水稻产量、蛋白质及食味特性的关联研究

为了研究水稻产量、品质及其各构成要素之间具有关联性。结合区域试验和生产试验,测定了总蛋白及醇溶蛋白,对不同品种进行了食味品尝和测定。结果表明,36个水稻品种的产量水平不同,分为高产品种和普通品种。优质食味品种分为不同类型,其食味水平主要受直链淀粉和蛋白质的影响。蛋白质含量高、醇溶蛋白含量高显著地影响稻米食味。‘越光’、‘稻花香2号’是目前典型的优质食味品种,近年来市场上也出现了一些优质食味品种新类型。关联分析表明,优质食味品种产量较高,直链淀粉含量低,蛋白质含量低。     

16个水稻品种稻米贮藏蛋白组分比较研究

选取16个水稻品种,其中包括籼稻品种4个(9311、明恢63、轮回422、kasalath)、粳型三系恢复系水稻品种4个(湘晴、C2、C9、C15)以及8个粳型常规稻、三系保持系或两系恢复系水稻(日本晴、越光、武香075、上师4号、寒丰、秀水09、嘉花1号、优丰),采用不连续的SDS-PAGE电泳分析16种水稻糙米和精米种子贮藏蛋白组分。各种水稻能够显示清晰的蛋白组分条带主要有:谷蛋白37~39 kD酸性亚基、22~23 kD碱性亚基、谷蛋白57 kD前体多肽和13 kD醇溶蛋白多肽。通过对不同水稻品种蛋白组分的分析,筛选到谷蛋白含量相对较高的籼稻和粳型材料。开展本试验可为今后利用杂交方法培育高谷蛋白常规水稻以及高谷蛋白杂交稻组合研究中的亲本选择提供参考。     

不同施氮时期对稻谷蛋白质含量及食味值的影响

通过不同施氮肥时期与蛋白质含量不同的水稻品种二因子交互试验,结果表明,在不同施氮期条件下,同一品种的蛋白质含量差异达极显著水平,食味值达到极显著水平,蛋白质含量和食味值在品种间差异达到显著水平,蛋白质含量和食味值在施氮期×品种的互作效应均达到极显著水平.不同品种间,随着施氮期的后移,稻米蛋白质含量均增加,稻米食味均降低.     

甘肃春小麦资源HMW-GS组成研究

应用十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)方法,分析了176份甘肃省春小麦资源的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)组成.结果表明,甘肃省春小麦资源的亚基组成较丰富,共检测到18种亚基变异类型和28种亚基组合类型.地方品种的亚基组合类型较少而且以Null、7+8、2+12为主,育成品种的亚基变异类型比地方品种丰富,以1、7+8、2+12 3种变异类型的出现频率为最高.供试材料HMW.GS的品质评分在4～10分之间,平均得分7.2,所筛选出的一批含优质亚基组合的材料可供育种工作者利用.     

普通小麦HMW谷蛋白亚基与蛋白质含量和沉降值的关系

对148个不同小麦品种高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基与蛋白质含量、沉降值之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明:G lu-1三位点控制的亚基等位变异与品质性状关系密切。A 1位点1亚基和N出现的频率基本相当,对蛋白质含量效应N>1,对沉降值1>N;B 1位点7 9亚基对出现频率最高,其次为7 8,各亚基对蛋白质含量效应为17 18>7 8>7>7 9>6 8>14 15>13 16,对沉降值的作用为7 8>13 16>17 18>7 9=7>14 15>6 8;D 1位点5 10亚基对频率高于2 12,各亚基对蛋白质含量效应以5 10>2.2 12>2 12>2 10,沉降值效应以2.2 12>5 10>2 12>2 10。具有亚基N,17 18,5 10组合类型的小麦品种可成为蛋白含量较高的品种;1,7 8,2.2 12组合类型的小麦品种可成为加工品质较好的品种。     

