中国杉连作对土壤肥力的影响

The changes in soil fertility under continuous plantation of Chinese fir were studied by comparing soil samples from different forest stands:the first and second plantations of Chinese fir,evergreen broad-leaved forests,and clear-cut and burnt Chinese fir land located at Xihou Village,Nanping of Fujian Province.The soils were humic red soil originated from weathered coarse granite of the Presinian system.Soil pH,CEC,base saturation ,exchangeable Ca^2 ,exchangeable Mg^2 and A1-P declined after continuous plantation of Chinese fir.The same trends were also found in the soils under broad-leaved stands and slash burnt lands.The explantation was that not merely the biological nature of the Chinese fir itself but the natural leaching of nutrients,soil erosion and nutrient losses due to clear cutting and slash burning of the preceduing plantation caused the soil deterioration .Only some of main soil nutrients decreased after continuous plantation of Chinese fir,depending on specific silvicultural system,which was different from the conclusions in some other reports which showed that all main nutrients,such as OM,total N,available P and available K decreased,Some neccessary step to make up for the lost base,to apply P fertilizer and to avoid buring on clear cut lands could be taken to prevent soil degradation and yield decline in the system of continuous plantation of Chinese fir.     

黑碳在杉木人工林土壤不同组分中的分配规律研究

黑碳(BC)是土壤惰性 C 库的重要组分,在土壤 C 循环中占有重要地位.本文利用相对密度分组方法研究BC在杉木人工林土壤不同组分中的分配规律.结果表明:杉木人工林土壤轻组分中黑碳(LFBC)含量为 0.05 ～ 0.64 g/kg,而重组分中黑碳(HFBC)含量为 0.23 ～ 1.09 g/kg.LFBC/BC的比例为 12.9% ～ 37.5%,HFBC/BC的比例为62.5% ～ 87.1%,表明 BC 主要存在重组分中.但是,LFBC含量占轻组有机碳(LFOC)含量的比例(LFBC/LFOC)为4.0% ～ 27.9%,而HFBC含量占重组有机碳(HFOC)含量的比例(HFBC/HFOC)仅为 6.5% ～ 8.9%,前者比例大多高于后者,说明轻组分中不仅存在 BC,而且 BC 占该组分 C 库的比例较高.     

亚热带红壤丘陵茶区茶-杉复合系统生态经济效应探析

定位试验研究结果表明,亚热带红壤丘陵区茶-杉复合茶园比单一茶园光照强度降低31.1%~50.1%,且园内气温、地表与土壤温度、茶树叶面温度及其高温危害产生的频率等均低于单一茶园,园内湿度和土壤含水量分别高于单一茶园,茶树主要害虫天敌种群数量比单一茶园多118.75%,而其害虫数量仅为单一茶园的45.4%,且茶叶产量提高,其品质亦明显改善。     

杉木人工林皆伐对林地径流水化学特征的影响

杉木人工林皆伐前后径流水化学特征研究结果表明，杉木人工林皆伐后引起林地土壤养分大量流失，皆伐后2年内土壤N素、P素、盐基离子（K^ ,Na^ ,Ca^2 ,Mg^2 ）的可溶性盐分的流失增量分别为20.54kg/hm^2、0.817kg/hm^2、42.67kg/hm^2和774.44kg/hm^2，表晨杉木人工林具有一定的调节、富集和保持土壤养分的能力。     

