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基于^137Cs地表富集作用的土壤侵蚀速率的定量模型 总被引:15,自引:1,他引:15
建立了一个根据农业耕作土壤剖面中^137Cs的损失量与土壤侵蚀量之间关系的定量模型,定量模型是在假设^137Cs在耕作层中得到充分的混合而变得均一前,沉降的^137Cs在土壤表层产生地表富集作用,根据质量平衡模型推导而成,在建立模型的过程中,充分考虑了地表富集层的厚度,^137Cs在此层中的分布特征,^137Cs的衰变常数,年沉降分量,犁层厚度和采样年份等因素,模型结果还说明,^137Cs的损失量(CR-CE)/CR与年平均土壤侵蚀量之间的关系既非线性关系亦非指数关系,而是一种复杂的曲线关系。 相似文献
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中国南方红壤地区的137Cs基准点的选取 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The ^137Cs vertical distributions in uncultivated and cultivated soils, developed from Quaternary red clay, granite, argillaceous shale, and red sandstone, were studied to develop reliable guidelines for selecting reference sites in southeastern China, which is dominated by strong acidic and/or clay-textured soils, and examine their reliability by comparing them to the reported ^137Cs reference inventory data to see whether they agreed with the global distribution pattern. It was observed that a relatively high proportion of ^137Cs was concentrated in the surface layers of soils with relatively high clay content. In the paddy soils developed from granite more ^137Cs penetrated to depths below the plow layer (about 45.3%), when compared to those from the other three parent materials. The relatively low soil ^137Cs inventories on crests excluded using the crest as the ^137Cs reference site; instead the paddy field on the hillock plain was selected. Furthermore, within a specific county characterized by great systematic spatial variations of rainfall and topography across the landscape, a significant (P 〈 0.01) and positive linear relationship (r^2 = 0.81) between local ^137Cs inventory and corresponding local annual rainfall was observed. Thus, for areas with large variations in rainfall, a single uniform value of local ^137Cs reference inventory should be used with caution. 相似文献
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利用137Cs示踪技术评价东北黑土侵蚀和沉积过程 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:6
Soil and water losses through erosion have been serious in the black soil region of Northeast China. Therefore, a sloping cultivated land in Songnen Plain was selected as a case study to: 1) determine the ^137Cs reference inventory in the study area; 2) calculate erosion and deposition rates of black soil on different slope locations; 3) conduct a sensitivity analysis of some model parameters; and 4) compare overall outputs using four different models. Three transects were set in the field with five slope locations for each transect, including summit, shoulder-slope, back-slope, foot-slope, and toe-slope. Field measurements and model simulation were used to estimate a bomb-derived ^137Cs reference inventory in the study area. Soil erosion and deposition rates were estimated using four ^137Cs models and percentage of ^137Cs loss/gain. The ^137Cs reference value in the study area was 2 232.8 Bq m^-2 with ^137Cs showing a clear topographic pattern, decreasing from the summit to shoulder-slope, then increasing again at the foot-slope and reaching a maximum at the toe-slope, Predicted soil redistribution