Nutrient cycling and distribution in different-aged plantations of Chinese fir in southern China

The distribution in tree biomass and understorey vegetation and annual biological and geochemical cycling of total nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) were measured in young, middle-aged and mature plantations (8-, 14- and 24-years old) of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.) in southern China. Although >98% of nutrients occurred in the soil, soil nutrient content decreased with plantation age. Nutrient outputs from the soil exceeded inputs in stands of all ages but the net soil nutrient loss increased significantly for N, P and Ca with plantation age. Comparison of nutrient fluxes showed that the smallest (and hence limiting for nutrient cycling) fluxes were litter decomposition in the young plantation in contrast to canopy fluxes (apart from for Mg) in the middle-aged and mature plantations. Nutrient use efficiency, release of nutrients from litter decomposition and nutrient return, particularly in litterfall, increased significantly with plantation age. These results suggest that, as stand age increases, nutrient cycling in Chinese fir plantations is increasingly dominated by biological processes and becomes less dependent on external nutrient sources in rainfall and the soil. It therefore appears that prolonging the rotation length of Chinese fir plantations by approximately 5 years could be beneficial for maintaining the soil nutrient status for successive plantings.     

杉茶复合经营效应的研究

在对杉茶复合种植模式进行调查的基础上,分析了不同杉木密度对茶树体生长、茶叶产量、品质的影响,并对其经济效益进行测算,提出了合理的杉茶复合种植模式;杉茶复合种植,杉木采用单行南北向种植,株距２ｍ左右,行距１２－１６ｍ;如散生种植,杉木密度控制在３１３－４１７株／ｈｍ＾２时,茶叶产量不受影响。每年每公顷木材生长可增加产值９５０元。     

Soil carbon budget in different-aged Chinese fir plantations in south China

Understanding the age effect on soil carbon balance in forest ecosystems is important for other material cycles and forest management. In this research we investigated soil organic carbon density, litter production, litter decomposition rate, soil respiration, and soil microbial properties in a chronosequence of four Chinese fir plantations of 7, 16, 23 and 29 years at Dagangshan mountain range, Jiangxi Province, south China. There was a significant increasing trend in litter production with increasing plantation age. Litter decomposition rate and soil respiration, however, declined from the 7-year to the 16-year plantation, and then increased after 16 years. This was largely dependent on soil microorganisms. Soil carbon output was higher than carbon input before 16 years, and total soil carbon stock declined from 35.98 t·ha-1 in the 7-year plantation to 30.12 t·ha-1 in the 16-year plantation. Greater litter production could not explain the greater soil carbon stock, suggesting that forest growth impacted this microbial process that controlled rates of soil carbon balance together with litter and soil respiration. The results highlight the importance of the development stage in assessing soil carbon budget and its significance to future management of Chinese fir plantations.     

泗洪县水杉一元立木商品材积表的编制

根据水杉样木胸径及其伐倒木原条材积，选择二次抛线模型进行回归，编制出了泗洪县水杉一元立木商品材积表。     

用分段建模方法建立东北落叶松立木材积和生物量方程

以东北落叶松(Larix spp.)立木材积和地上生物量数据为例,通过采用误差变量联立方程组和分段建模方法,研究建立了相容的立木材积方程、地上生物量方程及生物量转换函数.结果表明:采用误差变量联立方程组能确保立木材积与地上生物量之间估计结果的相容性,而分段建模方法能有效解决常用模型在小径阶存在的系统偏估问题;本文所建立的分段一元模型,地上生物量和立木材积的总体预估误差均不超过5％;分段二元模型,地上生物量的预估误差基本在4％以内,立木材积的预估误差则小于3％.     

