德化县优质早熟梨定量施肥效应研究

为了给德化优质早熟梨生产提供定量科学的推荐施肥方案,采用通用二次旋转回归实验设计,连续两年开展了蜜雪梨定量施肥实验。实验结果表明,以株产梨果40 kg计算,成年梨树单株N、P2O5、K2O推荐施肥量应分别控制在0.44、0.23、0.43 kg以内。其中N∶P2O5∶K2O接近1.0∶0.5∶1.0;其中有机肥的养分贡献率要保持在30%以上。     

福建甘薯氮磷钾施肥指标研究

根据近年来在甘薯主产区完成的118个氮磷钾肥效田间试验结果,建立甘薯氮磷钾施肥指标体系,包括甘薯施肥效应和土壤肥力分级、土壤速效氮磷钾丰缺指标、不同产量水平的氮磷钾最佳用量和比例、土测值与最佳施肥量关系式以及施肥时期和施肥方法等5个方面内容。结果表明,土壤对甘薯产量的平均贡献率为62.5%,氮磷钾平均增产效果是N>K>P,均达显著水平;土壤碱解氮、Olsen-P和速效钾的高产临界指标分别为176 mg kg-1、17 mg kg-1和106 mg kg-1;平均经济施肥量是N165kg hm-2、P2O5 63 kg hm-2、K2O 204 kg hm-2,比例为1∶0.38∶1.24,但不同土壤肥力等级的推荐施肥量存在较大差异;土壤速效氮磷钾土测值与最佳施肥量之间满足指数模型,该式实现了根据土测值预测具体地块推荐施肥量的目的。研究结果为福建甘薯高效施肥提供了科学依据。     

重庆市梨园土壤和叶片养分现状分析

为摸清重庆市梨生产状况,为该地区实现梨产业提质增效、绿色发展提供依据,调研分析了重庆地区具有代表性的7个梨优势主产区的32个梨园肥料投人和土壤养分状况,叶片养分含量及其与产量品质的相关性分析。结果表明,1.)重庆梨园N、P_2O_5、K_2O总投入量平均分别为687、426和434 kg/hm~2,N:P_2O_5:K_2O养分投入的配比为1:0.62:0.63。有机肥氮磷钾平均投人量仅占总养分投入量的20.52%、9.39%和15.21%。2.)梨园土壤pH值平均为5.33,整体呈酸性,土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量总体均处于中等及以上水平。3)梨园叶片磷、钾、钙含量总体处于适宜状态,近半数梨园叶片氮、镁含量处于适宜范围。4)梨的产量范围在9～45 t/hm~2,平均产量为24 t/hm~2。可溶性糖、可滴定酸、维生素c、可溶性固形物含量范围分别为0.95%～6.98%、0.07%～0.15%、1.18%～2.77%、2.60%～3.95%。5.)梨园土壤pH值与叶片镁含量呈显著正相关,与叶片氮含量呈极显著负相关;土壤有效磷与叶片氮含量呈极显著正相关;梨果中可溶性固形物含量与叶片镁含量呈显著负相关;叶片钾含量与可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、固酸比均呈显著正相关,与糖酸比呈极显著正相关。调查区的肥料投入量较大且比例失衡严重,养分投人以化肥为主。各梨园间产量和品质差距较大,其增产潜力巨大;以目前重庆梨园平均产量24 t/hm~2为目标,重庆梨园推荐施肥量可参考如下标准:N、P_2O_5、K_2O分别为338、165、345 kg/hm~2。以叶片营养诊断为主,结合梨园土壤养分状况,可提早进行梨果品质诊断,做到提质增效。重庆梨园应采取"降酸、减氮磷、控钾、增镁,保有机肥"的措施,建议根据梨树需肥规律,结合土壤养分状况和叶片营养诊断方法,因地制宜调节养分供给,指导梨园合理施肥,提高梨果产量和品质。     

