Effect of location on starch content and tuber texture characteristics in potato breeding lines and cultivars

The texture of boiled potato tubers is one of the most important quality traits. The variation of tuber texture is usually examined in relationship with dry matter or starch content. The objective of the work was to examine variation and stability of texture and starch content in tubers grown in various environments. Both traits were evaluated for the set of potato breeding lines and 10 table potato cultivars. The lines were developed in the program of parental lines carried out in M?ochów Research Center, Poland. The environments were represented by three locations, which differed in cultivation system as well as climatic and soil conditions. The traits were influenced by the effects of genotype, location and their interactions. The effect of location on texture was not explained by the changes in starch content. The calculated stability parameters indicated that unstable expression of both traits was more pronounced and more frequent in breeding lines than in the cultivars. The short period of selection used in the development of the parental lines is not conducive to select potato genotypes with stable expression of quality traits. The starch content was at most moderately related with various characteristics of tuber texture.     

Acid soil tolerances of wheat lines selected for high grain protein content

Literature suggests that nitrogen (N) metabolism is involved in differential acid soil (Al) tolerances among wheat (Triticwn aestivum L. en Thell) genotypes. Atlas 66 wheat is characterized by acid soil and aluminum (Al) tolerance, nitrate (NO₃ ^‐) preference, pH increase of the rhizosphere, high nitrate reductase activity, and high protein in the grain. Atlas 66 has been used as a high protein gene donor in the development of new high protein wheat lines at Lincoln, NE. The objective of our study was to determine the acid soil tolerances of such lines and to relate such tolerances to their abilities to accumulate grain protein when grown on near‐neutral, non‐toxic soils. Twenty‐five experimental lines, nine cultivars not previously classified as Al‐tolerant or ‐sensitive and three cultivars previously classified according to acid soil tolerance, were grown for 28 days in greenhouse pots of acid, Al‐toxic Tatum subsoil. Relative shoot dry weight (pH 4.35/pH 5.41%) varied from 83.2% for Atlas 66 to 19.3% for Siouxland. Atlas 66 was significantly more tolerant to the acid soil than all other entries except Edwall. Yecorro Roja and Cardinal were intermediate in tolerance. None of the high protein lines approached Atlas 66 in tolerance, but two lines (N87U106 and N87U123) were comparable to Cardinal (relative shoot yield = 54%) which is used on acid soils in Ohio. At pH 4.35, the most acid soil tolerant entries contained significantly lower Al and significantly higher potassium (K) concentrations in their shoots than did sensitive entries. Shoots of acid soil sensitive entries, Scout 66, Siouxland, Plainsman V, and Anza contained deficient or near deficient concentrations of K when grown at pH 4.35. Acid soil tolerance was not closely related to calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), manganese (Mn), or iron (Fe) concentrations at pH 4.35. Liming the soil to pH 5.41 tended to equalize Al and K concentrations in shoots of tolerant and sensitive entries. Results indicated that acid soil tolerance and grain protein concentrations were not strongly linked in the wheat populations studied. Hence, the probability of increasing acid soil tolerance by crossing Atlas 66 with Nebraskan wheat germplasm is low. However, the moderate level of acid soil tolerance in N87U106 and N87U123 (comparable to that of Cardinal) may be useful in further studies.     

Genetic control of dry matter,starch and sugar content in sweetpotato

Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L. (Lam)) is a nutritious food security crop for most tropical households, but its utilisation is very low in Ghana compared to the other root and tuber crops due to lack of end-user-preferred cultivars. Knowledge on the genetic control of important traits such as dry matter, starch and sugar content of sweetpotato storage roots in a breeding population is critical for making breeding progress in developing sweetpotato varieties preferred by farmers and consumers. This study used diallel mating design to elucidate general combining ability and specific combining ability, to determine the gene action controlling storage root dry matter, starch and sugar content in sweetpotato and the heterotic potential of the traits to facilitate the crop’s improvement for increased utilisation. A general model for estimating genetic effects, GEAN II, was used to analyse the data. Genetic variability was seen for dry matter, starch and sugar content of sweetpotato and much of this genetic variation was additive in nature. The study also revealed significant heterosis in sweetpotato which offers opportunity for breeding non-sweet, high dry matter sweetpotato varieties that are preferred by farmers and consumers in Ghana.     

