雷州半岛不同桉树无性系林分生长量比较

在雷州半岛,以22个桉树无性系为材料,对其2年生时的生长性状进行比较。结果表明,22个无性系的树高、胸径、单株材积和蓄积量上差异显著,综合评价选择出巨尾桉(LL_(126)和G_9)、尾叶桉(G_4、LL_(128)、LL_(125)、LL_(127)和JJ_(19))、尾巨桉(LL_(129))和韦塔桉(JJ_(23)、JJ_(27)和JJ_(28))为优良无性系。     

冷湿层积法对印度冷杉(Abies pindrow)和长叶云杉(Picea smithiana）种子萌发的影响

研究赤霉素(GA3),冷湿和温度 对五个种源的印度冷杉(Abies pindrow)和长叶云杉(Picea smithiana)种子萌发的影响.种子被浸泡在GA3 (10 mg(L-1)中24小时,然后在3(5(C温度的条件下冷藏15天.设计4个温度(10(C, 15(C, 20(C 和 25(C)条件来促进种子的萌发.结果表明,浸泡和冷湿处理明显增加种子的萌发率.在10 (C时种子的萌发率最高.总体结果表明,种子被浸泡在GA3 (10 mg(L-1)中24小时,冷湿藏15天,可以有效地促进印度冷杉和长叶云杉的种子萌发.统计数据表明,浸泡处理、温度和种源以及与温度的相互作用都对种子的萌发有明显的影响.     

双季板栗休眠期至花期芽体或花序内源激素的变化

【目的】研究双季板栗休眠至花期(雌花序出现)结果母枝混合芽和结果枝基部叶芽、纯雄花序、混合花序内源激素含量及其比值,为板栗花芽分化调控提供理论参考。【方法】在双季板栗休眠期前期每隔30 d、休眠末期至芽体萌动每隔15 d采集结果母枝混合花芽,在萌动至花期每隔3～5 d采集结果枝基部叶芽、混合花序和纯雄花序,测定ZR、IAA、GA_3和ABA含量,分别以C(ZR)、C(IAA)、C(GA_3)和C(ABA)表示。【结果】各时期IAA和ABA含量均高于ZR和GA_3含量,C(GA_3)/C(ZR)和C(IAA)/C(ABA)值均显著高于C(GA_3)/C(IAA)、C(GA_3)/C(ABA)、C(ZR)/C(ABA)和C(ZR)/C(IAA)值。在休眠至萌动期,混合花芽IAA含量从11.810 ng/g上升至36.770 ng/g,ABA含量从148.312 ng/g下降至64.938 ng/g,IAA含量在萌动前极显著升高,ABA含量极显著下降;C(IAA)/C(ABA)值从0.072显著上升为0.566,C(ZR)/C(IAA)和C(GA_3)/C(IAA)值下降最显著,分别从0.721和0.445下降至0.263和0.158。在萌动至花期,混合花序和结果枝基部叶芽IAA含量呈抛物线变化,纯雄花序呈不规则抛物线变化,均于3月30日达到峰值,分别为102.801、89.466、112.850 ng/g;各部位ABA含量呈波浪形变化,GA_3与ZR含量呈无明显规律的波动变化;混合花序和纯雄花序C(GA_3)/C(ZR)和C(GA_3)/C(IAA)值整体呈上升趋势,在现雄期至现雌期大幅上升并表现为混合花序C(GA_3)/C(ZR)和C(GA_3)/C(IAA)值高于纯雄花序;结果枝基部叶芽、纯雄花序和混合花序C(GA_3)/C(ABA)、C(IAA)/C(ABA)和C(ZR)/C(ABA)值的变化规律相似,在开始出现纯雄花序后,纯雄花序C(GA_3)/C(ABA)、C(ZR)/C(ABA)和C(IAA)/C(ABA)值均高于混合花序;C(ZR)/C(IAA)值与其他指标值的变化规律不同。【结论】高C(IAA)/C(ABA)值、低C(ZR)/C(IAA)和C(GA_3)/C(IAA)值共同作用,在促进芽萌动方面可能起重要作用。C(GA_3)/C(ZR)、C(GA_3)/C(ABA)、C(ZR)/C(ABA)和C(IAA)/C(ABA)值可能影响板栗的花性,高C(GA_3)/C(ZR)值、低C(GA_3)/C(ABA)值、低C(ZR)/C(ABA)值和低C(IAA)/C(ABA)值有利于雌花形成。     

