抗除草剂转基因水稻的研究进展

水稻是我国乃至世界上最重要的粮食作物之一,杂草是影响水稻产量和品质的主要因素。近年来,抗除草剂转基因水稻的研究与应用取得了较大进展。本文概述了稻田的主要杂草及防除方法,简述了稻田常用的几种除草剂及其作用机理,介绍了全球抗除草剂转基因作物的现状,着重阐述了抗除草剂转基因水稻的研发进展、应用及未来发展方向。     

转基因水稻抗病性研究进展及环境安全性评价

对国内外转基因水稻抗病性的研究进展,转基因水稻植株的检测、田间试验、释放及应用情况进行了综述;阐述了转基因水稻抗病植株环境安全性评价的必要性,对环境安全性评价内容提出了个人观点。     

除草剂对非靶植物(农作物)的危害影响及控制技术

农田杂草与农作物在农田共生,除草剂的选择性效应受多种因素影响而有严格的要求,使用不当必然对非靶植物（农作物）产生一定的影响,伤及作物而表现为药害。除草剂对作物的药害可以是当季作物,而长残效除草剂也可能对后茬敏感作物产生药害,轻者抑制作物生长、减产,重者可致作物死亡,乃至绝产。[第一段]     

非转基因抗除草剂玉米对三种乙酰乳酸合成酶抑制剂类除草剂的田间抗性表现

为评估中国农业大学培育的非转基因抗除草剂玉米品系958R和335R在大田条件下对乙酰乳酸合成酶（acetolactate synthase,ALS）抑制剂类除草剂的抗性表现,利用甲咪唑烟酸、砜嘧磺隆、唑嘧磺草胺3种除草剂对郑单958、958R、先玉335、335R共4种玉米杂交种进行了播后苗前土壤处理,每种除草剂设3个处理剂量（1、3、9倍推荐剂量）,并于施药2周和4周后进行株高测定,于收获晾干后测产。结果表明,在甲咪唑烟酸216、648 g（a.i.）/hm²处理下,郑单958和先玉335均已绝产,而958R和335R产量均未受影响;在砜嘧磺隆或唑嘧磺草胺高剂量处理下,常规玉米品种郑单958和先玉335株高的最高降幅分别为25.7%和35.2%,田间药害反应显著,而958R和335R则抗性反应显著。研究表明,非转基因抗除草剂玉米杂交种具有良好的田间抗性,不仅能有效解决玉米田砜嘧磺隆和唑嘧磺草胺等ALS除草剂的药害问题,还能够通过引入甲咪唑烟酸等新的ALS除草剂更好地防除玉米田的杂草。     

植物源抗蚜活性物质的研究进展

蚜虫是重要的经济害虫之一,植物源抗蚜活性物质和基因工程技术可用于延缓蚜虫抗药性并实施蚜虫的生态治理新策略。综述了植物源抗蚜活性物质的主要类型和抗蚜物质的转基因研究的概况,并简述了植物源抗蚜活性物质的发展前景。     

转基因作物的生态风险及出入境管理

随着基因工程技术的迅猛发展 ,人们对作物的定向改造和设计能力大大增加 ,转基因作物 (ｇｅｎｅｔｉｃａｌｌｙｍｏｄｉｆｉｅｄｏｒｇａｎｉｓｍｓｃｒｏｐｓ ,以下简称ＧＭＯ作物 )的研究和开发取得了一系列突破性进展。优良的农艺性状和巨大的经济效益 ,使转基因作物在解决人类面临的资源短缺、环境污染、人口膨胀等严重问题方面日益显示出巨大作用。同时 ,人们在看到生物技术给人类带来巨大效益的同时 ,对其可能带来的潜在危机给予了极大的关注 ,这些危机包括ＧＭＯ作物的释放对农林和自然生态环境的影响、ＧＭＯ作物及产品作为食品的安…     

除草剂莠去津对环境的污染及治理

本文综述了除草剂莠去津的环境污染情况及其对水生生物、陆生动物和植物的影响,并提出了制定相关标准,合理施药,使用替代药剂,提高农民的施药技术水平和生物修复的治理措施,更好地发挥其在农业生产上的积极作用。     

防除直播稻田杂草的除草剂应用及水浆管理

直播稻田杂草的防除,要根据杂草的发生特点,科学合理使用除草剂,同时配合水浆调控等系列综合配套技术措施,才能发挥最大的药效,保证除草效果和稻苗安全,确保水稻优质高产。     

