夏玉米施用缓控释肥料效应研究

为了实现夏玉米高产和简化施肥,陕西省渭南市临渭区采用田间试验研究了专用缓释肥对夏玉米产量和经济效益的影响。结果表明：采用金正大玉米专用缓释肥“一炮轰”的施肥方式较农民常规施肥增产效果显著,增产50.2kg/667m2,增产率8.8%,纯收益增加54.3元/667m2。     

黄粘泥土玉米推荐施肥量研究

通过玉米推荐施肥量的研究，旨在提出合理的施肥计划，试验结果表明，不同的目标产量均应有相应的氮，磷，钾化肥施用量，不同肥料的配合有不同施肥方式对玉米产量，化肥利用率和肥效都有直接的影响，产量顺序为ＮＰＫ有机肥〉ＮＰＫ〉ＮＰ〉ＮＫ〉Ｎ〉ＰＫ〉ＣＫ；深施ＮＰＫ有机肥〉深施ＮＰＫ〉常规施ＮＰＫ〉表施ＮＰＫ，玉米４００～５００ｋｇ／６６７ｍ＾２的施肥量为：纯Ｎ素９．０～１７．２ｋｇ，Ｐ２Ｏ５５．１～９．７ｋ     

天津地区夏玉米施钾效果的初步研究

在天津砂壤质潮土上进行了夏玉米施钾效果的试验研究。在施N187．5kg/hm^2和P2O575kg/hm^2基础上，设计了4个施钾（K2O）处理，即0、37．5、75、112．5kg/hm^2。试验结果表明：随着施钾量增加，玉米生长和抗逆性增加，果穗增长，秃尖减少,产量提高。但高钾处理增产幅度变缓，其中75kg/hm^2的施钾处理（即N：P2O5：K2O＝1：0．4：0．4）较为合理。     

砂姜黑土夏玉米"3414"施肥效应研究

为实现砂姜黑土夏玉米生产化肥减量、高产高效、生态安全的目标,开展了基于"3414"试验设计的玉米田间肥效试验.结果表明:供试土壤地力贡献率平均为55.8％;氮、磷、钾肥增产率分别为53.0％、9.5％和14.4％;供试土壤养分丰缺状况表现为氮素属低水平,磷、钾素属中等水平;供试土壤氮、磷、钾相对产量分别为65.4％、91.4％和87.5％,氮、磷、钾肥的最佳施肥量分别为267.0、58.5、100.5kg/hm2.     

氮、锌配施对夏玉米的增产效应研究

试验研究了氮、锌配施对夏玉米的增产效应。结果表明:氮、锌配施对夏玉米有极显著的增产效应,增产幅度为83 9%～108 7%,在0～239 1kg hm2纯氮和0～25 8kg hm2硫酸锌范围内,玉米株高、果穗长、穗粒数、千粒重和子粒产量随氮、锌肥用量的增加而增加;氮、锌肥的经济最佳施用量为227 4kg hm2(纯N)和25 1kg hm2(ZnSO4·7H2O),氮肥的50%和全部锌肥混合基施,剩余氮肥拔节期和大喇叭口期各追施25%。     

夏玉米肥料利用率田间试验

为探索玉米氮肥、磷肥和钾肥的利用率,掌握配方施肥减少肥料用量,提高氮肥、磷肥和钾肥利用效果,特进行夏玉米肥料利用率试验研究。结果表明:配方施肥下,施肥量减少75kg/hm2左右,氮磷钾肥利用率平均提高9.13%,增产率超过5%。     

砂薄地夏玉米施用包膜氮肥效果研究

在砂薄地上研究了夏玉米施用缓／控释氮肥ZP（包膜氮肥）的效果，结果表明，缓／控释氮肥ZP1次性施用、或以质量比1：1比例配合尿素施用，其增产效应和氮肥利用率与尿素分2次施用无显著差异，与尿素1次施用相比，氮肥肥效和肥料利用率均显著提高。     

玉米氮磷钾最佳施肥量及肥料利用率研究

为龙里县施肥分区和肥料配方提供理论依据,进行了氮磷钾"3414"肥效试验,获得了试验相关参数,即:土壤供肥量N 9.00kg/667 m2,P2O5 3.01 kg/667 m2,K2O 7.49 kg/667 m2;肥料利用率:N 30.71%,P2O5 7.47%,K2O 18.87%,建立玉米氮、磷、钾三要素肥效回归方程,得出当地玉米的最佳施肥量为667 m2施N 10.46 kg,P2O5 7.88 kg,K2O 8.89 kg,在此配方组合下能够获得最佳产量,为560.8kg/667 m2。     

豫北高产区夏玉米合理施氮量研究

氮、磷、钾肥料对提高玉米单产起到了重要作用,但随着施肥量的增加,肥料利用率降低、经济效益下降等问题日益突出,确定适宜的氮肥用量是玉米高产优质高效栽培的重要措施.为了摸清豫北高产区夏玉米氮肥最佳施肥量和最高产量施肥量,进一步完善豫北夏玉米施肥指标体系,我们安排了玉米氮肥用量试验.     