灌浆温度和氮肥及其互作效应对稻米贮藏蛋白组分的影响

灌浆结实期温度与氮肥施用量是影响稻米品质的两个重要生态因子,尤其是与稻米蛋白含量及米饭食味关系密切。本文以多个水稻主栽品种为材料,通迆灌浆结实期的人工控温试验、大田长期定位点的施氮处理试验和盆栽条件下的温氮两因素复合处理试验,探讨了水稻灌浆结实期温度对稻米贮藏蛋白含量与组分影响及其有别于氮肥处理效应的差异觃律,幵分析了温度与氮肥两个因素对稻米贮藏蛋白及其组分影响的交互作用特点。结果表明,高温胁迫和增施氮肥均引起水稻籽粒总蛋白及其谷蛋白组分含量(%)的显著增加,但两者对稻米醇溶蛋白影响却存在明显差别。其中,高温处理引起醇溶蛋白含量显著下降,提高稻米谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白比值,而增施氮肥引起稻米谷蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量明显增加,但对谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白比值与贮藏蛋白各亚基的组成比例影响相对较小。在高温处理下,谷蛋白的57kD前体亚基组分含量有所提高,而37kD酸性亚基和22kD碱性亚基随温度处理的差异变化却因品种而异,且高温处理对水稻籽粒蛋白绝对含量(mg grain^–1)的影响程度也进没有其对蛋白相对含量(%)的影响明显。高氮×高温处理组合对稻米总蛋白与谷蛋白含量的影响程度显著大...     

水稻可消化蛋白质含量测定方法研究及资源筛选

水稻是重要口粮作物,是重要的蛋白质来源,但水稻种子蛋白质中包括不可消化的醇溶蛋白与可消化的谷蛋白、清蛋白与球蛋白。通过蛋白质提取方法研究,探讨一种可行的水稻可消化蛋白质含量测定方法,并对从国际水稻所引进的804份品种资源进行测定。结果表明,60%乙醇水溶液中加入0.4%质量体积分数的NaOH作为提取溶剂,采用300W超声波重复提取3次可以获得可消化蛋白质含量的准确测定结果,测得804份品种资源的平均可消化蛋白质含量为7.80%。本研究为水稻的可消化蛋白质含量测定提供了快速有效的技术手段,并筛选出了一批可消化蛋白质含量高和可消化蛋白质含量低的水稻资源。     

陇东地区部分冬小麦品种(系)HMW-GS的组成与遗传变异分析

本实验通过SDS-PAGE技术,对陇东地区部分冬小麦品种(系)的高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成及亚基组成频率进行了分析.结果表明陇东地区冬小麦品种(系)存在16种亚基组合类型,以N,7+8,2+12亚基含量丰富,其出现频率占品种(系)总数的36.50%,而含5+10亚基的亚基组合类型只有3种,仅占品种(系)数量的9.62%.Glu-1位点遗传多样性单一,Glu-A 1位点仅有2种等位变异形式,N亚基频率最高(71.15%);Glu-B 1位点有4种等位基因变异形式,7+8亚基频率最高(59.62%);Glu-D 1位点上有6种等位基因变异形式,2+12亚基频率最高(61.54%).通过对地方品种、育成品种(系)和引进品种HMW-GS组成比较发现,地方品种亚基的组成类型呈现出组成单一,优质亚基少的特点;而外引品种和育成品种亚基类型较为丰富,且包含一定数量的优质亚基.     

黄淮麦区小麦品种高分子量谷蛋白亚基位点 与品质性状的数量分析

对黄淮麦区77个不同品种高分子量谷蛋白亚基及亚其组成与蛋白质含量和沉降值关系，通过回归、相关分析，结果表明：Glu-1三个位点对蛋白质含量和沉降值的回归、通径效应均可表示为：Glu-D1＞Glu-B1＞Glu-A1。其中，Glu-D1、Glu-B1与蛋白质含量和沉降值均相关显著。Glu-1三个位点亚基与蛋白质含量和沉降值的效应可分别表示为：1＞2*＞Null，14+15＞7+8＞17+18＞7，5+10＞2+12＞4+10。通过品种的亚基组成对其蛋白质含量和沉降值进行回归预测，结果可行，可靠性达显著水平。     

硒肥处理对水稻食味特性的影响

以天津市育成的5个水稻品种为材料,在相同的管理条件下,于孕穗期分别喷施不同剂量的亚硒酸钠,成熟期取样进行食味特性分析。结果表明,不同品种对硒肥处理的表现不尽相同,但总体来看一定计量的硒肥处理可以提高稻米的整精米率,改善稻米的外观品质。在食味特性方面,硒肥处理可以通过影响蛋白质和直连淀粉含量,提升稻米食味值。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.