原料及制油工艺对花生毛油中塑化剂含量的影响

为了探究油料品质及制油工艺对花生毛油中邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂(phthalatic acid esters,PAEs)的影响规律,对未脱皮花生仁和脱皮花生仁分别采用压榨法和浸出法提取花生毛油,对未脱皮和脱皮花生仁及其对应毛油中PAEs含量进行检测分析,研究原料品质和制油工艺对花生毛油中PAEs含量的影响。结果表明:未脱皮和脱皮花生仁中均含有PAEs且在制油过程向毛油中迁移和富集,在不同制油工艺中迁移率的差别致使不同毛油中PAEs含量也有明显差别。7个未脱皮花生仁样品中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(dibutyl phthalate,DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯(di(2-ethtlhexyl)phthalate,DEHP)、邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯(diisononyl ortho-phthalate,DINP)和8种塑化剂总的(total content of 8 PAEs,∑8PAEs)质量分数分别为0.085~0.540、0.325~1.372、0.422~0.771和0.964~3.403 mg/kg。花生浸出毛油中DBP、DEHP、DINP及∑8PAEs平均含量是压榨毛油的1.39、1.23、1.16、1.22倍。花生仁脱皮制油可使毛油中DBP、DEHP、DINP、∑8PAEs含量分别降低33.0%~36.4%、26.7%~29.4%、15.0%~18.7%、22.5%~23.0%。在花生油生产尤其是炒香型花生油生产时,严格对花生仁原料中PAEs含量进行监控,同时采用花生脱皮压榨取油,对花生油产品的PAEs风险防范和控制有重要意义。研究结果可为企业生产高品质花生油,降低PAEs风险提供参考。     

镁肥对葡萄叶片糖、淀粉和蛋白质及果实品质的影响

探讨大田条件下,施镁对缺镁葡萄叶片糖、淀粉和蛋白质及果实品质的影响,为葡萄科学施肥提供理论依据。采用裂区试验,主区设4个土施硫酸镁梯度,为0、112.5、150、187.5 kg/hm~2,副区设3个叶面喷施硫酸镁浓度,分别是0%、0.2%、0.4%。结果发现:土施和叶面喷施镁肥能够显著提高叶片镁含量,提升硝酸还原酶活性,增加可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量,并促进淀粉转运,减少其在叶片中的积累,最终增加果皮花色素含量,使果皮显著变红,并提高果实可溶性固形物含量,降低可滴定酸含量,提升了果实外在和内在品质。土施150 kg/hm~2同时叶面喷施0.4%硫酸镁肥时,叶片镁含量处于适量标准,硝酸还原酶活性高,叶片可溶性蛋白和糖含量高,果皮红,果实糖高酸低,施镁效果最好。     

籼型三系杂交稻稻米中重金属镉含量的杂种负优势效应及配合力、遗传力分析

本文采用5 个不育系与6 个恢复系进行不完全双列杂交。从配制的杂交组合中选择30 个生育期基本一致的组合, 研究籼型杂交稻稻米中重金属Cd 含量的杂种优势表现及配合力、遗传力。结果表明: 稻米中Cd 含量有明显的杂种负优势效应; 不育系和恢复系稻米中Cd 含量的一般配合力效应及二者的特殊配合力效应均达极显著水平, 说明低Cd 含量组合的选育中双亲的遗传改良和组合的评价筛选都很重要。Cd 含量的广义遗传力与狭义遗传力均较高、且相差较小, 分别为97.73%和80.10%, 说明稻米Cd 含量以基因加性作用为主, 亲本改良在早期世代选择的效果较好。     

Oil quality and sugar content of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) grown in Argentina: their relationship with climatic variables and seed yield

The ratio of oleic to linoleic acids (O/L) and the tocopherol content are important features in determining peanut (Arachis hypogaea) seed shelf life. Soluble carbohydrates are known to be important precursors in roasted peanut flavor. The chemical qualities of Argentine grain are different from those of other countries, but no previous studies that associate grain quality and environmental parameters have been performed. Relationships were determined between O/L, tocopherol and sugar contents, and variations in temperature and rainfall during the grain filling period of Florman INTA peanuts. Dry seed yield was used as another explanatory variable. Multiple regression procedure gave mean temperature (positive coefficient) and total precipitation (negative coefficient) as the explanatory variables for variations in O/L. Total precipitation and dry seed yield (both negative coefficients) were found to be predictor variables for tocopherol and sugar contents. Total precipitation was an explanatory variable included in all of the linear regression models obtained in this study.     