玉米最佳施磷量初探

在闽南地区土壤条件下进行玉米施用磷肥试验，结果表明：施用磷肥有增产增收效果，且以每667m2施P2O5 4．0kg为宜。     

不同氮素水平下夏玉米冠层光辐射特征的研究

对不同氮素水平(0、7·5和15g·m-2)下3个夏玉米品种的群体光辐射特征进行了研究。结果表明:叶面积指数(LAI)随生育进程呈抛物线单峰变化,且生长约55d时各氮肥处理的LAI值及其差异性达到最大;平均叶簇倾斜角(MLIA)在抽雄期达到最大且随施氮量的增加而变小;散射辐射透过系数(TCDP)和直接辐射透过系数(TCRP)随生育进程和施氮量增加均呈递减的趋势,TCRP随天顶角增加呈先增后减的趋势,以37·5°时最大;消光系数在抽雄期最小,且随天顶角增大而增大,随施氮量的变化因生长期而异;叶片分布(LD)值随生育进程和施氮量呈增加趋势,随方位角增大呈先增后减的趋势,以180°~270°最大。此结果为实现夏玉米冠层结构改良和高产、稳产目标奠定了基础。     

槟榔芋不同氮肥施用量试验

在槟榔芋上进行不同氮肥施用量试验,结果表明:每667 m2施N 15 kg和25 kg处理的槟榔芋产量和产值均较优。     

Effects of types and application rates of nitrogen fertilizer on the development and nitrogen utilization of summer maize

To reduce nitrogen fertilizer (NF) loss and improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in summer maize, the effects of the different application rates of three types of NF (urea, coated urea and compound fertilizer) on the growth and development and NUE of summer maize (cultivars: Zhengdan958 and Nongda108) were studied in 2004. The main findings of this study were: (1) The yields of the two cultivars increased significantly with each increment of N application rate from 0–180 kg N·hm⁻². The increase in the yield of summer maize treated with compound fertilizer was greater than the yield of those treated with either of the other two fertilizers at the same application rate, while the differences among the three types of NF were not significant. (2) Grain number per ear of the two cultivars rose in relation to the increase in N application rate, while its relationship with the type of NF was very weak. The type of NF had a greater impact on 1000-grain weight, and a difference between cultivars was observed. (3) Leaf area index (LAI), dry matter weight and leaf chlorophyll content grew in relation to the increase in N application rate, and were improved more sharply by compound fertilizer or coated urea than by urea alone. (4) Compared to the results achieved with urea, the NUEs of summer maize treated with coated urea and compound fertilizer were higher but the nitrogen harvest index was not improved. In addition, the NUEs of three types of NF exhibited a genotype difference from summer maize. __________ Translated from Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2006, 21(1): 115–120 [译自: 华北农学报]     

不同钾肥用量对日光温室黄瓜生长性状影响初探

在设施条件下,研究了不同钾肥用量对黄瓜生长性状的影响.结果表明,在氮、磷肥适量施用的基础上,随着施钾肥量的增加,黄瓜还原糖和Vc含量及产量增加.通过对不同处理间的差异分析,结果表明,当施钾肥720kg·hm-2时,肥料增产效益最佳.     

秸秆还田配施氮肥对夏玉米氮利用及土壤硝态氮的影响

为探讨秸秆还田对夏玉米氮利用、产量和土壤硝态氮的影响,于2007年在河南省滑县进行了田间小区定位试验.结果表明,与单施纯氮90,180,270和360 kg·hm-2相比,秸秆还田配施同量氮肥,氮收获指数(NHI)分别提高了4.4%,5.6%,3.7%和1.9%;子粒粗蛋白质含量分别提高了0.6,0.6,0.6和0.7 g·kg-1;子粒产量分别增产了5.8%,9.5%,10.1%和9.0%;夏玉米收获后0～200 cm土层土壤硝态氮残留量为23.8～121.4 kg·hm-2.初步研究表明,秸秆还田提高了夏玉米氮素利用效率,改善了子粒品质,减少了0～200 cm土层土壤剖面硝态氮残留量.豫北秸秆还田配施纯氮以90～180 kg·hm-2为宜.     