山东省松类二元材积表的研制

通过收集山东省不同林龄、立地、密度的松类(黑松、赤松、油松)的样木资料,采用多模型优选法研制松类二元立木材积表,并用相关指数、残差平方和作为评价指标,评价模型优劣。经检验,所编的材积表完全符合生产上的精度要求,且编表结果可靠,可在森林资源调查中推广应用。     

湖南杉木人工林近自然经营问题探讨

德国人工林在19世纪,与湖南杉木人工林有相似之处,采用单一树种营造大面积人工林,造成地力消耗很大,无法实现林木的可持续利用。本文从杉木经营历史,分析了现有栽培制度下的炼山、幼林抚育、轮伐期短、林分结构单一等现状所导致的杉木人工林生产力下降、林地地力衰退。本研究引进德国森林近自然经营理念及原则改造杉木人工林,分别对杉木幼林、中林、成林进行第1代目标树经营,为第2代目标树形成创造有利条件,使林地地力得到恢复,达到可持续经营的目的,同时获得较大经济效益。     

Effects of site management treatments on growth of six-year-old, second-rotation Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantations

The effects of five different site management treatments on the productivity of a six-year-old and secondrotation Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.) plantations planted after harvesting a 29-year-old and first-rotation Chinese fir plantation in Xiayang State Forest Farm, Nanping, Fujian Province, were studied. Results showed that the Chinese fir grew best on plots treated with the double slash treatment (BL₃), followed by the whole tree harvest (BL₁) and the slash burning treatment (SB), and poorest on treatment BL₂ (normal slash retention) and BL₀ (removal of all organic matter aboveground). The site index of the second rotation Chinese fir plantations in BL₃ and BL₀ treatments increased by 0.56 and 0.27, respectively, compared with the first rotation, and decreased in the rest of the three treatments. Compared with the first rotation, the site index of the second rotation treated with BL₁, SB and BL₂ treatments decreased by 0.39, 0.45 and 0.63, respectively. Differences among the treatments were not statistically significant. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2006, 42(11): 47–51 [译自: 林业科学]     

Effects of phenolic acids on soil nitrogen mineralization over successive rotations in Chinese fir plantations

Phenolic acids are secondary metabolites of plants that significantly affect nutrient cycling processes.To investigate such effects,the soil available nitrogen(N)content,phenolic acid content,and net N mineralization rate in three successive rotations of Chinese fir plantations in subtropical China were investigated.Net N mineralization and nitrification rates in soils treated with phenolic acids were measured in an ex situ experiment.Compared with first-rotation plantations(FCP),the contents of total soil nitrogen and nitrate in second(SCP)-and third-rotation plantations(TCP)decreased,and that of soil ammonium increased.Soil net N mineralization rates in the second-and third-rotation plantations also increased by 17.8%and 39.9%,respectively.In contrast,soil net nitrification rates decreased by 18.0%and 25.0%,respectively.The concentrations of total phenolic acids in the FCP soils(123.22±6.02 nmol g^-1)were 3.0%and 17.9%higher than in the SCP(119.68±11.69 nmol g^-1)and TCP(104.51±8.57 nmol g^-1,respectively).The total content of phenolic acids was significantly correlated with the rates of net soil N mineralization and net nitrification.The ex situ experiment showed that the net N mineralization rates in soils treated with high(HCPA,0.07 mg N kg^-1 day^-1)and low(LCPA,0.18 mg N kg^-1 day^-1)concentrations of phenolic acids significantly decreased by 78.6%and 42.6%,respectively,comparing with that in control(0.32 mg N kg^-1 day^-1).Soil net nitrification rates under HCPA and LCPA were significantly higher than that of the control.The results suggested that low contents of phenolic acids in soil over successive rotations increased soil net N mineralization rates and decreased net nitrification rates,leading to consequent reductions in the nitrate content and enhancement of the ammonium content,then resulting in enhancing the conservation of soil N of successive rotations in Chinese fir plantation.     

杉木单木枯损率与初植密度、竞争和气候因子的关系

【目的】分析杉木单木枯损率与初植密度、竞争和气候因子的关系,为杉木科学经营管理提供决策依据。【方法】以江西杉木密度试验林为研究对象,选取常用的logit、probit和cloglog 3种二分类变量数据结构模型构建杉木单木枯损率基础模型,并进行选择。以选择出的最优模型为基础,引入样地和样木的随机效应构建杉木单木枯损率混合效应模型。【结果】logit模型的AIC值最小(4 700.419),probit模型次之,cloglog模型最差。考虑样地和样木两水平随机效应的混合效应模型模拟精度最高,其AUC值为0.966 8。初植密度、林分优势高越大,杉木单木枯损率越高;相对直径d/D_g越大,杉木单木枯损率越低;气候越干旱,杉木单木枯损率越高;温度升高,杉木单木枯损率减小。【结论】考虑样地和样木两水平的logit模型能够较好分析杉木单木枯损率与初植密度、竞争、立地和气候因子的关系,并且随着气候干旱发生,杉木单木枯损率提高。     