Oil and tocopherol content and composition of pumpkin seed oil in 12 cultivars

Twelve pumpkin cultivars (Cucurbita maxima D.), cultivated in Iowa, were studied for their seed oil content, fatty acid composition, and tocopherol content. Oil content ranged from 10.9 to 30.9%. Total unsaturated fatty acid content ranged from 73.1 to 80.5%. The predominant fatty acids present were linoleic, oleic, palmitic, and stearic. Significant differences were observed among the cultivars for stearic, oleic, linoleic, and gadoleic acid content of oil. Low linolenic acid levels were observed (<1%). The tocopherol content of the oils ranged from 27.1 to 75.1 microg/g of oil for alpha-tocopherol, from 74.9 to 492.8 microg/g for gamma-tocopherol, and from 35.3 to 1109.7 microg/g for delta-tocopherol. The study showed potential for pumpkin seed oil from all 12 cultivars to have high oxidative stability that would be suitable for food and industrial applications, as well as high unsaturation and tocopherol content that could potentially improve the nutrition of human diets.     

Starch characteristics and their influences on in vitro and pig prececal starch digestion

The main objective of this research was to study the characteristics of starch granules and their influences on in vitro and pig prececal starch digestion of corn, dehulled barley, wheat, and potato. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the starch endosperm structure in the parent material as well as in vitro starch digestion. The results showed that corn starch granules were polyhedral, with a diameter ranging from 2 to 10 μm, whereas those of dehulled barley and wheat were spherical, with a diameter ranging from 5 to 20 μm. Potato had the largest starch granules among starch sources reported herein, with oval spheres of 10-50 μm in diameter. In vitro starch hydrolysis showed that starch granules of corn degraded faster than the starch of dehulled barley and wheat, with the potato starch being degraded the slowest. The in vivo digestibility trial using ileal-cannulated pigs confirmed the starch degradation of grains. The in vitro (x, %) and in vivo (y, %) digestibility were highly correlated [y = 6.5304x - 538.48 (R(2) = 0.9924)]. On the basis of the results, in vitro starch hydrolysis might be useful in predicting in vivo prececal starch digestibility. The digestion kinetic characteristics of different starch sources might be employed to evaluate the starch digestive rate at the pig ileum.     

Antioxidant and biocidal activities of Carum nigrum (seed) essential oil, oleoresin, and their selected components

In the present study, chemical constituents of the essential oil and oleoresin of the seed from Carum nigrum obtained by hydrodistillation and Soxhlet extraction using acetone, respectively, have been studied by GC and GC-MS techniques. The major component was dillapiole (29.9%) followed by germacrene B (21.4%), beta-caryophyllene (7.8%), beta-selinene (7.1%), and nothoapiole (5.8%) along with many other components in minor amounts. Seventeen components were identified in the oleoresin (Table 2) with dillapiole as a major component (30.7%). It also contains thymol (19.1%), nothoapiole (15.2.3%), and gamma-elemene (8.0%). The antioxidant activity of both the essential oil and oleoresin was evaluated in mustard oil by monitoring peroxide, thiobarbituric acid, and total carbonyl and p-anisidine values of the oil substrate. The results showed that both the essential oil and oleoresin were able to reduce the oxidation rate of the mustard oil in the accelerated condition at 60 degrees C in comparison with synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene at 0.02%. In addition, individual antioxidant assays such as linoleic acid assay, DPPH scavenging activity, reducing power, hydroxyl radical scavenging, and chelating effects have been used. The C. nigrum seed essential oil exhibited complete inhibition against Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 2000 and 3000 ppm, respectively, by agar well diffusion method. Antifungal activity was determined against a panel of foodborne fungi such as Aspergillus niger, Penicillium purpurogenum, Penicillium madriti, Acrophialophora fusispora, Penicillium viridicatum, and Aspergillus flavus. The fruit essential oil showed 100% mycelial zone inhibition against P. purpurogenum and A. fusispora at 3000 ppm in the poison food method. Hence, both oil and oleoresin could be used as an additive in food and pharmaceutical preparations after screening.     

