孵化率逐渐升高,其中在水深40 cm时孵化率达85.2%,此后孵化率又有所下降,在水深60 cm时孵化率为82.6%.可见中华鲟受精卵最佳孵化水深为40 cm,最适孵化水深范围为40～60 cm.不同光照强度试验结果表明,中华鲟受精卵在强光750 lx以上和弱光100 lx以下孵化率均较低,受精卵孵化最适光照强度范围为250～500 lx,其中在250 lx时可获得最佳孵化率,达83.9%.     

水深对黄鳝受精卵孵化率的影响

为研究水深对黄鳝受精卵孵化率的影响,在不同水深的玻璃孵化器中进行黄鳝受精卵的孵化试验,结果表明：水深分别为2cm、9cm、16cm和23cm时,受精卵的平均孵化率分别为93.22％、86．32％、78.39％和60.06％。水深2cm时,孵化率最高,与其它水深的孵化率差异极显著（P〈0.01）;水深9cm同16cm时,孵化率的差异也极显著（P〈0.01）;水深23cm时．孵化率虽低。     

黄鳝人工孵化方法的试验研究

试验分别采用不同的孵化方式对黄鳝受精卵进行孵化。结果表明:流水孵化方式比静水孵化方式的孵化率高;在流水孵化方式中,第5组孵化方式(水深0.2～0.4cm、履盖湿纱布、光线较暗),其孵化率显著高于其它方式(P<0.05)。     

渤海湾卤虫卵孵化率与盐度关系的试验

采用实验生态学方法,研究了盐度对渤海湾卤虫卵孵化率的影响。试验结果表明,在孵化用水pH8.13~8.21,温度30℃左右,光照250~450lx的条件下,渤海湾卤虫卵在盐度10‰~60‰范围内,均能孵化,盐度40‰、45‰时孵化率最高;盐度20‰~55‰,24h孵化率均在50%以上;盐度75‰时24h孵化率为0,48h孵化率37.5%。建议试验条件下,渤海湾卤虫卵孵化盐度范围控制在25‰~50‰,实际生产中可根据水资源情况在此范围内适当调整。     

水温、pH值和光照对斑马鱼受精卵孵化率的影响

分别通过单因素实验和正交实验探究水温、pH值和光照对斑马鱼受精卵孵化率的影响。依次进行的单因素实验显示,水温28℃,pH值7.5,光照强度100 lx,光周期10L∶14D时孵化率最高。正交实验结果表明上述因素对斑马鱼受精卵孵化率的影响为:水温pH=光照强度光照周期,理论最佳孵化条件为水温28℃,pH值8.0,光照强度100l x,光周期12L∶12D。在孵化过程中,受精卵孵化时间随着孵化温度的提高而缩短,且在发育过程中存在不同步现象。     

光照对细鳞裂腹鱼受精卵孵化率及仔鱼生长、摄食的影响

研究光照对细鳞裂腹鱼胚胎孵化及20日龄内仔鱼生长、摄食的影响,探讨了细鳞裂腹鱼胚胎及仔鱼所需的适宜光照条件,为该鱼的基础生物学研究积累资料,也为人工繁殖和养殖生产提供参考。仔鱼为人工育苗池中随机抽取的初孵仔鱼,仔鱼饵料为小球藻和鲜酵母混合培育的褶皱臂尾轮虫。水源为天然河水,试验期间水温16.0~18.0℃、溶解氧6.8~8.5 mg/L、pH 6.5~6.8,采用三基色节能荧光灯为暗室内光源。结果表明,在10~360 lx范围内,随着光照强度的增加,孵化率逐渐升高,300~360 lx时达到最高的孵化率88.1%,此后孵化率随着光照强度的增大又有所下降,细鳞裂腹鱼受精卵孵化适宜的光照强度为300~720 lx。光照对细鳞裂腹鱼仔鱼的生长及摄食有显著影响。12日龄后的仔鱼在40~60 lx光照强度下生长最好、摄食强度最大,400~600 lx次之;此后随着光照强度的增大,摄食强度又显著下降。在40~6 000 lx范围内随光照强度的增强,摄食强度下降,生长则变差。黑暗条件下的仔鱼摄食强度和摄食率最低,生长接近停滞,在15日龄时全部死亡。细鳞裂腹鱼仔鱼在20日龄以内的适宜光照强度为40~600 lx。     

不同环境因子对草履虫种群生长的影响

为了研究不同环境因子对草履虫种群生长的影响,培养出优质的草履虫,分别在pH梯度为:6.0、6.5、7.0、7.5、8.0,光照梯度为:0lx、500lx、1 000lx、1 500lx条件下培养草履虫,结果表明,小白菜培养液培养草履虫的最适pH值为7.0,并且相比于弱酸性环境,草履虫更适宜在弱碱性环境中生长。在光照为0lx条件下,草履虫数量在第4天时达到最大值4 073ind/100mL,在光照为500~1 500lx条件下,随着光照度的增加,草履虫的种群数量也随之增加。     