结球甘蓝平衡施用氮磷钾肥效应研究

应用311-A拟饱和最优回归设计和{3,2}单形格子饱和设计,通过氮磷钾肥配比和氮肥分期施用田间试验,建立结球甘蓝施用氮磷钾肥对经济产量、施肥利润及氮肥分期施用比例的效应函数。寻优结果表明,结球甘蓝最高产量的氮、磷、钾优化施肥组合为N277.83、P2O5.64.59和K2O126.53kg.hm2,其最高经济产量达73.877t.hm2;最佳施肥利润的氮、磷、钾优化施肥组合为N267.15、P2O5.62.63和K2O121.56kg.hm2,其最佳施肥利润达46085.87元.hm2,经济产量为73.786t.hm2;较佳施氮分配比例为基肥∶前期追肥∶后期追肥为0.3840∶0.3554∶0.2606,其对应的氮肥用量分别为N106.75、98.80和72.45kg.hm2,期望较高的经济产量可达74.946t.hm2。     

保山市冬早大棚辣椒氮磷钾肥料优化施用

针对保山区域冬早大棚辣椒氮磷钾肥料效应缺乏系统研究,存在偏施氮肥、盲目施肥和过量施肥的现象,采用三因素五水平二次正交旋转组合设计,通过田间小区试验,研究氮磷钾肥料效应模型,通过频率分析研究高产优化施肥组合方案。保山大棚辣椒氮磷钾肥料效应回归模型Y=38 180.4+19.865 7N+16.102 7P+16.150 1K+0.026 6NP+0.012 4NK-0.006 8PK-0.025 8N2-0.038 5P2-0.014 1K2,目标产量大于53 000 kg/hm2的优化施肥组合方案为N 568.9～631.9 kg/hm2,P2O5 242.7～321.3 kg/hm2,K2O 684.6～794.8 kg/hm2,氮磷钾比例为1∶0.47∶1.23,与当地施肥量水平相比,温暖区氮肥用量平均降低36.3%,温热区氮肥用量平均降低23.1%。氮磷钾肥配合施用能显著提高大棚辣椒产量,氮肥效应达极显著水平,磷肥和钾肥效应达显著水平,效应排序为氮肥＞钾肥＞磷肥;氮磷和氮钾的交互效应为显著正效应,N用量在175～425 kg/hm2时,辣椒产量随着P2O5用量的增加呈先增后降趋势,增幅随着磷肥用量的增加而减小,N用量在175～573.7 kg/hm2时,钾肥效应趋势与磷肥一致,在高氮情况下,辣椒产量随着磷肥（或钾肥）用量的增加而增加。     

不同氮磷钾配比追肥对幼龄骏枣生长及其产量和品质的影响

采用田间试验方法,连续两年对1~3年树龄的幼龄骏枣开展研究,探讨氮磷钾肥对不同树龄骏枣幼树的生长和结果的影响。结果表明:(1)适量的氮磷钾施肥水平可以促进幼龄骏枣的生长,提高枣果产量和品质,但施用过量将会产生肥害;(2)与本试验土壤肥力相似的土壤中,氮磷钾的适宜配比为3.7∶3.6∶1,即1年生幼龄骏枣的适宜施肥量为N 55 g/株、P2O554 g/株、K2O 15 g/株;2年树龄骏枣N 110 g/株、P2O5108 g/株、K2O 30g/株;3年树龄骏枣N 220 g/株、P2O5216 g/株、K2O 60 g/株。     

氮磷钾优化施肥对高蛋白大豆籽粒及蛋白质产量的影响

通过不同氮磷钾优化配比施肥对高蛋白大豆品质和产量及构成因素影响的研究。结果表明:最有利于高蛋白大豆子粒产量和蛋白质产量提高的氮磷钾配比是N150kghm-2、P2O590kghm-2和K2O75kghm-2。氮磷钾优化配比可以调节大豆叶面积和干物质积累,但对大豆籽粒含量的调节效应不明显。     

施肥对中长绒陆地棉产量和品质的影响

通过对供试棉田土壤主要养分限制因子及中长绒陆地棉最佳施肥量研究表明,氮素是供试土壤的第一养分限制因子,其次是磷素和钾素,对中长绒棉产量影响的养分限制因子顺序为氮>磷>钾。平衡施肥的N、P2O5、K2O施肥量分别为207、138、75 kg/hm2时能显著提高中长绒陆地棉的产量。不施肥CK处理相对OPT(氮磷钾最佳施肥处理)减产达33%。通过氮磷钾肥料效应方程得到N、P2O5、K2O最佳经济施肥量分别为203.3、141.7、46 kg/hm2,N∶P2O5∶K2O为1∶0.70∶0.23,最佳经济皮棉产量分别为1474、1550和1516 kg/hm2。     