Near infrared spectroscopy for cost effective screening of foliar oil characteristics in a Melaleuca cajuputi breeding population

The identification of Melaleuca cajuputi leaf samples (trees) that demonstrate enhanced oil characteristics using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is described. Leaf samples from an unthinned M. cajuputi seedling seed orchard in Indonesia were collected and air-dried, and their 1,8-cineole content and oil concentrations were determined. NIR spectra of the leaves were obtained, and calibrations for 1,8-cineole content and oil concentration were developed using spectra that had been selected using spectral features; that is, no knowledge of 1,8-cineole content or oil concentration was used to select the calibration samples. The calibrations were used to predict the 1,8-cineole content and oil concentration of the remaining samples. It was demonstrated that NIR spectroscopy could be used to identify leaf samples that had high 1,8-cineole contents and oil concentrations. The technique has the potential to greatly reduce the time involved in ranking large numbers of samples for these attributes, as is a requirement in tree breeding programs to enhance oil production.     

甜菜谷氨酸合成酶活性与块根产量、含糖率的相关性分析

采用双丰16(偏丰产型)和甜单1号(偏高糖型)两个甜菜(Beta vulgaris L.)品种作为试材,在5个氮素水平(0、60、120、180和240 kg.hm-2)下,研究甜菜功能叶片与块根中谷氨酸合成酶(glutamate syn-thase,GOGAT)在生育进程中的活性变化动态及其与块根产量、含糖率和产糖量的关系。结果表明:在不同氮素水平下,两个品种功能叶片和块根的GOGAT活性均呈双峰曲线变化,两峰值分别出现在6月下旬和8月下旬,其中,功能叶GOGAT前一峰值高于后一峰值;块根GOGAT则与之相反。在不同氮素水平下,功能叶片GOGAT活性表现为N180>N120>N240>N60>N0,块根GOGAT表现为N120>N180>N240>N60>N0。GOGAT的活性与块根产量及含糖率关系紧密,块根产量随GOGAT活性的增加而提高,但是GOGAT活性过高反而降低了块根含糖率,进而导致甜菜产糖量的降低。     

Depolymerization degree of water-extractable arabinoxylans in rye bread: characteristics of inbred lines used for breeding of bread cultivars

The water-extractable arabinoxylans (WE AXs) present in rye bread govern its viscous properties, which may be related to reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Breads made from rye cultivars generally exhibit higher AX-dependent extract viscosities (Cyran, M. R.; Saulnier, L. Food Chemistry2012, 131, 667-676) when compared with those produced from inbred lines used for their breeding. To give further details about this trend, the WE AXs were isolated from breads of lines and structurally characterized by HPSEC and (1)H NMR spectroscopy. The extract viscosities of endosperm and whole-meal breads were usually comparable, in contrast to those made from rye cultivars with higher viscosity of endosperm bread. The WE AXs present in breads obtained from inbred lines were characterized by the higher degradation degrees than those in breads from cultivars, as indicated by their HPSEC-RI profiles. This was associated with considerably lower proportions of 2-Xylp in their backbones. Besides, a level of endoxylanase activity in flours from inbred lines was much higher than that in flours from cultivars. Breeding of hybrid rye cultivars for production of high-viscosity bread requires the proper components. They may be preliminarily selected from populations with high WE AX contents and relatively low levels of endoxylanase activity by using the overall viscosity test for starting flours. However, further measurement of AX-dependent extract viscosity in test breads made from such lines may verify their usefulness completely.     

地膜覆盖花生对钙、镁、硫吸收特性的研究

花生地膜覆盖栽培产量高、效益好，在我国北方花生产地广范应用。和氮、磷、钾一样，钙、镁、硫也是花生生长发育必需的矿质营养元素。多年来，人们对花生露地栽培氮、磷、钾、钙吸收特性进行了研究，对花生的合理施肥起到了积极作用；而对花生镁、硫吸收特性的研究很少，对地膜覆盖栽培花生的钙、镁、硫吸收特性研究的报道尚不多。为此开展地膜覆盖栽培条件下花生的钙、镁、硫吸收特性，以期为花生栽培合理施用钙、镁、硫肥提供依据。     

Plantain and banana starches: granule structural characteristics explain the differences in their starch degradation patterns

