Stimulus control in pigeons based on proprioceptive stimuli from floor inclination

Two groups of pigeons trained to peck a dimly illuminated disc in an otherwise dark experimental chamber with the floor horizontal (0 degrees tilt) or inclined 30 degrees to the left, respectively, show decremental generalization gradients of response rate when the floor inclination is varied from its training position. Discrimination training in which food reinforcement is available under one floor tilt condition but not under another steepens the slope of such gradients. In a secondv experiment, pigeons reinforced for pecking when the floor was tilted 10 degrees or 20 degrees and not reinforced under the alternative condition showed steep gradients with maximal responding displaced from the reinforced stimulus.     

Entrainment of circadian rhythms by sound in Passer domesticus

The circadian locomotor rhythm of house sparrows was entrained by a sound stimulus. The birds were maintained at a constant temperature in, dim green light. The entraining agent was 4 (1/2) 12 hours of tape-recorded bird song ,played each day. Variations in the response to this stimulus have been correlated with individual variations in free-running period. This is the first clear demonstration that a biological clock can be influenced by sound stimuli.     

Information-processing by pigeons

Two pigeons matched to sample on the basis of color or line orientation when a sample consisted of a value for each stimulus dimension or a value for only one dimension. When the duration of the sample stimulus was varied to maintain constant performance, compound stimuli required more time than single elements.     

几种粘粒矿物和土壤表面吸附态磷的解吸 Ⅰ吸附和解吸滞后的机理(英文)

研究了可变电荷粘粒矿物和矿物学性质不同的代表性土壤对磷酸根的等温解吸特性。结果表明磷酸根的解吸等温线一般都滞后于吸附等温线。滞后的程度以铁、铝氧化物最大;含较多铁和铝氧化物的酸性土壤其次;高岭石、蒙脱石和中性、石灰性土壤较小。磷酸根的解吸率一般都随着吸附饱和度的增加而增加,但在各吸附饱和度下,解吸率都明显低于吸附磷的同位素(磷)交换率。在恒定pH和离子强度下,解吸主要涉及结合能较低的吸附态磷。可变电荷表面紧结合态吸附磷在同样条件下是极难解吸的,从而引起磷酸根吸附和解吸不可逆转。此外,吸附态磷还可能通过次生化学反应而转化成不溶性磷酸盐化合物,对这种形态磷就不能通过简单的水液平衡而发生可逆性的解吸作用,而必须加以某种化学处理(例如适当酸化或用有机物质)。     

Frog retina: detection of movement

The response of class 2 ganglion cells in the frog retina is dependent on the angular velocity of a black visual stimulus whose size (1.20 degrees ) and contrast against a background are held constant. The relation between neuronal discharge rate and the angular velocity of the stimulus may be expressed as a power function.     

基于模糊理论玻璃钢游艇总纵弯曲可靠度计算

基于玻璃钢游艇材料在被破坏时的模糊性,建立了模糊状态下玻璃钢游艇的可靠性模型,并计算了一艘玻璃钢游艇的总纵弯曲下的艇体结构可靠度.针对正态分布的结构极限方程和非正态分布的模糊变量,应用JC法计算结构经典可靠度;采用隶属度函数进行模糊可靠度的计算.最后,将计算的玻璃钢游艇总纵弯曲下的结构模糊可靠度结果与经典可靠度下的计算结果作对比,提出模糊可靠度的合理性及经典可靠度的保守性的结论.     

An Evaluation of the Response of Yield Monitors and Combines to Varying Yields

Comparisons were made between yield measurements with an impact based yield sensor and an electronic scale in adjacent harvest strips and on the same grain stream within a combine. Yield measurements in adjacent strip comparisons were more prone to errors as the segment lengths decreased. Grain yield difference between the yield sensor and electronic scale ranged from 5 to 14%, 4 to 13%, 3 to 12%, and 2 to 11% for 15, 30, 60, and 300 m long segments. The yield differences between neighboring segments might have been caused by yield variability to a degree; however, a consistent decrease in yield differences with increasing segment lengths implied that better accuracies could be obtained in longer management areas. The combine responses to grain yield changes and the effect of varying ground speed on accuracy were also evaluated by creating artificial yield patterns in harvest strips. Grain diffusion within the combine was more obvious when abrupt yield changes were introduced at known locations. Grain mixing and redistribution inside the combine may dictate the selection of segment sizes in the site-specific decision making process. Constant ground speed provided more stable grain flow values than varying ground speed. The average error in yield estimate was 3.4% and 5.2% at constant ground speed and varying speed, respectively. Careful calibration and constant combine speed were important to achieve better accuracy with the grain yield monitor.     