rates for different slope locations varied. Among models, the Yang Model (YANG-M) overestimated erosion loss but underestimated deposition. However, the standard mass balance model (MBM1) gave predictions similar to a mass balance model incorporating soil movement by tillage (MBM2). Sensitivity analysis of the proportion factor and distribution pattern of ^137Cs in the surface layer demonstrated the impact of ^137Cs enrichment on calculation of the soil erosion rate. Factors influencing the redistribution of fallout ^137Cs in landscape should be fully considered as calculating soil redistribution rate using ^137Cs technique. 相似文献
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137Cs示踪三峡库区土壤侵蚀速率研究 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
三峡库区土壤侵蚀量研究对于该区水土保持、土地资源合理利用、生态环境改善以及水库的使用寿命具有重要的实践意义。本文运用137C s示踪法对三峡库区土壤侵蚀速率进行初步研究,结果表明:研究区137C s的背景值为2 029.2 Bq/m2;不同土地利用类型中,土壤侵蚀强度的大小顺序为:耕地>园地>草地>荒地>林地,按照水利部1997年颁布的土壤侵蚀强度等级标准,则耕地为中度侵蚀,园地、草地和荒地为轻度侵蚀,林地为微度侵蚀。不同坡度段土壤侵蚀强度差别不大,由强到弱依次为5~°15,°0~°5,°25~°35,°15~°25°和>35°坡度段,皆属轻度侵蚀;重庆-万州段和云阳-宜昌段土壤侵蚀等级虽皆为轻度,但前者已接近中度侵蚀,其土壤年均侵蚀模数为后者的2.18倍。 相似文献
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A brunisolic soil collected from an erosive forest land(HF-1-1) and a yellow soil from and accumulative shallow basin(HF-6-1) in the watershed of Lake Hongfeng (HF) were used for activity measurements of ^7Be,^137Cs,^226Ra and ^228Ra in different geochemical speciation.More than 85% of ^7Be,^137Cs,^226Ra and 228Ra in the soils were bound to organic Fe-Mn oxy-hydroxide and residual fractions.They could move with soil particlesw and be used as tracers for the erosion and /or accumulation of soil particles.^7Be gohemical specition in the soils agreed with its trace for seasonal particle transport.^137Cs geohemial speciaiton was suitable for tracing soil particle accumulation and for sediment aating.^226Ra and ^228Ra were ombined in crystalline skeleton of clay minerals and mainly remained as residues in the soils and little was bound to the soluble,exchangeable and carbonate fractions.The differentiation of ^226 Ra/^228Ra activity ratios in different geoheical fractions in the soils could be used as a parameter to trace accumulation and /or erosion of soil particles. 相似文献
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基于遥感和GIS的密云水库上游土壤侵蚀定量估算 总被引:13,自引:4,他引:13
密云水库是当前北京唯一的一个地表饮用水源。其上游地区的水土流失一方面将造成土地退化和农业生态环境恶化,另一方面将导致大量泥沙淤积水库,会使水质受到污染,缩短水库使用期限,所以其上游的水土保持生态环境对于水源涵养和水库水环境具有重要意义。该文利用遥感数据,获取水土流失的植被和土地利用信息,收集降雨资料和土壤数据,在通用土壤流失方程的框架基础上建立区域土壤侵蚀模型,对密云水库上游2001年和2002年土壤侵蚀量进行定量估算,认为利用遥感和降雨数据,实现密云水库上游土壤侵蚀量的年度估算是可行的。 相似文献
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沂蒙山区土壤侵蚀的137Cs示踪法初步研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
沂蒙山区是我国北方典型的土石山区,当地土壤由片麻岩、砂岩发育而来,质地疏松易流失,缺乏对泥沙侵蚀监测的长期观测数据。本研究采集了山东省沂蒙山区某一小流域的48个土样共72个样品,利用137Cs示踪技术,确定该地区土壤中的137Cs背景值约为1 740 Bq m-2,并利用杨浩等人的土壤侵蚀定量模型,对该流域土壤侵蚀进行了初步估算。估算结果表明该地区非耕地土壤侵蚀的平均速率为2 531 t km-2a-1,坡耕地土壤侵蚀的平均速率为6 953 t km-2a-1。由于人类耕作活动以及地形的影响,坡耕地土壤侵蚀严重,土壤侵蚀速率在坡面上呈复杂变化。当地土壤流失严重,使得土壤涵蓄水能力下降,加剧了洪涝、干旱灾害的发生,影响当地农业的可持续发展和人们生活水平的提高。 相似文献