氮磷钾配施对滴灌甜菜经济产量的影响

为探寻干旱区滴灌甜菜氮磷钾最佳施用模式,以KWS9147为材料,采用“3414”试验设计,分析氮磷钾配比对甜菜经济产量的影响。结果表明,不同肥料配比对甜菜块根产量、含糖率与产糖量影响显著。施肥因子对甜菜块根产量的单独效应为氮肥>钾肥>磷肥;对含糖率与产糖量的单独效应均为磷肥>氮肥>钾肥。在本试验中,单独施以足量的氮、磷肥有利于提高甜菜产量。然而,当钾肥(K2O)施入量超过46.74 kg·hm-2时产量下降,施入量超过72.79 kg·hm-2时产糖量下降;磷肥(P2O5)施入量超过35.91 kg·hm-2时块根含糖率下降。氮磷肥配施条件下,在施氮肥(N)0～39.1 kg·hm-2、磷肥(P2O5)0～89.5 kg·hm-2范围内,随着施用水平的增加,甜菜产糖量显著增加。氮磷肥、磷钾肥与氮钾肥互作均可以有效提高甜菜块根含糖率。本试验中施肥配比N∶P2O5∶K2O为2.7∶1∶1.1时,可获得最高产糖量(26772.1 kg ·hm-2)。     

氮磷钾配比对潮土区高产夏播花生产量、养分吸收和经济效益的影响

合理的氮磷钾用量配比能明显改善花生生长发育、提高产量和增加经济效益。为了明确潮土区高产夏花生施肥中氮磷钾最佳配比用量,通过大田试验,设置氮磷钾肥各4个梯度,研究不同肥料配比对夏花生产量、干物质累积量、氮磷钾养分吸收量以及经济效益的影响。结果表明:在氮磷钾肥4种梯度下,用量分别为N 120kg/hm~2、P_2O_5 90 kg/hm~2和K_2O 120 kg/hm~2时产量与经济效益最高,在试验基础上通过方程拟合得到最佳氮、磷、钾肥用量分别为126.2、95.8和137.6 kg/hm~2。花生干物质累积量在膨果期前增长加快,差异达到最大,膨果期后增长速率放缓。幼苗期至开花下针期为养分累积量的关键时期,此时对氮磷钾的需求量为氮钾磷。由养分累积量与干物质之间的关系得出花生对N、P_2O_5和K_2O 3种养分吸收比例为5.5∶1∶2.7;不同的氮磷钾肥配比下,花生的百千克籽粒养分吸收量是有差异的,合理的氮磷钾搭配下花生每形成100 kg荚果需要吸收氮、磷、钾养分量为4.82、0.79和2.57 kg。综上,潮土区高产夏播花生氮、磷、钾肥配比为126.2、95.8和137.6 kg/hm~2能够显著提高产量、养分吸收利用效率及经济效益。     

Potato glycoalkaloids and metabolites: roles in the plant and in the diet

Potatoes, members of the Solanaceae plant family, serve as major, inexpensive low-fat food sources providing energy (starch), high-quality protein, fiber, and vitamins. Potatoes also produce biologically active secondary metabolites, which may have both adverse and beneficial effects in the diet. These include glycoalkaloids, calystegine alkaloids, protease inhibitors, lectins, phenolic compounds, and chlorophyll. Because glycoalkaloids are reported to be involved in host-plant resistance and to have a variety of adverse as well as beneficial effects in cells, animals, and humans, a need exists to develop a clearer understanding of their roles both in the plant and in the diet. To contribute to this effort, this integrated review presents data on the (a) history of glycoalkaloids; (b) glycoalkaloid content in different parts of the potato plant, in processed potato products, and in wild, transgenic, and organic potatoes; (c) biosynthesis, inheritance, plant molecular biology, and glycoalkaloid-plant phytopathogen relationships; (d) dietary significance with special focus on the chemistry, analysis, and nutritional quality of low-glycoalkaloid potato protein; (e) pharmacology and toxicology of the potato glycoalkaloids comprising alpha-chaconine and alpha-solanine and their hydrolysis products (metabolites); (f) anticarcinogenic and other beneficial effects; and (g) possible dietary consequences of concurrent consumption of glycoalkaloids and other biologically active compounds present in fresh and processed potatoes. An enhanced understanding of the multiple and overlapping aspects of glycoalkaloids in the plant and in the diet will benefit producers and consumers of potatoes.     