光照度对漠斑牙鲆仔鱼活动及成活率的影响

就不同光照度对漠斑牙鲆仔鱼活动及成活率的影响进行了初步研究。试验结果表明,当光照度达1500lx时,仔鱼多数表现为负趋光性,并在阴影处形成集群;在光照度分别为500、1000、1500、2000和2500lx的5个试验组中,仔鱼的成活率分别为15.0%、29.6%、38.3%、11.3%和2.1%;适宜的光照度为500~2000lx,最适光照度为1000~1500lx。     

不同光照、温度对大银鱼受精卵孵化率的影响

在不同的光照条件下 ,大银鱼受精卵孵化率有较大差异。黑暗、弱光照有利于受精卵孵化 ,长光照不利于大银鱼卵的孵化。在一定范围内 ,大银鱼孵化所需时间与温度有关 ,温度高 ,孵化时间短 ;但过高的温度会影响大银鱼的孵化率 ,甚至使受精卵不能孵化     

温度对锦鲤受精卵孵化和仔鱼活力的影响

为研究温度对锦鲤受精卵孵化和仔鱼活力的影响,在不同水温(15、17、19、21、23、25、27℃)条件下,开展了锦鲤受精卵孵化和仔鱼活力的对比试验,观察比较了受精卵的培育周期、孵化周期、孵化率和畸形率等指标,开展了初孵仔鱼的耐饥饿试验,并测定其不投饵存活系数(SAI)。结果显示:水温为15~27℃时,受精卵的培育周期和孵化周期均随温度的升高而缩短,培育周期与温度为二次函数关系,回归方程式为y=0.267 3x~2﹣17.186x+319.38,R~2=0.988 82。水温为21~23℃时,受精卵的孵化率较高(85.1%~90.9%),畸形率较低(2.6%~3.7%)。在试验水温(15~27℃)下,仔鱼的SAI值随温度升高呈先增大后减小的趋势,21~23℃时,SAI值较高(23.12~26.47)。试验结果表明,锦鲤受精卵孵化和初孵仔鱼生存的最适水温为21~23℃。     

鱿钓船水上集鱼灯的光照度分布及钓捕效果分析

根据2003年10月在印度洋鸢乌贼渔场中鱿钓船周围某一断面水中光照度的实测数据和渔获生产统计数据,对金属卤化物灯和高压钠灯的光照度分布及其钓捕效果进行了比较分析。在120盏×2kW金属卤化物灯作用下,在距船舷3.0m的垂直断面,其水深5m内的光照度多在100lx以上,10lx的等光照度曲线在20m水层左右,0.01lx的等光照度曲线在55m水层附近。但在20盏×500W高压钠灯作用下,在距船舷3.0m的垂直断面,其海面的平均光照度为3lx左右,0.01lx的等光照度曲线在20m水层附近。以一些头足类的适宜光照度(0.01～10lx)为例,其在该照度范围内的水体体积仅为120盏×2kW金属卤化物灯作用下的1/5左右。这说明采用高压钠灯可以使鱿鱼聚集密度增大,钓捕深度变浅,从而提高渔获效率,且其平均产量比采用高压钠灯前高1～3倍。另外,研究表明大型专业鱿钓船钓捕鸢乌贼时的最适集鱼灯功率为112～160kW,鸢乌贼的最适光照度为0.01lx左右。     

长江上游水下光照度的初步调查

2009年1月2日—2月10日,沿长江从上往下选取云南水富码头、四川泸州市合江弥陀镇、重庆江津航道处、宜昌葛洲坝下磨基山四个江段进行了6次不同天气下的水下光照度的测量。水富码头、弥陀镇以及江津航道处三个江段的4次测量,无论天气是阴雨天、阴天、大雾还是晴天,其水下照度在水面下0~1.5 m急剧衰减,在1.5 m处衰减率达到99.5%以上,以后光照度随着水深呈缓慢衰减之势,1.5 m以下至江底的照度基本维持在1.2~8.9 lx。而葛洲坝下磨基山江段的水下照度无论是大雾还是晴天,都呈逐步衰减的态势,在20 m的水底光度衰减率才达到99.9%,维持在9~20 lx。根据调查的数据,从鱼类行为生态学研究与野生鱼类驯养、中华鲟保护及四大家鱼等产漂流性卵鱼类的保护三个方面进行了生态学意义探讨。     