Reversible root tip rotation in Arabidopsis seedlings induced by obstacle-touching stimulus

In soil, downwardly growing plant roots frequently alter their growth direction to escape obstacles that lie in their paths. This response has been analyzed with a simple system that provides a constant obstacle-touching stimulus to root tips of young seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana. On the surface of agar plates, which were set at an angle of 45 degrees to the vertical, the roots exhibit a wavy growth pattern that is caused by periodic reversion of rotation of the root tip. A set of mutants with abnormal wavy growth was used to demonstrate that at least six genes are involved in this stimulus-response interaction.     

Phycomyces: habituation of the light growth response

Phycomyces sporangiophores respond to four distinct physical stimuli: gravity, light, stretch, and an avoidance stimulus. Saturating the organism with a light stimulus so that it does not respond to any additional light program does not decrease its ability to respond to an avoidance stimulus. This demonstrates that the organism has the potential to respond after a saturating light stimulus and that the an avoidance stimulus acts at some point past or parellel or parellel to the light-receiving mechanism.     

纤维沥青混凝土动力性能试验研究

采用变截面分离式Hopkinson压杆（Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar, SHPB）,对普通沥青混凝土、玻璃纤维沥青混凝土、木质素纤维沥青混凝土和3个掺量的聚酯纤维沥青混凝土进行了3种应变率的冲击压缩试验研究.试验结果与分析表明,沥青混凝土具有应变率增强效应,其动力抗压强度及韧性指标随着应变率的增大而增大;但是,纤维沥青混凝土动力抗压强度及韧性指标增长率随应变率提高有递减趋势;纤维含量对沥青混凝土在动力条件下的动力行为有显著影响,聚酯纤维掺量为0.25%的沥青混凝土动力抗压强度及韧性指标最优;3种纤维都可以增加材料的动力抗压强度及韧性指标,聚酯纤维增强沥青混凝土抗压强度最佳,木质素纤维次之,玻璃纤维最差;聚酯纤维提高沥青混凝土韧性指标最佳,玻璃纤维次之,木质素纤维最差.     

Echo-ranging neurons in the inferior colliculus of bats

Bats measure the distance to an object in terms of the time lag between their outgoing orientation sounds and the returning echo. For measurement of the time lag, the latency of response of a neuron to a stimulus must be nearly constant regardless of the stimulus amplitude and envelope. Otherwise, a large error would be introduced into the measurement. Bats have neurons that are specialized for echo ranging.     

Locomotion: control by positive-feedback optokinetic responses

Several species of arthropods perform forward locomotory movements when restrained in place and exposed to a pattern of stripes moving backward at normal locomotory velocities. Locomotory effort varies directly with stripe velocity. In nature such locomotory reactions would increase the visual stimulus that elicits them; hence, the reactions represent a new class of optokinetic responses employing positive visual feedback. Stabilizing mechanisms include response decrement during constant stripe velocities.     

圆形截面钢筋砼偏心受压构件正截面承载力的实用计算法

本文根据《砼结构设计规范》（ＧＢＪ１０－８９）对圆形截面钢筋砼偏心受压构件正截面承载力的计算方法进行了分析，编制了计算图表，供设计者直接查用．该法计算简便、速度快、精度高，有一定的实用价值．     

黄菊真空薄层干燥特性研究

在真空干燥箱内对黄菊进行干燥处理,研究干燥温度对物料干燥特性的影响,并计算水分变化规律与page和logarithmic干燥模型的吻合程度。结果表明,黄菊干燥速率随温度的升高而加快,45和65℃条件下logarithmic模型与水分变化规律吻合较好,而55℃条件下page模型与水分s变化规律的吻合度较高,有效扩散率为2.448×10-9～6.246×10-9m2/s。     