Tomato glycoalkaloids: role in the plant and in the diet

Tomatoes, a major food source for humans, accumulate a variety of secondary metabolites including phenolic compounds, phytoalexins, protease inhibitors, and glycoalkaloids. These metabolites protect against adverse effects of hosts of predators including fungi, bacteria, viruses, and insects. Because glycoalkaloids are reported to be involved in host-plant resistance, on the one hand, and to have a variety of pharmacological and nutritional properties in animals and humans, on the other, a need exists to develop a better understanding of the role of these compounds both in the plant and in the diet. To contribute to this effort, this integrated review presents data on the history, composition, and nutrition of tomatoes, with special focus on the assessment of the chemistry, analysis, composition, nutrition, microbiology, and pharmacology of the tomato glycoalkaloids comprising alpha-tomatine and dehydrotomatine; their content in different parts of the tomato plant, in processed tomato products, and in wild and transgenic tomatoes; their biosynthesis, inheritance, metabolism, and catabolism; plant-microbe relationships with fungi, bacteria, viruses, insects, and worms; interactions with ergosterol and cholesterol; disruption of cell membranes; tomatine-induced tomatinases, pantothenate synthetase, steroid hydroxylases, and cytokines; and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. Also covered are tomato-human pathogen relationships and tomatine-induced lowering of plasma cholesterol and triglycerides and enhancement of the immune system. Further research needs in each of these areas are suggested. The overlapping aspects are discussed in terms of general concepts for a better understanding of the impact of tomato glycoalkaloids in the plant in general and in food in particular. Such an understanding can lead to the creation of improved tomatoes and to improved practices on the farm and in the consumption of tomatoes.     

黄土丘陵区土地利用变化与地形梯度关系研究

土地利用/土地覆被变化(LUCC)是人类活动与自然环境相互作用最直接的表现形式,是反映人类活动程度的重要因子。以彭阳县为例,应用1995年和2014年25m×25m的DEM数据和土地利用现状数据,运用GIS空间分析功能,采用地形位指数以及分布指数定量分析了1995—2014年彭阳县土地利用基于地形梯度的变化特征。结果表明:(1)1995—2014年,彭阳县耕地和未利用地面积大量减少,草地面积大量增加,林地、水域和建筑用地面积均有不同程度的增加;(2)随着地形位的升高,耕地、水域、建筑用地的分布指数逐渐降低,林地和草地的分布指数逐渐升高,未利用地的分布指数先升后降。草地的优势分布区间增加了2个地形位,未利用地的优势分布区间降低了2个地形位;(3)水域的优势度区间集中在低地形位区间,耕地和建筑用地的优势度区间集中于低中地形位区间,林地、草地和未利用地的优势度区间集中于中高地形位区间。     

昔日荒山秃岭今日鸟语花香--永安市西华小流域治理初见成效

本文分析了小流域水土流失原因、特点基础上，提出提高思想认识，编制水土保持方案，加强水土流失治理，强化水土保持预防监督和管理，普及防灾减灾知识，加大农民对水土保持科技投入，是小流域水土流失治理的主要对策之一。     

Diversity and dominance of crop plantations in the agroecosystems of the Kujawy and Pomorze region in Poland

Abstract

The Kujawy and Pomorze Province with 127 rural and municipal-and-rural communes in 19 districts is a typical agricultural region, with the highest plant farming intensity in Poland. The diversity and dominance of crop plantations in the agroecosystems in communes were calculated based on percentage share of 21 kinds of crops in the cropland structure. The algorithms applied in ecological research of biodiversity were used: the Shannon–Weaver diversity index (H’) and Simpson's dominance index (λ). The diversity (H’) of crops in arable land in the Kujawy and Pomorze Province ranges from 1.68 to 2.54. The diversity of crop plantations in the region was bigger in the communes in which there are: better soil, a higher share of arable land in the agricultural acreage and cropland in the arable land as well as with a higher share of barley, corn for grain and sugar beet in the cropland structure. The highest dominance index (λ) for crops in the whole province is 0.291. The index of dominance of agricultural crops in this region increases with an increase in the share of: woodland in the total area, meadows and pasture in the agricultural acreage and rye in the cropland structure.     