Analysis on water requirement and water-saving amount of wheat and corn in typical regions of the North China Plain

This paper studied the variation characters on wheat and corn water consumption and irrigation watersaving amount under different water conditions (ample irrigation level, farmers conventional irrigation level and optimizing irrigation level). The water use efficiency and water saving potential of optimizing treatment and farmers’ conventional irrigation treatment were analyzed respectively. The objective of this study was to provide theoretical supporting for popularization and application of optimizing irrigation measures. Crop water requirement under sufficient water supply was calculated by Penman equation. We obtained crop water consumption under conventional treatment and optimizing treatment by field experiment. The main results showed that the irrigation amount of wheat and corn was too much under farmers’ conventional irrigation level and basically satisfied their water requirement, therefore, the water-saving amount was smaller while water-saving potential was bigger compared with the optimizing irrigation treatment. The grain yield under optimizing irrigation treatment was improved or appreciably reduced compared with that under conventional irrigation treatment, while the water consumption and irrigation amount of optimizing irrigation treatment was lower, with a higher water use efficiency. Therefore, the optimizing irrigation treatment could achieve a stable yield and high water efficiency at the same time. Moreover, when the optimizing irrigation measure was adopted, the grain yield reached 5940 kg/hm², water-saving amount reached 91mm for winter wheat, and the grain yield reached 7743 kg/hm², with water-saving amount of 49mm for summer corn in the piedmont region of Taihang Mount. The grain yield got 7710 kg/hm², with water-saving amount of 20mm for winter wheat in Heilonggang Plain. Therefore, the water-saving amount in the piedmont region of Taihang Mountain was obviously higher than that in Heilonggang Plain. Thus, the piedmont region of Taihang Mountain in the North China Plain is viewed as the key district for water-saving.     

长效氮混配肥在春玉米上的效果试验

用高分子树脂包膜尿素、改性长效碳铵及在普通尿素中加入脲酶抑制剂配制成一次基施的长效氮玉米专用混配肥与普通氮混配肥进行比较试验,结果表明：施用长效氮混配肥比普通氮混配肥增产5.36%～8.33%,化肥吸收率提高1.71%～4.04%（绝对值）,植株后期功能部位的养分含量水平较高.     

施氮量对超高产夏玉米产量与氮素吸收及土壤硝态氮的影响

【目的】探讨超高产夏玉米（≥12 000 kg•hm-2）节肥增效的适宜氮肥用量。【方法】在夏玉米超高产区连续两年田间试验,研究不同氮肥用量对超高产夏玉米产量、氮代谢、氮素积累、氮肥效率及土壤硝态氮的影响。【结果】超高产区夏玉米施用氮肥两年增产幅度分别为6.76%—9.62%和5.21%—9.80%,夏玉米产量随氮肥用量增加呈先增加后降低趋势,以施氮量300 kg•hm-2产量和收益最佳,经济最佳施氮量为255.40 kg•hm-2;施氮量300 kg•hm-2有利于提高硝酸还原酶和蔗糖磷酸合成酶的活性,促进氮素吸收积累,可维持土壤硝态氮平衡,其氮肥利用率和农学效率两年平均值分别为16.12%和3.69 kg•kg-1。【结论】综合产量、收益、氮素吸收、氮肥利用效率及土壤氮素平衡等方面考虑,豫北地区黏壤质潮土超高产夏玉米合理的氮肥用量为255—300 kg•hm-2。     

我国葡萄土壤氮素丰缺指标和适宜施氮量初步研究

为建立我国葡萄测土推荐施肥系统,本研究检索了我国葡萄施氮的相关文献,提取土壤有机质、全氮和碱解氮含量,缺氮处理和施氮处理的产量数据,采用作物土壤养分丰缺指标推荐施肥系统研究新方法,研究了我国葡萄土壤氮素丰缺指标与适宜施氮量。结果表明：我国葡萄土壤有机质第1~8级丰缺指标依次为≥75、36~75、17~36、8~17、4~8、2~4、1~2和<1 g/kg,土壤碱解氮第1~8级丰缺指标依次为≥288、158~288、87~158、48~87、26~48、15~26、8~15和<8 mg/kg。当氮肥利用率为30%~50%、葡萄目标产量15.0~60.0 t/hm²时,氮素丰缺级别第1~8级土壤适宜施氮量分别为0、14~90、27~180、41~270、54~360、68~450、81~540和95~630 kg/hm²。本研究初步建立了我国葡萄土壤氮素丰缺指标推荐施肥系统,可为我国葡萄测土施氮提供依据。