园林植物形态特征与叶面积指数关系研究

作者研究了武汉市18种园林植物的形态特征与叶面积指数(LAI)的相关性,结果表明:树木整形方式对LAI无显著影响,且LAI与树高(H)和冠高(H')呈正相关关系(多枝闭心形除外),与胸(基)径(D)呈负相关关系,与冠幅(C)的相关性没有明显规律。在4种植物类型中(乔木、灌木、常绿植物和落叶植物),LAI与H和H'呈正相关关系(灌木除外),与D和C呈负相关关系(常绿植物与灌木除外)。乔木和落叶植物的LAI分别高于灌木和常绿植物。     

生物有机肥对油橄榄林地土壤化学性质的影响

为了解和评价施用生物有机肥对油橄榄林地土壤化学性质的改善效果,从而给油橄榄根际土壤改良及生物有机肥的高效利用提供参考依据,以甘肃省礼县鱼池村的西汉水流域油橄榄扩区驯化试验园为研究地,采用随机区组试验设计,设置施用生物有机肥和不施用生物有机肥2种处理,各区组内每个处理各设3次重复,就不同施肥处理对油橄榄林地0～20、20～40、40～60 cm土层土壤化学性质的影响情况进行了试验研究。试验结果表明:与对照处理的相比,施用生物有机肥的土壤pH值(均值为8.09)降低了5.86%,而有机质(17.37 g·kg~(-1))、全氮(0.66 g·kg~(-1))、全磷(1.52 g·kg~(-1))、全钾(22.10 g·kg~(-1))、全钙(48.88 g·kg~(-1))、全镁(10.79 g·kg~(-1))和锌(75.46 mg·kg~(-1))含量分别升高了241.32%、43.17%、134.36%、38.23%、24.30%、29.32%和11.78%,碱解氮(115.67 mg·kg~(-1))、有效磷(11.58 mg·kg~(-1))、速效钾(148.67 mg·kg~(-1))、水溶性钙(0.036%)、水溶性镁(0.032%)、有效锌(1.55 mg·kg~(-1))和有效硼(2.94 mg·kg~(-1))的含量分别升高了524.10%、260.85%、542.65%、127.08%、169.44%、113.30%和318.01%,其中碱解氮和速效钾含量均显著提高;施用和不施用生物有机肥的各个指标在相同土层之间均存在显著差异(P0.05)。研究结果表明:施用生物有机肥对油橄榄林地土壤各养分元素含量和供肥能力均有一定程度的提升作用。     

桉木单板层积材生产工艺的优化

采用响应面法(RSM)和中心组合旋转设计(CCRD),研究了桉树单板层积材(LVL)的生产工艺条件,并对优化工艺所得的预测值进行了实验验证。方差分析结果表明:面粉添加量对桉木LVL的静曲强度(MOR)和弹性模量(MOE)有着显著影响,而热压温度和热压时间的影响不显著。通过回归分析,建立了相应的回归模型。回归模型的预测值与实验值的拟合良好,说明回归方程能用来预测和优化桉木LVL的力学强度性能。最佳工艺条件为:热压温度130℃,热压时间1.5 min/mm,面粉添加量5%(质量分数)。在此工艺条件下压制的桉木LVL垂直加载条件下的静曲强度(MOR⊥)和弹性模量(MOE⊥)分别为89 MPa和16 722 MPa,平行加载条件下的静曲强度(MOR∥)和弹性模量(MOE∥)分别为88 MPa和15 067 MPa,MOR和MOE分别达到了结构用单板层积材国家标准的优等品和140E级别。     