光照强度对暗纹东方鲀稚鱼摄食的影响

在0～1000lx光照范围内,对不同光照强度下暗纹东方鲀稚鱼摄食量进行了测定,稚鱼在500lx时摄食强度最大,其次为300、700lx,摄食率在500lx时最高,并在5min时达到最大值,40～60min时段摄食效率最低接近停食。     

光照强度对人工养殖的山女鳟幼鱼生长性能的影响

在水温12.1～13.9°C下和直径80 cm、高60 cm,水深40 cm的圆形选育缸中研究了不同光照强度(1200lx、600 lx和300 lx)对平均体质量为10.10±0.8g的山女鳟(Oncorhynchus masou masou)幼鱼生长和存活的影响。结果表明,光照强度显著影响山女鳟幼鱼特定生长率(SGR)、肥满度(CF)和变异系数(CV)(P<0.01),高光照强度组SGR和CF值显著高于两个低光照强度组,而CV值则是高光照强度组显著低于两个低光照强度组;高光照强度组摄食率(FI)明显高于两个低光照强度组。实验表明,适度增强光照强度有利于山女鳟幼鱼的生长,这对于优化山女鳟幼鱼培育条件具有指导意义。     

Effects of illumination on early life development and digestive enzyme activities in common pandora Pagellus erythrinus L. larvae

The activities of main digestive enzyme (proteases, amylase and lipase) and animal husbandry (mainly growth and survival) were studied in common pandora Pagellus erythrinus larvae until 30 days after hatching (DAH). Three different illumination levels (10, 30 and 100 lx) were compared in triplicate and green water technique was carried out. At the end of the experiment, illumination did not affect neither survival nor growth except 10 lx treatment. Similarly, specific growth rate (SGR) was different in 10 lx treatment (p < 0.05), although no differences were found in group 30 and 100 lx treatments (p > 0.05). In all groups, trypsin and chymotrypsin specific activities were firstly detected on day 3 related with mouth opening and slightly increased until 20 and 25 DAH respectively, and after this date specific activities of those decreased. Although, there was a significant difference between 10 lx treatment and other experimental groups (p < 0.05), no differences were found in other treatments (p > 0.05). Pepsin was firstly detected on day 25 related with stomach formation and sharp increase was observed until 30 DAH and then slight decrease was measured from this date and no differences were found between all groups. Amylase was firstly determined on day 2 and increased to day 5. After this date, slight decreases were measured in all groups and continued until end of experiments. The highest specific activity of amylase was determined in 30 lx treatment and no significant differences were found between groups (p > 0.05). Lipase was firstly detected on day 4 and increased to day 10. Then, activity of lipase decreased until day 15 and increased again until 25 DAH. Slight decreases were found in all groups until day 30 and continued to end of experiments. No significant differences were detected among groups (p > 0.05).

Finally, the significant improvement in survival, larval development and specific enzyme activities of larvae were determined in 30 lx treated group. It is thought that this phenomenon is related to optimal keeping conditions provided by the medium illumination level for Pagellus erythrinus larvae.     

疣吻沙蚕胚胎发育观察及盐度对其孵化的影响

采用显微镜观察了疣吻沙蚕(Tylorrhynchus heterochaeta)胚胎发育不同时期特征,并依据疣吻沙蚕人工孵化经验设置6个盐度梯度组(A:0,B:5,C:10,D:13,E:15,F:20),每组3个平行,研究了盐度对疣吻沙蚕受精率和孵化率的影响。结果表明,疣吻沙蚕胚胎发育可分为受精卵、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、前担轮幼虫期、后担轮幼虫期、膜内三刚节疣足幼虫期和三刚节疣足幼虫期8个时期;盐度对疣吻沙蚕孵化影响显著(P0.05),C组受精率和孵化率最高,与其他组存在显著差异(P0.05)。适宜受精的盐度范围为10~13,最适孵化的盐度为10。     

Development of phototaxis in the early life stages of Pacific bluefin tuna <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thunnus orientalis</Emphasis>

We investigated the development of phototaxis in larval and early juvenile stages of Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis to detail behavior development in relation to light. We observed the distribution of Pacific bluefin tuna in an illumination gradient tank from 1 to 26 days after hatching (DAH). Two long rectangular tanks (100 × 10 × 10 cm) were used for experiments; each tank was divided into four sections for observations and one tank was equally illuminated at 1.0 × 10³ lx as the control tank, and the other was at 4.0 × 10², 1.0 × 10³, 1.0 × 10⁴ and 7.0 × 10⁴ lx as the illumination gradient tank. Laboratory-reared larvae and juvenile were released into each tank and acclimatized for 10 min. Thereafter, the number of individuals in each section was counted for 5 times with 10-min intervals. Until 2 DAH (3.6 ± 0.1 mm BL), larvae distributed homogeneously in each section in both tanks. After 3 DAH (3.7 ± 0.1 mm BL) when the eyes of the larvae were pigmented, most fish moved into the 7.0 × 10⁴ lx section in the illumination gradient tank, while fish in the control tank maintained a uniform distribution during the experimental period (Chi-square test, P < 0.05). The results suggest that the post-larvae and juvenile stages show strong positive phototaxis.     