Different banana cultivars were used to investigate the influences of starch granule structure and hydrolases on degradation. The highest degrees of starch degradation were observed in dessert bananas during ripening. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed smooth granule surface in the green stage in all cultivars, except for Mysore. The small and round granules were preferentially degraded in all of the cultivars. Terra demonstrated a higher degree of crystallinity and a short amylopectin chain length distribution, resulting in high starch content in the ripe stage. Amylose content and the crystallinity index were more strongly correlated than the distribution of amylopectin branch chain lengths in banana starches. α- and β-amylase activities were found in both forms, soluble in the pulp and associated with the starch granule. Starch-phosphorylase was not found in Mysore. On the basis of the profile of α-amylase in vitro digestion and the structural characteristics, it could be concluded that the starch of plantains has an arrangement of granules more resistant to enzymes than the starch of dessert bananas.     

高盐高油对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵酶活性及产VFAs的影响

为探究高盐高油对厌氧发酵产酸及相关酶活性的影响,该研究以餐厨垃圾为发酵原料,在接种物质量为30％、TS(Total Solids)为8％、温度为35℃、初始pH值为7的条件下进行批式厌氧发酵试验,研究盐、油质量浓度为5、7、9、11、13、16 g/L的6个条件对发酵过程中的SCOD(Solluted Chemical...     

低丘红壤南酸枣-花生复合系统物种间水肥光竞争的研究--Ⅰ.南酸枣与花生生育性状及产量研究

低丘红壤实施南酸枣与花生农林复合种植模式可促进南酸枣生长,花生单作产量及其复合经营总平均单产随土壤熟化而逐年提高,但复合种植花生生育性状在第2年后受南酸枣影响而发生变化,其产量和生物量呈递减趋势。     

基于对瓦布贝母核苷类成分贡献率的锌硼钼最优配施浓度

【目的】核苷类成分为贝母的主要活性物质,本研究分析了锌硼钼配施对瓦布贝母核苷类成分含量的影响,以优化瓦布贝母最佳微肥施用配方。【方法】以鳞茎大小为12 mm的四年生瓦布贝母为种源,在四川川贝母标准化生产基地进行田间小区试验。设置锌肥、硼肥、钼肥的三因素五水平二次正交旋转组合设计。在瓦布贝母现蕾期、初花期、盛花期、幼果期进行叶面喷施,喷施量分别为各微量元素总量的20%、30%、30%、20%。五年生瓦布贝母倒苗后采收鳞茎,测定了干鳞茎中10种核苷含量。采用最小二乘法、灰色关联度和DTOPSIS法计算每种或几种微量元素含量及对核苷含量的贡献率,提出优化施肥方案。【结果】根据贡献率分析表明,锌肥对尿嘧啶核苷、胸腺嘧啶和肌苷贡献率最大,硼肥对胞苷和鸟嘌呤核苷贡献率最大,钼肥对尿嘧啶和胸苷贡献率最大。单因素效应分析表明,锌肥和硼肥对胞苷有显著影响,钼肥对胸苷有显著影响。互作效应分析表明,锌–硼互作对尿嘧啶产生协同作用,对胸腺嘧啶、尿嘧啶核苷和胸苷产生拮抗作用;锌–钼互作对尿嘧啶、尿嘧啶核苷和肌苷产生协同作用;硼–钼互作对胞苷、胸苷、鸟嘌呤核苷和尿嘧啶核苷产生拮抗作用。灰色关联度和DTOPSIS法分析得出核苷含量综合最优处理。【结论】确定最优的施肥范围:锌肥为8.05～11.85 kg/hm2;硼肥为11.70～16.47 kg/hm2;钼肥为0.36～0.51 kg/hm2。通过灰色关联度和DTOPSIS法进行分析得出,当使用锌肥15.71 kg/hm2、硼肥5.53 kg/hm2、钼肥为0.65 kg/hm2时瓦布贝母10种核苷的含量综合最优。     

Condensed tannins in Trifolium species and their significance for taxonomy and plant breeding

Summary Populations of 59 Trifolium taxa were screened for condensed tannin content using the vanillin-HC1 test. Eight species (T. arvense, T. aureum, T. badium, T. campestre, T. dubium, T. micranthum, T. patens and T. spadiceum) were shown to contain tannins. These species are all found in Section Chronosemium or Section Trifolium Subsection Arvensia of the genus, and thus presence of tannins appears to have a taxonomic significance. Screening populations within species showed differences in tannin content, but no plants in these species were free of tannins.