农林业系统结构特征和功能特征的研究

本文对黄淮海平原豫北地区分布最广的两种类型农林业系统(泡桐-小麦、玉米(PATZ),沙兰杨-小麦、玉米(POTZ)的结构特征和功能特征进行了分析。结果表明:(1)农林业系统是一个多组分、多层次、多功能、多效益的人工生态系统;(2)农林业系统PATZ类型和POTZ类型的现存生物量分别为34985.1和34253.4kg·hm~(-2);年生产力分别为29560.1和30457.4kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1);(3)POTZ类型和POTZ类型的能量现存量分别为55.0095和52.5880×10~(10)J·hm~(-2),年固定能量分别为45.6426和45.8319×10~(10)J.hm~(-2),光能转化率分别为1.835％和1.7405％;(4)PATZ类型和POTZ类型营养元素(N,P,K)的现存量分别为612.005和624.111kg·hm~(-2),年吸收量分别为589242和633.524kg.hm~2,年归还量分别为29.407和29.1kg·hm~(-2),N,P,K的循环率PATZ类型分别为4.1％,4.8％,6.2％;POTZ类型分别为3.25％,5.27％,6.14％。     

建筑构件、门窗

欧洲EUROPE2010年12月,欧元区建筑工程完工量下跌1.8%2010年12月,建筑部门经过季节性调整完工量分别下降了1.8%(欧元区)和3.1%(欧盟区)。11月,分别下降了0.9%(欧元区)和0.8%(欧盟区)。与上年同期相比,2010年12月完工量分别下降了12.0%(欧元区)和8.0%(欧盟区)。与2009年相比,2010年平均完工量指数分别下跌了7.4%(欧元区)和4.1%(欧盟区)。按月份比较,有8个国家的完工量下跌,4个国家上     

杉阔异龄复层林对土壤团聚体稳定性和有机碳及养分储量的影响

[目的]研究杉木纯林转化为杉木阔叶树异龄复层混交林(简称杉阔复层林)对土壤团聚体稳定性和有机碳及养分储量的影响,为杉木人工林结构优化调控和可持续发展提供理论依据。[方法]以浙江开化不同树种构建的杉阔复层林和杉木纯林为研究对象,分析0～20 cm土层水稳性团聚体(WSA)稳定性以及全土和团聚体有机碳(SOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和镁(Mg)储量的变化。[结果](1)杉阔复层林和杉木纯林0.25 mm水稳性团聚体(WSA_(0.25 mm))占比最高;与杉木纯林相比,复层林均显著增加5 mm水稳性团聚体(WSA_(5 mm))比例,同时也显著提高土壤平均质量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD),降低了团聚体分形维数(D)。(2)杉阔复层林和杉木纯林不同粒级团聚体中SOC和TN储量变化趋势一致,均为WSA_(5 mm)、2～5 mm粒径水稳性团聚体(WSA_(2～5 mm))0.25～2 mm粒径水稳性团聚体(WSA_(0.25～2 mm))WSA_(0.25 mm),而不同粒级团聚体中TP和Mg储量差异较小。(3)全土和团聚体有机碳及养分储量主要受5 mm粒径团聚体有机碳(SOC_(A5 mm))、2～5 mm粒径团聚体总氮(TN_(A2～5 mm))含量以及土壤pH的影响;团聚体稳定性主要受WSA_(5 mm)、土壤pH以及2～5 mm粒径团聚体有机碳(SOC_(A2～5 mm))含量的影响。(4)复层林不同伴生树种对团聚体组分、稳定性、土壤有机碳及养分储量有重要影响,主成分分析(PCA)发现,杉木纯林引入紫楠(杉木+紫楠)后显著影响全土和团聚体磷镁储量以及MWD和GMD;杉木纯林引入红茴香(杉木+红茴香)后显著影响全土和团聚体碳氮储量。[结论]杉阔异龄复层林的构建有利于改善杉木纯林土壤理化性质,尤以乔木阔叶树种紫楠和红茴香引入,对杉木纯林土壤团聚体稳定性和有机碳及养分储量的改善效果更佳。     