中国中亚热带杉树及常绿阔叶林中焚烧对养分流失及土壤肥力的影响

A Chinese fir forest(Cunninghamia lanceolata,CF) and an evergreen broadleaved forest(EB) located in Fujian Province,southeastern China,were examined following slash burning to compare nutrient capital and topsoil properties with pre-burn levels.After fire,nutrient(N,P and K) removal from burining rsidues was estimated at 302.5kg ha^-1 in the CF and 644.8kg ha^-1 in the EB.Fire reduced the topsoil capitals of total N and P by about 20% and 10%,respectively,in both forests,while K capital was incresed in the topsoils of both forests following fire.Total site nutrient loss through surface erosion was 28.4kg(N) ha^-1 ,84.kg(P)ha^-1 and 328.7kg(K) ha^-1 in the CF.In the EB,the losses of total N,P and K were 58.5,10.5 and 396.3kg ha^-1,respectively,Improvement of soil structure and increase in mineralization of nutrients associated with increasesd microbe number and enzyme acitvityes and elecvated soil respiration occurred 5 day after fire.Howerver,organic matter and available nutrient contents and most of other soil parameters declined ont year after fire on the burned CF and EB topsoils.These rsults suggest that short-tmerm site productivity can be stimulated immediately.but reduced subsequently by soil and water losses,especially in south China,where high-intensity precipitation,steep slopes and fragile soil can be expected,Therefore,the silvicultural measurements should be developed in plantation management.     

火烧对福建三明杉木人工林迹地土壤养分的影响

为了研究福建三明地区火烧迹地杉木人工林地的土壤速效养分变化,采用调查取样和室内分析相结合的方法,对上、中和下3个坡位的土壤,分别在火烧前、火烧2个月、1年和2年后,分析速效性养分质量分数的变化.结果表明:硝态氮质量分数在火烧2个月和1年后相比火烧前均有上升趋势,且火烧1年内,上坡位较中坡位和下坡位的硝态氮质量分数要低,在火烧2年后硝态氮质量分数略低于火烧前水平,但未达到显著差异;铵态氮质量分数与硝态氮质量分数的变化趋势相反,在火烧的第1年内持续下降,但在火烧第2年后显著升高;不同时间的速效磷质量分数,在不同坡位间无显著差异,火烧的第1年内,其质量分数变化不明显,在火烧2年后显著升高,这可能是土壤矿化速度加快造成的结果;无机氮/速效磷比值在火烧2年后显著降低,速效磷质量分数剧增是影响其比值的主要因素.火烧在短期内,加快了土壤速效性养分循环,但要注意可能造成氮素从森林生态系统中流失.研究以期为火烧对土壤养分的长期影响提供数据基础,为森林生态系统火烧迹地的人工林经营,提供科学的理论依据.     

采伐剩余物处理方式对杉木人工林固碳量的长期影响

在全球气候变化背景下,人工林的适应性管理对固碳潜力的提升具有重要影响。应用加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚大学开发的FORECAST森林生态系统管理模型,通过外业调查、查找相关文献资源等方式收集不同立地条件下杉木林分的生物量积累、林分密度、光响应曲线及土壤养分方面的数据。模型经过校准和检验后,模拟不同采伐剩余物处理方式对杉木人工林固碳量的影响。结果表明:SO处理(采伐茎干,采伐剩余物留在林地)对杉木林长期固碳效果最好;FR处理其次(采伐茎干,清除地上部分采伐剩余物),而WH(全树采伐,清除所有采伐剩余物)和SB(采伐后,火烧采伐剩余物)固碳效果最差。该研究可为杉木人工林的可持续经营提供理论依据。     

人工林代替天然林后土壤碳库的变化

Changes in soil carbon pools under Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) and bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescent) plantations substituted for a native forest (Quercus acutissima, Cyclobalanopsis glauca, Cas-tanops~.s sclerophyUa, Platycarya strobilacea, Lithocarpus glaber) were studied on the hills with acid parent rock and soils classified as red soils (Ferrisols) in Huzhou, Zhejiang Province of east China. It was found that total soil organic carbon (TSOC), easily oxidisable carbon (EOC) and water-soluble organic carbon(WSOC) under bamboo plantation were increased, but microbial biomass carbon (MBC) was decreased. On the contrary, Chinese fir induced declines of all fractions of C including TSOC, EOC, WSOC and MBC.The percentages of the active fractions of soil C (EOC and WSOC) were increased in the plantations as compared to the native broad-leaved forest, but proportions of soil organic C as MBC were decreased. It could be concluded that bamboo plantation had a great ability of not only fixing C but also accelerating soil C pool cycle, improving nutrient and microorganism activity; therefore, it is a good ecosystem and could be recommended for wide development. Chinese fir would shrink the soil C pool and deteriorate sou biological fertility, so it did not benefit CO2 fixing and land sustainable utilization.     