Nutrient disturbances in forest trees and the nature of the forest decline in Quebec and Germany

The serious decline of forest trees in Quebec and adjacent areas of the U.S. parallel those observed in Germany. In certain locations, in both cases, K deficiency is now occurring on glacial tills and outwash soils and is associated with a low concentration of exchangeable K⁺ and a high molar ratio of exchangeable Ca⁺ ions to K⁺ ions in the soil. This deficiency results from the so-called Ca-K antagonism in which an increased concentration of Ca²⁺ ions blocks the entry of a reduced concentration of K. Mg deficiency is occurring on granitic soils and results from a low concentration of exchangeable Mg²⁺ and a high molar ratio of A1³⁺ ions to Mg²⁺ ions. The role of the parent rock, weathering reactions and atmospheric inputs are discussed in relation to the changes that have resulted from the cumulative effect of acid deposition. The changes in storage, transfer and losses of cationic nutrients in soil and trees can explain the development of these imbalances, which are still increasing, and are resulting in these forest declines.     

长江流域及其西南诸河城市水土保持的经验与成效

1997年以来 ,长江流域及其西南诸河的城市水土保持发展很快 ,取得了有益的经验 :制定科学规划 ,明确防治目标 ;加强领导 ,搞好部门配合 ;广泛宣传 ,增强全民水土保持意识 ;配套法规 ,依法行政 ;加强监督 ,严格执法 ;多方投入 ,建设秀美家园。同时 ,城市水土流失得到有效控制 ;城市生态环境大为改善 ,市民生活质量不断提高 ;城市基础设施得到有效保护 ;城市投资环境改善 ,为经济发展创造了条件。新世纪长江流域的城市水土保持将抓好示范带动 ,认真总结提高 ,以依法编报审批开发建设项目的水土保持方案为城市水土保持工作的核心 ,全面推进城市水土保持的发展     

Mobility and breakdown of asulam in the soil and the possible impact on the environment

Asulam reaching the soil either directly as spray drift or as rain washings from bracken fronds would, due to its rapid mobility in soil, be expected to leach down the soil profile into the drainage water and thereby contaminate streams and water catchments. The mobility of asulam in soil is influenced by pH, where undissociated asulam will leach less rapidly than the associated form (asulam pK_a 4·82). This is particularly relevant in the case of bracken as it can grow satisfactorily over a wide range of pH values (3·6 – 7·6). Adsorption coefficients expressed as Kd values [(μg asulam/g soil)/(μg asulam/ml solution)] were 2·54, 1·94 and 0·96 at pH readings of 4·0, 4·3 and 4·9 respectively. Another factor involved, the breakdown of asulam, was shown to be temperature dependent, 30·95, 7·65 and 2·50% remaining after 28 days at 5, 18 and 25°C respectively, thus underlining the influence of geographical regions and climatic conditions on asulam behaviour.     

豫中黄土地区全新世黄土剖面成壤作用与古气候研究

通过对河南豫中黄土地区黄土剖面化学元素的深入研究认为:在该地区全新世中期风化成壤过程中,Al、Fe、K、Ti、Rb、Ba等元素在古土壤中相对富集,表现出残留富集的特征;而Si、Ca、Na、Sr等元素则在风化剖面中淋失。而Al、Na在成壤过程中因具有不同的地球化学行为,从而产生显著的分异现象,并且随着成壤作用的增强分异加剧。因此,Al/Na值在黄土剖面中的变化反映了风尘堆积物成壤强度的变化,能够作为成壤作用、气候变化的替代指标。     

日光温室番茄植株与环境传热研究

为了解植物体温度变化的原因,用热电偶测温仪和Li-cor的自动气象站测定日光温室番茄茎内和果实内部瞬态传导传热量的日变化规律,分析了茎内部传导传热量的趋势。测定了茎气温差,并根据生物传热学理论,估算了番茄植株与空气间的对流热交换量。结果表明,果实表面与中心存在温差,且有明显的日变化。果实瞬态传导传热量最大值为1.29 W,相当于晴天中午温室内太阳辐射的0.2%。不同天气条件下植株与环境对流传热有相同的日变化趋势,但白天与夜间不同。夜间失热,揭苫后失热增大,并持续到整个上午,10∶30失热量最大,达到-18.9 W/m²。下午至傍晚对流传热为得到热量,13∶30时最高,达到34.9 W/m²,这时正是一天中最高气温发生的时间。阴天对流传热日变化幅度明显减少。多云天气介于晴天与阴天的变幅之间,波动较明显。植株与环境间对流传热量比植株内部传导传热量大。