不同林分密度指标在杉木林分蓄积量模型的应用研究

目的 林分密度是反映单木林分中林木株树和竞争的一个重要指标,构建林分生长与收获模型的一个重要变量。选择合适的林分密度指标来构建杉木林分蓄积量模型,提高林分预测精度。 方法 以福建邵武杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)人工林密度长期试验林28 a连续观测数据为依据,基于可变生长率法,建立了含5种林分密度指标的杉木林分蓄积年生长模型。 结果 模型决定系数R2均在0.979以上,精度高于不含密度指标的对照组模型。在包含密度指标的模型中,精度最高的为每公顷株数N密度模型,其次是相对植距RS密度模型,但是这两个模型参数估计不显著而被舍弃。所有模型的R2数值由高到低顺序为：每公顷株数N林分蓄积量模型（0.979 9）、相对植距模型（0.979 9）、林分密度指数SDI模型（0.979 4）、优势高营养面积比Z模型（0.979 3）、Nilson密度指数模型（0.979 0）以及不含密度指标模型（0.972 8）。 结论 除去N指标和RS指标模型,杉木林分蓄积量模型中表现最好的是以林分密度指数SDI为密度指标的模型。其次,还发现在低造林密度（1 667～3 333 株·hm−2）林分,蓄积生长量要大于中高造林密度（5 000～10 000 株·hm−2）的林分。     

贵州省杉木中龄林蓄积量与立地因子的关系研究

利用2010年贵州森林资源连续清查数据资料,采用一元材积表法对贵州省杉木蓄积量进行估算。分析贵州中心产区和一般产区杉木中龄林蓄积量在不同立地因子下的变化规律。结果表明:中心产区或一般产区的杉木单位面积蓄积量在不同立地条件下均有差异,地貌、坡位对杉木蓄积量有显著影响,坡向、坡度对其影响不显著。初步认为在中心产区与一般产区,不同气候类型是引起杉木生长差异的重要因素之一。     

不同林龄杉木林乔木层的养分积累分配特征

为弄清不同林龄杉木人工林的养分积累分配特征,为人工林丰产的经营管理提供科学依据。利用会同杉木林7、11、16、20和25年生时测定的林分乔木层生物量和杉木体内养分含量数据,对7、11、16、20和25年生不同林龄杉木林乔木层的养分积累分配特征进行研究。结果表明:N、P、K、Ca、Mg在同一林龄杉木各器官中的含量均为:树叶>枝>皮>根>干。不同林龄时,同一营养元素在相同器官的含量不一样。林分11年生以前,各器官养分含量随林龄增加而增加,11年生以后则随林龄增加而下降。积累在乔木层的各元素量多少排序是:N>Ca>K>Mg>P,各养分元素积累量随着林龄增加而增加。养分积累量在不同器官分配上:叶>枝>皮>干>根。各器官养分积累量随着林龄的增加而增加,其养分积累增加的速率,皮>干>根>枝>叶。各器官的养分积累量分配比例随林龄变化而变化。研究显示:不同林龄的林分乔木层养分积累和分配主要受不同林龄时生产量、不同器官的生产量和杉木体内养分含量控制,而且杉木生长规律和不同生育阶段对养分的需求也影响养分积累和分配过程。     

中国主要乔木树种生物量方程

森林生物量是评估区域森林碳储量的重要参数,也是森林固碳能力的重要标志,而生物量方程是估算森林生物量的主要途径。收集了自1996年至2012年在国内外正式出版的66篇文献中的乔木生物量方程,包括44个乔木树种、612个分量方程,涵盖了中国主要的乔木树种。通过对自变量的选择、方程的形式、样本数量的多少、决定系数的大小、样本采集地区等方面对收集到的生物量方程进行分析。结果表明:1)生物量方程多以胸径(D)、树高(H)或两者的组合作为自变量,方程决定系数(R^2)较高,方程均具有较高的拟合精度;2)树木生物量方程主要采用幂函数、对数函数、多项式函数以及指数方程的形式,其中以幂函数W=a(D2H)b形式的方程居多;3)建立方程的样木数量从3～399不等,样本数量在3～10株的方程数量最多;4)样本采集地区主要分布于中国森林植被丰富的东北地区与西南地区。     