抗除草剂转基因水稻对稻纵卷叶螟田间自然种群的影响

［目的］明确抗除草剂转基因水稻对非目标生物的影响。［方法］以稻纵卷叶螟为指示物种,调查其在抗除草剂转基因籼稻‘Bar68 1’稻田与非转基因亲本对照‘D68’稻田的种群密度、发育进度以及水稻的受害程度。［结果］在转基因和非转基因稻田中,除2007年水稻乳熟期外,稻纵卷叶螟幼虫的发生密度无显著差异;稻纵卷叶螟不同龄期幼虫比例（%）在转基因稻田与非转基因稻田之间表现出较高的一致性;除2007年分蘖末期外,处理与对照间的单株受害叶片数和卷叶率（%）差异均不显著;转基因水稻与对照植株的卷叶指数（%）表现基本一致。［结论］转基因抗除草剂水稻‘Bar68 1’对非目标物种稻纵卷叶螟不造成影响。     

抗草甘膦转基因大豆ZH10-6对几种除草剂的耐受性检测

为明确抗除草剂转基因大豆ZH10-6对靶标除草剂草甘膦及几种常见除草剂的耐受性水平,在温室隔离条件下培养ZH10-6及其受体大豆中黄10,分别对其喷施不同浓度的茎叶处理剂草甘膦、乙羧氟草醚、精喹禾灵、2,4-滴二甲胺盐和土壤处理剂乙草胺,并对其药害症状、株高、干重等指标进行检测。结果表明:转基因大豆ZH10-6对靶标除草剂草甘膦具有较高的耐受性,在3 600 g a.i./hm²处理后28 d,株高、干重与对照无显著差异。而受体大豆中黄10在草甘膦900 g a.i./hm²处理后14 d全部死亡。ZH10-6对大豆田常用除草剂乙羧氟草醚、精喹禾灵和乙草胺也有良好的耐受性,耐受性水平与中黄10无显著差异。转基因大豆ZH10-6及其受体大豆中黄10对2,4-滴二甲胺盐均表现敏感。     

基于RNA干扰原理抗病毒转基因作物的应用及安全性

基因沉默是广泛存在于各种生物中的一种古老现象,是生物抵抗外来入侵者的保护机制。RNA干扰（RNA interference,RNAi）则是近年来发现的一种重要基因沉默现象。此策略已在植物抗病毒育种等研究中应用,如对水稻、大麦、大豆、玉米、马铃薯、番茄、辣椒、木瓜、南瓜、李、烟草等的抗病毒研究。在转基因抗病毒展现出诱人的前景时,对转基因抗病毒植物释放的安全性问题的关注也越来越多。本文介绍了RNAi的作用机制,在转基因抗病毒育种中的应用,并探讨了以RNAi为基础的转基因抗病毒作物的食用安全性和环境安全性等问题。     

Herbicide sensitivity of transgenic multiple herbicide-tolerant oilseed rape

Glyphosate and glufosinate-ammonium herbicide tolerance traits were combined into both winter and spring lines of Brassica napus L. This allowed the study of possible interactions between these transgenes in two genetic backgrounds when treated with a variety of herbicides. Selective herbicides that are commonly used within Brassica crops showed no adverse effects on the transgenic plants or their null controls. Lines containing both glyphosate and glufosinate transgenes remained tolerant to their respective herbicides, regardless of the presence of the second tolerance transgene. Lines containing only a single transgene retained tolerance to the encoded trait and did not show cross-tolerance to the second. Null lines were killed by either herbicide. All plant lines, regardless of their transgene content, were found to be equally susceptible to three herbicides (paraquat, metsulfuronmethyl and mecoprop), commonly used to remove volunteer B napus from succeeding crops and set-a-side land.     

植物病害管理与生物安全

植物病害管理是一个复杂的系统工程,病害管理过程中采取的一系列措施和方法会对生物安全产生积极或消极作用。本文论述了植物检疫、转基因抗病植物、转基因生防微生物、生物多样性、农业防治、化学防治等与生物安全的关系及在病害管理中应注意的问题,指出病害风险评估和转基因生物风险分析对生物安全具有重要意义。     

Consumer acceptance of transgenic crops

It has long been recognised that a key determinant of the future development of genetic engineering in food production is likely to be consumer acceptance. Much of the earlier research into acceptance issues has assumed that public perceptions of genetic engineering are defined by beliefs about the technology overall. However, it is now known that acceptance of novel products is unlikely to be related to general attitudes towards genetic engineering. People's perceptions of risk and benefit associated with particular products and applications will determine acceptance. There is a need to develop effective risk–benefit communication strategies, based on the best scientific information available, in order to enable the public to make informed choices about consuming the products of genetic engineering. It is also essential to develop effective communication methods if the public is to contribute to the wider debate about strategic development of genetic engineering. Issues of social context (such as trust in risk regulators) must also be considered. Providing information is likely to change people's attitudes, which will in turn generate further public concerns and create a demand for more information about genetic engineering. © 1998 SCI     

Altered pesticide use on transgenic crops and the associated general impact from an environmental perspective