不同光环境下模拟酸雨对木荷幼苗生长的影响

为阐明光强与酸雨及其交互作用对常绿阔叶树种幼苗生长的影响,在100%自然光(L1)、50%自然光(L2)和20%自然光(L3) 3种光环境下分别设置对照(pH值7.0,ACK)、重度酸雨(pH值2.5,A1)、中度酸雨(pH值4.0,A2)及轻度酸雨(pH值5.6,A3)等处理,测定和分析木荷幼苗苗高、地径和各器官生物量。结果表明:胁迫150 d后,光强对木荷幼苗苗高和地径有极显著影响(P<0.01);酸雨仅对地径有显著影响(P<0.05),光强和酸雨对苗高和地径无明显交互作用。光强对木荷幼苗各器官生物量有极显著影响(P<0.01),遮阴总体抑制了幼苗生长;酸雨仅对幼苗叶和茎生物量产生极显著影响(P<0.01),光强和酸雨对叶生物量具有显著(P<0.05)的交互作用,而对茎生物量有极其显著(P<0.01)的交互作用;重度酸雨(A1)在3种光环境下分别显著降低了48.8%、13.8%和32.2%的茎生物量,却分别提高了24.4%、37.0%和7.6%的叶生物量。光强、酸雨和其交互作用均对茎重比和茎根比有极显著影响(P<0.01)。综上所述,酸雨对...     

不同人工林改良土壤效果的初步研究

以兴隆县试验区为代表,研究分析首都周围绿化工程改良土壤养分状况及改善林木生长条件的效果。试验结果表明：油松纯林可提高土壤养分含量,但是土壤ｐＨ值下降;山杨、刺槐等阔叶林使土壤养分和ｐＨ值都得到改良,刺槐林效果尤为明显。     

The response of Pinus sylvestris to drought: stomatal control of transpiration and hydraulic conductance

We investigated the impact of drought on the physiology of 41-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in central Scotland. Measurements were made of the seasonal course of transpiration, canopy stomatal conductance, needle water potential, xylem water content, soil-to-needle hydraulic resistance, and growth. Comparison was made between drought-treated plots and those receiving average precipitation. In response to drought, transpiration rate declined once volumetric water content (VWC) over the top 20 cm of soil reached a threshold value of 12%. Thereafter, transpiration was a near linear function of soil water content. As the soil water deficit developed, the hydraulic resistance between soil and needles increased by a factor of three as predawn needle water potential declined from -0.54 to -0.71 MPa. A small but significant increase in xylem embolism was detected in 1-year-old shoots. Stomatal control of transpiration prevented needle water potential from declining below -1.5 MPa. Basal area, and shoot and needle growth were significantly reduced in the drought treatment. In the year following the drought, canopy stomatal conductance and soil-to-needle hydraulic resistance recovered. Current-year needle extension recovered, but a significant reduction in basal area increment was evident one year after the drought. The results suggest that, in response to soil water deficit, mature Scots pine closes its stomata sufficiently to prevent the development of substantial xylem embolism. Reduced growth in the year after a severe soil water deficit is most likely to be the result of reduced assimilation in the year of the drought, rather than to any residual embolism carried over from one year to the next.     

不同土壤水分状况对刺槐的生长及水分利用特征的影响

在适宜土壤水分、中度干旱和严重干旱 3种土壤水分条件下研究了刺槐苗木生长及水分利用特征。结果表明 :随着土壤含水量的下降 ,刺槐叶水势、叶含水量、生长速率、光合速率及单叶水分利用效率 (WUE)均显著下降 ;在整个生长季中刺槐枝条快速生长和干物质增加主要集中在 4— 6月份 ;适宜水分下总耗水量和总生物量均为最高 ,但总水分利用效率在中度干旱时为最高 ;刺槐最高耗水月、最高耗水日和一天中最高耗水时间段在 3种土壤水分下均有差异 ,在中度干旱和严重干旱下的最高耗水日出现的时间比适宜水分下的最高耗水日滞后一个月以上。刺槐的最大耗水月在 3种土壤水分下均在 7月份 ;刺槐日耗水进程在生长季多数月份呈单峰曲线 ,7月份多呈双峰曲线。刺槐属于耐旱性强的高耗水树种。根据刺槐的生长及耗水特点 ,刺槐不适宜大面积栽植在黄土高原缺水地区 ,仅适合栽植在阴坡、沟渠等土壤水分条件较好的立地上。     