氮沉降对杉木人工林土壤团聚体及其有机碳分布的影响

在杉木人工林中开展模拟氮沉降实验,设计N0(对照)、N1(60 kg/hm2)、N2(120 kg/hm2)和N3(240kg/hm2)4种氮沉降水平,通过对杉木人工林进行8年模拟氮沉降试验后,研究土壤水稳性团聚体及其有机碳的响应.结果表明:1～0.5 mm粒径水稳性团聚体含量在各氮沉降处理占总水稳性团聚体的比例均最大,＜0.053 mm粒径的含量最小.各级团聚体含量从高到低依次为1～0.5 mm,＞2 mm,2～1 mm,0.5～0.25 mm,0.25～0.053mm,＜0.053mm.与对照(N0)相比,中低氮处理(N1、N2)提高了水稳性大团聚体(＞0.25 mm)的含量以及团聚体平均重量直径,而高氮处理(N3)表现出一定的抑制作用.各氮沉降处理中,＞2 mm粒径的团聚体有机碳含量最高,但处理间差异不显著.土壤水稳性团聚体有机碳储量在氮沉降处理下有所增加,以低氮处理(N1)最高,说明氮沉降增加在一定程度上促进了土壤的固碳潜力.     

Clear‐cutting and slash burning effects on soil CO2 efflux partitioning in Chinese fir and evergreen broadleaved forests in subtropical China

Clear‐cutting (CC) and slash burning (SB) are common silvicultural practices in subtropical China, yet the time‐course response of soil CO₂ efflux components to such disturbance is not well understood. This study examined the effects of CC and SB on soil CO₂ efflux components in a Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook (Chinese fir, CF) plantation and a secondary evergreen broadleaved forest (BF) located in Fujian Province, southeastern China. Aboveground litter removal and root trenching were used to estimate CO₂ fluxes from soil organic matter decomposition (R_SOM), litter decomposition (R_L), and autotrophic respiration by roots and mycorrhizae (R_R). These components were measured 5–7 times per month from 18 October 2001 to 25 December 2003 using soda lime absorption. We found that R_R, R_L and R_SOM were initially higher in CC and SB plots than controls in both forests, but these three component fluxes in disturbed plots all fell below those of the control 5–20 months after the disturbance. Also, Q₁₀ values of these components decreased following disturbance. The annual flux of each respiration component was greater under BF than CF. The contribution of R_R to soil CO₂ efflux in the control plots averaged 35% in CF and 46% in BF. R_SOM was the dominant component of soil CO₂ efflux in CC and SB plots, accounting for over 50%. Our results highlight the importance of temporal trends of the component fluxes following disturbance and contribute to a broader understanding of forest management effects on the soil C cycle.     

Changes in soil quality due to introduction of broad-leaf trees into clear-felled Chinese fir forest in the mid-subtropics of China

Abstract. After clear-felling of a first generation Chinese fir ( Cunninghamia lanceolata ) forest, mixed stands of Chinese fir and Michelia macclurei (a broadleaf tree) (MCM), pure M. macclurei stands (PMS) and pure Chinese fir stands (PCS) were established in 1983. The effects on soil were evaluated 20 years after planting by measuring physicochemical, microbiological and biochemical parameters. Both broadleaf monoculture and mixtures of broadleaf and conifer exerted a favourable effect on soil fertility. A soil quality index (SQI) decreased in the order: PMS (0.62) > MCM (0.57) > PCS (0.41). Improvement in soil quality, enhanced biological activity and forest productivity demonstrated that mixed stands are an effective measure to maintain sustainable forest productivity, as well as to control soil degradation under successive stands of Chinese fir. In addition, since the microbiological and biochemical parameters measured were sensitive to the forest management, they may be potential indicators for assessing the sustainability of different management systems. The results also showed that total organic carbon, cation exchange capacity and microbial biomass carbon are effective indicators of the improvement or deterioration of soil quality under forest.     