中国亚热带地区不同发育阶段杉木林生物量、凋落物及养分流

杉木生长快、产量高、材质好,是中国亚热带地区最重要的造林树种之一,在中国南方人工林经营中占有重要地位。对8、14和24年生杉木人工林生物量、凋落物及其养分流进行的研究结果表明:杉木人工林具有很高的生物生产力和50%-70%的树干生物量积累比例。杉木是低养分归还的针叶树种,凋落量少,而且针叶凋落前养分发生一定程度的转移,凋落物养分含量低,短轮伐期连栽收获制度造成的养分损失是导致杉木人工林地力衰退的原因之一。图1表7参22。     

河南省杨树材种出材率表的研编

用削度方程和单株带皮—去皮胸径的转换关系式两个模型对河南省杨树进行计算机理论造材．经精度检验，满足要求，方法可行，依此编制了河南省杨树材种出材率表。     

基于理论模型及其差分方程的湖北省杉木立地指数表研制

以湖北省杉木主要栽培区的92块标准地优势木解析资料为基础数据,利用7种理论生长方程以及其中5种模型的差分方程进行优势高生长模型的拟合,选择较优树高生长模型分别采用导向曲线法和差分方程法编制立地指数表,并通过检验和对比分析选择较适于本地区杉木人工林立地指数表的编制方法和类型。结果表明:理论生长方程及其差分方程构建的树高生长模型均具有良好的拟合优度,两者的决定系数分别超过了0.85和0.98,经模拟检验和残差分析,后者拟合精度明显优于前者,而理查德理论模型及其差分方程均优于其他生长方程构建的模型。选择理查德模型和考尔夫模型差分方程为基础方程,以20a为标准年龄和2m为指数级,分别采用相应的导向曲线法和差分方程法编制单形和多形立地指数表,两者均达到了显著性检验,但多形立地指数表预测精度更高,更适于湖北省杉木人工林的立地评价。     

杉木种源选择决策新模型

在杉木育种过程中,选出优良的种源是实现杉木"速生、丰产、优质"的关键性问题。针对目前杉木种源选优方法所存在的缺陷,提出运用一种简单易行的方法———系统指数模型法来解决杉木种源的选优问题,从而为杉木种源选择的科学决策提供依据。     

Total tree,merchantable stem and branch volume models for miombo woodlands of Malawi

The objective of this study was to develop general (multispecies) models for prediction of total tree, merchantable stem and branch volume including options with diameter at breast height (dbh) only, and with both dbh and total tree height (ht), as independent variables. The modelling data set was based on destructively sampled trees and comprised 74 trees from 33 tree species, collected from four forest reserves located in different ecological zones of Malawi. The dbh and ht ranges for the data set were 5.3–111.2?cm and 3.0–25.0?m, respectively. A number of alternative model forms were tested and the final model selection was based on root mean square error (RMSE) values calculated using a leave-one-out cross-validation procedure. The model performances and the evaluations of the finally selected models (R? 2 range 0.72 to 0.92; RMSE range 38% to 71%; mean prediction errors range ?1.4% to 1.3%) suggest that all models can be used over a wide range of geographical and ecological conditions in Malawi with an appropriate accuracy in predictions. The appropriateness of the developed models was also supported by the fact that the mean prediction errors of these models were much lower than the mean prediction errors (range ?23.6% to 48.9%) of some previously developed models tested on our data.     

Compatible stem volume and taper equations for Brutian pine, Cedar of Lebanon, and Cilicica fir in Turkey

Compatible segmented taper and volume functions were developed for Brutian pine, Cedar of Lebanon, and Cilicica fir in Turkey. The proposed models generally performed better for the whole tree, especially for Cilicica fir. Average diameter prediction error was less than 2.2 cm and average volume error was less than 0.009 m³. The proposed models provide needed merchantable stem volume and diameter estimates to any point in the bole based on the 10 relative height classes examined for the three species. Model estimates compared well to existing volume tables currently employed for these three important commercial species.