The large-scale commercial cultivation of transgenic crops has undergone a steady increase since their introduction 10 years ago. Most of these crops bear introduced traits that are of agronomic importance, such as herbicide or insect resistance. These traits are likely to impact upon the use of pesticides on these crops, as well as the pesticide market as a whole. Organizations like USDA-ERS and NCFAP monitor the changes in crop pest management associated with the adoption of transgenic crops. As part of an IUPAC project on this topic, recent data are reviewed regarding the alterations in pesticide use that have been observed in practice. Most results indicate a decrease in the amounts of active ingredients applied to transgenic crops compared with conventional crops. In addition, a generic environmental indicator -- the environmental impact quotient (EIQ) -- has been applied by these authors and others to estimate the environmental consequences of the altered pesticide use on transgenic crops. The results show that the predicted environmental impact decreases in transgenic crops. With the advent of new types of agronomic trait and crops that have been genetically modified, it is useful to take also their potential environmental impacts into account.     

Simulation of herbicide use in a crop rotation with transgenic herbicide-tolerant oilseed rape

The potential impact of herbicide-tolerant winter oilseed rape ( Brassica napus L.) on future herbicide use was investigated with a simulation model. The model uses a sigmoid function to simulate the growth of crops and weeds that compete for a maximum yield potential. Thresholds for weed control are based upon critical levels of weed biomass. The dynamics of the weed population are determined by the efficacy of representative herbicides on individual weed species and by seedbank parameters. Herbicide efficacy is determined by a log-logistic dose–response curve for each species. Simulation of a rotation with winter oilseed rape/wheat/wheat/barley showed contradictory predictions of herbicide use, because herbicide use in a rotation with either glyphosate- or glufosinate-tolerant oilseed rape was not reduced in the amount of kg a.i. ha^–1 compared with a traditional treatment, whereas the treatment frequency (number of standard recommended doses per unit area) decreased.     

Farm Scale Evaluations of herbicide-tolerant crops: assessment of within-field variation and sampling methodology for arable weeds

The Farm Scale Evaluations (FSEs) of genetically modified herbicide‐tolerant crops (GMHT) compared the effects of conventional and GMHT crop management regimes on weed densities. Weeds were sampled in quadrats at 5 distances along 12 transects systematically arranged within experimental half‐field treatment units. Weed densities declined with increasing distance from field margins. Random variation within transects was about 80% of the total within‐half‐field variation, i.e. relatively large variation at a small scale. The spatial autocorrelation between counts on the same transect declined as the distance between quadrats increased. Sampling schemes with fewer distances along transects required more transects but fewer quadrats to achieve similar precision as the 5‐distance scheme; on average 32 quadrats were sufficient. The frequency of detection of treatment effects (5% level) was little affected by using six or even three transects (30 and 15 quadrats respectively). However, the use of the 12 transects greatly improved the detection of treatment effects at 1% and 0.1% levels. The effectiveness of the reduced schemes for detecting differences between treatments (5% level) with as few as three transects compared with 12, reflects, in part, the relatively large treatment effects (e.g. 1.5‐fold or greater), which emerged for many of the sampling occasions. The FSEs provide an unusually extensive data set. Both the data and the methodology developed for their design and analysis are valuable for the planning of future weed sampling schemes.     

生态环境资源商品化及其市场化运作管理

从历史和现实两个不同角度对我国生态环境建设和可持续发展的思想观念、法规政策、实施方略等问题进行了系统全面的总结思考。认为计划经济模式下的生态环境资源的无价及非市场管理是造成生态环境资源掠夺式消费、建设成效低、国家相关法规难以落实等问题的根本原因;实现生态环境资源有价化、商品化,根据市场需求进行交易,按市场化运作机制进行管理是生态环境建设保持可持续发展的根本出路。并从生态环境的生产、消费、管理诸方面对户农、企业、政府等不同利益主体的交易行为和相应的政策法规等问题作了探讨。     

转基因耐除草剂作物的全球开发与利用及在我国的发展前景和策略

农田杂草防治是农作物稳产高产的一个重要环节。化学除草剂以其高效、简便、经济的优势,一跃而成为我国现代农业中杂草治理的重要手段,但与此同时也带来了药害（对作物不安全）和抗药性问题。转基因技术的发展为培育耐除草剂作物品种提供了有力的手段。至今,全世界已培育出大量转基因耐除草剂作物品种。转基因耐除草剂作物的利用为拓宽除草剂的使用范围、减少作物药害带来了新的希望。本文在对国际上转基因耐除草剂作物的研发和商业化应用情况进行概述和分析的基础上,结合我国农作物生产的实际情况和小农户、多种作物混合种植的模式,提出转基因耐除草剂植物在我国开发利用的前景和相应的发展策略,以期为转基因耐除草剂作物的研究、开发和推广管理提供科学依据。