杉木人工林土壤系统有机碳相关变量的通径分析

为了评价土壤性质对土壤有机碳含量的影响,运用通径分析方法研究了江西大岗山杉木人工林下土壤有机碳含量与土壤性质的关系。结果表明:在杉木人工林的整个发育过程中,土壤有机碳含量和土壤各性质表现出明显的规律性变化;土壤性质通过直接作用和间接作用共同影响着土壤有机碳的含量和分解转化方向,但不同土壤性质的影响机理不同。在土壤系统中,碱解氮量、细菌数量和真菌数量以及它们的共同作用决定了土壤有机碳含量的大部分变异,是影响土壤有机碳含量变化的主导因素,有效磷含量和放线菌数量由于直接正效应和间接负效应相抵,因而对土壤有机碳含量的决定程度较小,总孔隙度和速效钾含量对有机碳含量虽也表现出一定的直接效应影响,但影响程度较低;和简单相关或多元回归分析方法相比,通径分析能更加客观和全面地评价土壤性质对土壤有机碳含量的影响作用。     

马尾松采伐迹地炼山前后土壤养分变化的研究

对炼山前后马尾松采伐迹地的土壤养分变化进行比较分析。结果表明：炼山后表层（0－20cm)土壤pH值、全磷、全钾、水解氮、速效磷、速效钾都有不同程度的提高，有机质、全氮量呈下降趋势，但底层（20－40cm)土壤的主要养分含量无明显变化。可见，炼山有利于提高土壤的速效养分含量，但由于炼山造林使林地枯枝落叶和养分库严重退化，不利于地力的长期维持。     

肉桂林取代杉木林后土壤肥力变化的研究

对４年生肉桂林和杉木萌芽林的土壤肥力进行对比研究。结果表明：肉桂林的土壤结构、水分状况、孔隙组成和渗透性能均比杉木萌芽林好,土壤有机质、全Ｎ、全Ｐ、全Ｋ和速效养分含量也比杉林萌芽森有所增加。说明肉桂林取代杉木林后,林地土壤肥力得到较明显的改善。     

不同栽植代数杉木林养分循环的比较研究

在全国杉木中心产区福建建瓯,选择不同栽植代数的杉木人工林,进行养分循环的比较研究,结果表明,不同栽植代数杉木林的养分循环存在差异。随栽植代数的增加,林分养分的年归还量、年吸收量及归还吸收比均呈递减趋势,表现为1代2代,而营养元素的周转期则呈增加趋势,说明栽植代数对杉木林养分的归还量及吸收量有较大影响,多代连栽不利于杉木林地肥力的恢复。随林分年龄的增加,杉木林养分年积累量呈明显下降趋势,1代成熟林比中龄林下降14.74%,2代成熟林比中龄林下降11.86%;而杉木林养分的年归还量、年吸收量和归还吸收比则随林分年龄的增加呈增加趋势,表现为成熟林中龄林,因此适当延长轮伐期有利于杉木林的养分归还。     

不同发育阶段杉木人工林土壤团聚体分布特征及其稳定性研究

为研究杉木人工林土壤团聚体分布特征及其稳定性,探索杉木人工林土壤结构状况,以不同发育阶段杉木人工林0—100cm土层为研究对象,采用干筛法测定土壤团聚体组成,采用湿筛法测定团聚体稳定性,结果表明:在干筛处理下,各发育阶段杉木人工林土壤团聚体以大团聚体(0.25mm)为主,大团聚体比例皆达80%以上,中龄林和成熟林土壤大团聚体比例在各土层中均高于幼龄林,且在0—20cm土层差异显著(P0.05);在各土层中,不同发育阶段杉木人工林5mm粒径的土壤团聚体皆占较高比例,且不同发育阶段对5mm粒径的土壤团聚体组成比例有显著影响。在湿筛处理下,各发育阶段水稳性大团聚体(0.25mm)比例随土层加深而显著降低,0—80cm各土层内,中龄林和成熟林土壤水稳性团聚体比例高于幼龄林,且在0—20cm和20—40cm土层中龄林比幼龄林分别高41.79%和39.06%,差异显著;各发育阶段杉木人工林土壤团聚体破坏率(PAD)特征与水稳性大团聚体相反;平均重量直径(MWD)和平均几何直径(GMD)随土层加深而显著下降,其中中龄林和成熟林土壤团聚体GMD在0—100cm各土层内均显著高于幼龄林。据此认为,杉木人工林土壤团聚体稳定性随土层加深而降低,中龄林和成熟林土壤结构优于幼龄林。     