Effects of drought and rewatering on growth and transpiration in European beech seedlings late in the growing season

Drought stress is one of the most important environmental factors affecting plant growth and survival. To date, most studies aim at understanding of post-stress physiological and anatomical adaptation to drought stress; however only few studies focus on plant recovery. In the present study, transpiration, shoot water potential, and anatomical and morphological measurements were performed on 4-year-old European beech seedlings with fully developed leaves. The seedlings were exposed to three levels of soil water potential (well-watered, moderate drought stress and severe drought stress) and followed by rewatering under greenhouse conditions. Reduced transpiration rates were observed in the stressed seedlings as a response to drought stress, whereas anatomical and morphological variables remained unchanged. Three days after rewatering, transpiration rates in both moderately and severely stressed seedlings recovered to the levels of those of well-watered seedlings. Drought stress promoted leaf budding, resulting in higher shoot dry mass of stressed seedlings. Our findings indicate that anatomical and morphological adaptations of European beech seedlings to drought stress are visibly limited during late-season growth stages. These results will help us to further understand factors involved in drought adaptation potential of European beech seedlings faced with expected climate-related environmental changes. To complete our findings, further experiments on plant recovery from drought stress should be focused on different periods of growing season.     

Stem respiration in a closed-canopy upland oak forest

Stem respiration was measured throughout 1993 on 56 mature trees of three species (Quercus alba L., Quercus prinus L., and Acer rubrum L.) in Walker Branch Watershed, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. A subset of the trees was remeasured during 1994. Diameter increments, stem temperatures and soil water were also monitored. Respiration rates in the spring and summer of 1993 tracked growth rate increments, except during a drought when growth dropped to zero and respiration increased to its highest rate. During the dormant season, rates of total stem respiration (R(t)) tended to be greater in large trees with thick sapwood but no such trend was observed during the growing season. Before and after the growing season, respiration rates correlated well with stem temperatures. Estimated values of Q(10) were 2.4 for the two oak species and 1.7 for red maple. The Q(10) values were used along with baseline respiration measurements and stem temperatures to predict seasonal changes in maintenance respiration (R(m)). In red maple, annual total R(m) accounted for 56 and 60% of R(t) in 1993 and 1994, respectively. In chestnut oak, R(m) accounted for 65 and 58% of R(t) in 1993 and 1994, respectively. In white oak, R(m) accounted for 47 and 53% of R(t) in 1993 and 1994, respectively. Extrapolating these data to the stand level showed that woody tissue respiration accounted for 149 and 204 g C m(-2) soil surface year(-1) in 1993 and 1994, respectively.     

不同灌溉条件对刺槐生长量及各项生理指标的影响

在小管出流与大水漫灌等不同灌溉方式下,研究刺槐的相对含水量(RWC),水分饱和亏缺(RWD)、光响应曲线、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、单叶水分利用效率(WUE)等指标的变化。结果表明,小管出流灌溉条件下,刺槐叶片净光合速率Pn值、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、生长量均大于漫灌下刺槐;但是,单叶水分利用率与叶片胞间CO2浓度在这2两种灌溉条件下差异较小。     

干旱胁迫对不同种源北沙柳幼苗生长特性的影响

对7个种源的北沙柳1年生幼苗开展干旱胁迫试验的结果表明,各种源表现出的胁迫症状基本相同,随着胁迫水平的增加,产生的胁迫症状越严重。干旱胁迫使北沙柳的生长受到抑制,株高与基径的生长减缓,总生物量的积累受到抑制。干旱胁迫促进北沙柳根系的生长,以吸收更多的水和营养,从而提高其抗旱性,综合分析可知宁夏盐池种源（SNY）是干旱胁迫下生长表现最优的种源。     