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该文通过紫色丘陵区响水滩小流域不同土地利用类型、不同坡度和坡长、不同地貌部位土壤剖面中 137Cs含量的测定与分析,对其侵蚀空间分布进行了估算。研究结果表明:该流域 137Cs含量的背景值为1870 Bq/m2;流域内坡耕地、林地的年平均侵蚀强度分别为4468、1759 t/(km2·a);土壤侵蚀量与坡长、坡度均指数相关;丘顶、丘坡和鞍部的年平均侵蚀强度分别为2125、4676、3625 t/(km2·a)。结果表明土地利用类型、坡长和坡度、地貌部位对土壤侵蚀量影响很大,坡耕地是该流域泥沙的主要来源。 相似文献
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Purple soils are widely distributed in the Sichuan Hilly Basin and are highly susceptible to erosion, especially on the cultivated slopes. Quantitative assessment of the erosion rates is, however, difficult due to small size of the plots of the manually-tilled land, the complex land use, and steep hillslopes. 137Cs and 210Pbex (excess 210Pb) tracing techniques were used to investigate the spatial pattern of soil erosion rates associated with slope-land under hoe tillage in Neijiang of the Sichuan Hilly Basin. The 137Cs and 210Pbex inventories at the top of the cultivated slope were extremely low, and the highest inventories were found at the bottom of the cultivated slope. By combining the erosion rates estimates provided by both 137Cs and 210Pbex measurements, the weighted mean net soil loss from the study slope was estimated to be 3100 t km-2 year-1, which was significantly less than 6930 t km-2 year-1 reported for runoff plots on a 10°cultivated slope at the Suining Station of soil Erosion. The spatial pattern of soil erosion rates on the steep agricultural land showed that hoe tillage played an important role in soil redistribution along the slope. Also, traditional farming practices had a significant role in reducing soil loss, leading to a lower net erosion rate for the field. 相似文献
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[目的]探讨用~(137)Cs示踪技术估算土壤侵蚀量方法(以下简称"~(137)Cs示踪方法")所存在的几个关键问题,促进该方法的标准化和系统化。[方法]对大量已发表的相关文献进行分析,根据作者的研究经验,归纳出~(137)Cs示踪方法在实践应用中所存在的核心问题。[结果]~(137)Cs示踪方法中关于~(137)Cs在空间是均匀分布的假设存在不合理性,不能直接用于定量估算单钻点取样的土壤侵蚀量。~(137)Cs活度的空间变化存在随机性的成分。敏感度和不确定性分析结果证明~(137)Cs活度的空间随机变化量是~(137)Cs示踪方法不确性的最大来源。[结论]可以用多钻点样本平均值来减少~(137)Cs随机变化量所引起的侵蚀估算误差。以统计学为基础的试验设计和采取独立样本的办法可以消除该误差。虽然~(137)Cs模型已被广泛应用,但由于缺乏长期观测资料诸多模型还处在理论研究阶段,没有得到严格的验证和评判。因为不同模型估算的侵蚀量差别甚大,模型验证和筛选对该方法的成功运用至关重要。 相似文献
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贵州省西南部麦岗水库沉积物的137Cs和210Pb测年与沉积速率研究 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
对贵州省西南部麦岗水库沉积物柱芯MG4-2,采用210Pb和137Cs法进行了测年与现代沉积速率研究.结果表明,该柱芯中存在这3个明显的137Cs蓄积峰,对应1964,1975,1986年3个计年时标.运用210Pb的恒定补给速率(CRS)模式计算得到的年代,总体上与137Cs法的结果吻合较好,但存在一定的偏差,特别是与1964年的计年时标的偏差较大,这可能是因为沉积物柱芯受到了一些人为扰动所致.两种核素测定的平均沉积速率在数值上有一定的偏差,但都反映了麦岗水库沉积物近几十年以来经历了从慢到快再到慢的沉积过程,初步推测,沉积速率的这种变化与人类活动有一定的关系.两种计年方法结合,相互印证,使计年和沉积速率的研究更为准确. 相似文献
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运用 137Cs核素示踪技术,研究密云水库周边地区及白河上游地区土壤侵蚀与氮、磷流失状况及其相互之间的量变关系。研究结果表明:从土壤表层(0~20 cm) 137Cs分布规律基本符合地形地貌的变化规律,山坡上部的 137Cs含量低于山坡中部与坡下部,但是如果山顶具有缓坡或山角下具有陡坡,则 137Cs含量变化规律相反。根据土壤 137Cs监测数据结果判定该地区基本属于轻度侵蚀和中度侵蚀,部分地区侵蚀情况达到剧烈程度。不同景观与土地利用方式对土壤氮、磷分布有巨大影响:有机质、全氮、水解氮含量均是以灌丛土壤最高,林地次之,与流域内 137Cs分布规律相符合;而农田中全磷、速效磷含量最高。不同区域土壤养分含量不同:水库上游地区土壤氮素、磷素含量均低于水库周边地区。证明不合理的人为活动严重的增强了土壤侵蚀程度与养分流失量。回归模拟了土壤中 137Cs、( 210Pb)与全氮、全磷、水解氮、速效磷含量之间的数学模型。这些模型在区域较小、景观单一的范围内可以定量分析、预报预测各采样区的全磷和有效态氮、磷含量的变化趋势。简化了监测与分析测试程序。扩大了核素示踪技术的应用范围。 相似文献