江西千烟洲试区杉木人工林降雨过程及养分动态研究

定位试验研究千烟洲试区杉木人工林生态系统水文过程及养分动态结果表明 ,该森林生态系统年降雨量为 1392 .0mm ,其中以林冠穿透雨形式输入林地水量占年降雨量的 89.38% ,以树干流形式输入林地水量占0 .2 7% ,林冠年截流量占 10 .35 %。以地表径流形式输出该系统的水量占年均降雨量的 9.4 %。该森林生态系统中随降雨年输入的N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Sr、Zr、Na、Si 11种营养元素总量为 14 4 .0 32kg/hm2 ,随地表径流年输出林地养分总量为 15 5 .335kg/hm2 ,年亏损量 11.30 3kg/hm2 。     

Short-term effects of tillage practices on soil aggregate fractions in a Chinese Mollisol

Abstract

Soil aggregate-size distribution and soil aggregate stability are used to characterize soil structure. Quantifying the changes of structural stability of soil is an important element in assessing soil and crop management practices. A 5-year tillage experiment consisting of no till (NT), moldboard plow (MP) and ridge tillage (RT), was used to study soil water-stable aggregate size distribution, aggregate stability and aggregate-associated soil organic carbon (SOC) at four soil depths (0–5, 5–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm) of a clay loam soil in northeast China. Nonlinear fractal dimension (D_m) was used to characterize soil aggregate stability. No tillage led to a significantly greater aggregation for >1 mm aggregate and significant SOC changes in this fraction at 0–5 cm depth. There were significant positive relationships between SOC and >1 mm aggregate, SOC in each aggregate fraction, but there was no relationship between soil aggregate parameters (the proportion of soil aggregates, aggregate-associated SOC and soil stability) and soil bulk density. After 5 years, there was no difference in D_m of soil aggregate size distribution among tillage treatments, which suggested that D_m could not be used as an indicator to assess short-term effects of tillage practices on soil aggregation. In the short term, > 1 mm soil aggregate was a better indicator to characterize the impacts of tillage practices on quality of a Chinese Mollisol, particularly in the near-surface layer of the soil.     

中国亚热带地区冷杉和砂仁 农林系统的土壤肥力研究

A trial of interplanting and non-interplanting villous amomum(Amomum villosum Lour.) under the canopy of Chinese fir(Cunninghamia lanceolata Hook.)at age 22 was established in Sanming,Fujian of China,and a survey on soil fertility was carried out 10 years after its establishment .Compared with the control(non-interplanting), the properties of soil humus in agroforestry system were ameliorated,with a higher level of humification and resynthesis of organic detritus .The soil microbial population and enzymatic actvities were both higher under the influence of villous amomum.Both the nutrient supplying and nutrient conserving capacities of the soil were improved,This agroforestry system exhibited an advantage of improved soil fertility,as well as an accelerated rowth of Chinese fir ,it was therefore a sustainable management system suited for Chinese fir in South China.     

不同种类中国杉对土壤养分状况的影响

The effects of different types of Chinese fir stand,including those with varous composition (pure and mixed),in various cropping systems (first and continuous cropping system)and at different ages,on the nutrient status of soils the hilly regions of southern Anhui Province were studied by means of ecological sequential comparison on the basis of similar climate and soil type.The work was carried out in the Xiaoxi Forest Farm of Jingxian County and the Caijiaqiao Forest Farm of Jingde Coundy,where the soil is parayellow soil derived from phyllite and sandstone,The results revealed that with the increase of age,Chinese fir pure stand could accumulate organic matter and nitrogen in the soil but it resulted in decreasing of soil pH and base ions(especially Ca^2 ) compared to its mixed stand with broad-leaf trees such as Chinese sassafras,In order to improve the soil fertility,It would be better to mix Chinese fir with broad-leaf trees when afforestation In the management of Chinese fir pure stand,base compounds and phosphates should be added to the soil for mintaining soil fertility and raising and raising forest productivity.