Sap flow rates of Minquartia guianensis in central Amazonia during the prolonged dry season of 2015–2016

Minquartia guianensis Aubl.is a slow-growing species with several uses.In the juvenile state,it is well-adapted to low light conditions of the forest understory.However,it is still unknown how climate variability affects transpiration of this species,particularly under drought stress.In this study,we aimed to assess the effect of climatic variability on sap flow rates(SFR).SFR and radial growth were measured in six trees(14-50 cm diameter) in 2015 and 2016.Climate(precipitation,irradiance,relative humidity and temperature) and soil water content(SWC) data were also collected.SFR tended to increase in the dry season,with a negative relationship between SFR and SWC and precipitation(p 0.001),while there was a positive association between radial growth and monthly precipitation(p=0.004).Irradiance and temperature were the environmental factors more closely correlated with SFR during daytime(p0.001),whereas relative humidity and vapor pressure deficit were the most important factors at night(p0.001).Although negative SFR were sometimes recorded at night,the mean nocturnal sap flow was positive and across trees the nighttime sap flow accounted for 12.5%of the total daily sap flow.Increased transpiration during the dry season suggests that the root system of Minquartia was able to extract water from deep soil layers.These results widen our understanding of the ecophysiology of Amazonian trees under drought and provide further insight into the potential effect of the forecasted decline in precipitation in the Amazon region.     

成年马尾松针叶水势和形态对隔离降雨的响应

通过在福建省长汀县红壤严重侵蚀区以持续100%隔离降雨模拟水分亏缺环境,研究土壤含水量变化对先锋造林树种马尾松针叶水势、针叶形态的影响,评价马尾松在水分胁迫下的生态适应性及生理调节机制。结果表明:(1)研究期内,处理组20 cm和80 cm土层土壤含水量持续下降并显著低于对照组(P<0.05),差异达10.93%和12.17%,表明土壤环境已出现水分亏缺;(2)处理组针叶水势(Ψd)持续下降,平均值为-3.73 MPa,显著低于对照组-2.80 MPa(P<0.05),证明处理组土壤含水量下降已对马尾松针叶水势产生了显著的影响,且通过拟合土壤含水量与针叶水势关系得出先锋造林树种马尾松具有较强的抗旱能力;(3)马尾松针叶形态相关指标分析表明,隔离降雨第2 a内对照组与处理组间叶长、叶宽、叶面积的差值均明显大于第1 a内,说明生长减缓是该地区马尾松应对土壤水分亏缺的重要途径。     

Douglas-fir is vulnerable to exceptional and recurrent drought episodes and recovers less well on less fertile sites

Context

Since the 2003 drought and heat wave, there have been many reports of Douglas-fir decline and dieback in France. Given the climate change that is predicted, more frequent drought episodes could induce recurrent decline processes. The nature and background of this threat requires a careful assessment.

Aims

The objectives of this study were: (1) to test the hypothesis that the major climate hazard that accounts for the decline in Douglas-fir growth is drought, and (2) to identify the main vulnerability factors involved.

Methods

Decline and recovery of radial growth were quantified of Douglas-fir in two particularly affected regions with a dendroecological approach; 899 trees were sampled on 58 plots. Mean climate data, ecological and dendrometric stand characteristics were tested in order to identify potential vulnerability factors

Results

A clear relationship was evidenced between growth and soil water deficit. A severe decline of radial growth was induced by the 2003 drought and was maintained during subsequent years due to recurrent drought episodes. Growth recovery at the stand level was enhanced by soil nutrient fertility.

Conclusion

Radial growth of Douglas-fir is clearly driven by the intensity of drought. In a context of climate change, an adaptive silvicultural strategy is required in order to cope with more frequent drought events. To mitigate the frequency and the intensity of water shortage episodes, site selection must take into account not only local climate characteristic but also soil properties like maximum extractable water content. Soil nitrogen fertility was found to play a key role for an efficient recovery of radial growth after drought episodes and thus must be preserved.