某住宅楼现烧钢筋砼楼板裂缝分析与加固处理

对出现现浇钢筋砼楼板裂缝的某住宅楼工程的图纸进行复查并进行现场检测,从设计和施工两方面对该工程现浇钢筋混凝土楼板出现大面积开裂的原因进行了分析.结果表明,板角部负筋配筋量不足、混凝土浇注不均匀、拆模过早是裂缝产生的主要原因.经过加固方案比较,采用粘贴碳钎维布法进行加固处理,确保了结构的安全使用.     

某住宅楼现浇钢筋砼楼板裂缝分析与加固处理

对出现现浇钢筋砼楼板裂缝的某住宅楼工程的图纸进行复查并进行现场检测,从设计和施工两方面对该工程现浇钢筋混凝土楼板出现大面积开裂的原因进行了分析。结果表明,板角部负筋配筋量不足、混凝土浇注不均匀、拆模过早是裂缝产生的主要原因。经过加固方案比较,采用粘贴碳钎维布法进行加固处理,确保了结构的安全使用。     

碳纤维增强木基复合材料的制备及其力学性能

为了研究碳纤维增强木基复合材料的力学性能,选择直径为12 μm的碳纤维制备试样。分别对碳纤维增强木基复合材料与木纤维板进行了三点弯曲力学性能测试,运用扫描电镜（SEM）对其微观结构进行表征。结果表明:通过力学曲线对比及断裂机理分析,可以明显的发现碳纤维增强木基复合材料的力学性能要优于木纤维板,这种“三明治”结构的材料设计充分发挥出碳纤维独特的缓冲能力,试件在较高外加载荷作用下并不是产生突然的断裂破坏,而是具有一定的承载能力。SEM分析表明,聚醋酸乙烯胶粘剂工作强度高,在受力时能够很好的传递载荷,碳纤维网与木纤维板结合良好。     

Hemodynamic signals correlate tightly with synchronized gamma oscillations

Functional imaging methods monitor neural activity by measuring hemodynamic signals. These are more closely related to local field potentials (LFPs) than to action potentials. We simultaneously recorded electrical and hemodynamic responses in the cat visual cortex. Increasing stimulus strength enhanced spiking activity, high-frequency LFP oscillations, and hemodynamic responses. With constant stimulus intensity, the hemodynamic response fluctuated; these fluctuations were only loosely related to action potential frequency but tightly correlated to the power of LFP oscillations in the gamma range. These oscillations increase with the synchrony of synaptic events, which suggests a close correlation between hemodynamic responses and neuronal synchronization.     

非简谐振动对 Fe1-x CoxSi合金热力学性质的影响

建立Fe1-xCoxSi合金的物理模型,应用热力学和固体物理理论,得到系统的吉布斯函数和自由能以及德拜温度、弹性模量、热容量随温度变化的解析式,探讨了非简谐效应以及杂质浓度对Fe1-xCoxSi合金热力学性质的影响.结果表明:(1)合金Fe1-xCoxSi的德拜温度和弹性模量均随温度升高而减小,但变化非常缓慢,而定压热容量随温度升高而非线性地增大,其中温度较低时,近似遵从T3次方定律;(2)Fe1-xCoxSi的德拜温度、弹性模量、定压热容量以及非简谐项对热容量的影响均随含钴杂质浓度的增加而增大;(3)若不考虑原子的非简谐振动,则合金的德拜温度和弹性模量为常量.在考虑到原子非简谐效应项后,则随温度变化而变化.温度愈高,杂质浓度和非简谐振动对合金热力学性质的影响愈显著.     

外包钢加固法的安全性防范措施研究

采用外包角钢加固的钢筋混凝土柱,其加固效果和安全性与诸多因素,如加固设计、加固施工工艺、加固端锚固构造、加固角钢的增钢率与增箍率、原柱所处的应力状态、使用过程中的维护管理等有关。对外包钢加固钢筋混凝土柱过程中影响其加固效果和安全性的诸多因素的安全性防范措施进行了初步的分析研究和探讨。