流水和静水条件下鲢幼鱼对不同强度光源的趋性行为研究

结合鱼类的集群行为,探究了在流水和静水处理下鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)幼鱼的光强偏好。实验流速工况设置包括静水和流水(流速为0.1m/s),光强水平设置为0、10、20、40、70、110lx,并依次进行了实验对象的个体(1尾)实验和群体(5尾)实验。结果显示:(1)个体流水处理在不同光照度水平下的吸引率和排斥率均无显著性差异(P0.05),但个体静水处理20lx和110lx组的光吸引率显著大于40lx和70lx组(P0.05),其他均无显著差异(P0.05);(2)不同流速和实验鱼数量下的光吸引率,由高到低依次为群体流水处理、群体静水处理、个体流水处理、个体静水处理。光排斥率由高到低依次为个体静水处理、个体流水处理、群体静水处理、群体流水处理。研究表明,一定水流速度能够刺激鲢幼鱼趋流,从而提高光的吸引作用,且群体的趋光性要强于个体;(3)流水处理下,鲢幼鱼的最近邻距离(DNN,群体紧凑程度指标)随光强的增大,先减小后增大,集群程度先升高后降低,其中,70lx水平对应的DNN显著高于0lx(F=1.489,P0.05),而静水处理下各光强水平对应的实验鱼DNN无显著性差异(P0.05),集群行为无明显变化。     

Influence of light intensity on feeding, growth, and early survival of leopard coral grouper (Plectropomus leopardus) larvae under mass-scale rearing conditions

This study investigated the effect of different light intensities on feeding, growth and survival of early stage leopard coral grouper Plectropomus leopardus larvae. Four different light intensities (0, 500, 1000 and 3000 lx) were used and larvae were kept under constant light conditions from 0 day after hatching (DAH) to 5 DAH. The larvae were fed a small S-type of Thai strain rotifers at a density of 20 individuals/mL from 2 DAH. The number of rotifers in larval digestive organ and total length of larvae were examined at 3 h intervals between 04:00 and 22:00 h on 3 DAH, and thereafter at 6 h intervals until the end of the experiment (5 DAH). Four experimental trials of the larval rearing were repeated using by 60 kL mass-scale rearing tanks. The results indicate that coral grouper larvae are visual feeders and their food intake increases with increasing light intensity. Food intake of larvae reared at 3000 lx was significantly higher than those reared at 0–1000 lx on 3 DAH despite being the first-feeding day (P < 0.01). On 4 DAH, total length of larvae reared at 3000 lx was significantly larger than those reared at the lower light intensities (0, 500 and 1000 lx), and thereafter light intensity significantly influenced larval feeding and growth until the end of the experiment. Survival on 5 DAH did not show a significant difference between light intensities, but survival rate at 3000 lx and 1000 lx had a tendency to be higher than those reared at the lower light intensities (0 and 500 lx). In contrast, larvae reared at 0 lx exhibited stagnant and/or negative growth. These results indicate that light intensity is significantly the factor affecting larval feeding, growth, and survival in coral grouper larvae under the rearing conditions.     

Effects of light intensity on growth,feeding activity and development in common sole (Solea solea L.) larvae in relation to sensory organ ontogeny

The effects of four light intensities (1000 lx, 500 lx, 50 lx, 3 lx) on growth, survival and feeding activity in common sole (Solea solea L.) larvae were studied from 4 to 51 days post hatching (dph). During the pelagic larval stage (4–12 dph), larvae reared at 3 lx showed a lower growth. From 19 onwards, the larvae reared under 3 lx displayed a significant (P ≤ 0.05) higher SGR than the other treatments and a higher final weight compared to 1000 lx and 500 lx. Survival rate was higher under intermediate light intensities (500 and 50 lx). Larvae reared at 3 lx displayed a significant delay in the degree of metamorphosis compared to the other treatments, while at 33 dph metamorphosis was completed under all treatments. Histological examination revealed the importance of vision and light in the first feeding of this species, while after metamorphosis, the full development of other sensory organs indicated that feeding activity is also mediated by chemosensory perception. Results indicate that high light intensity seems to be more suitable during the pelagic larvae, while the opposite would ensure better growth from the onset of metamorphosis to the benthic phase.