绿色植保理念下酒泉地区主要农作物病虫害防治探究

农业经济在我国经济中占有主要地位,保证农业生产安全对推动我国经济发展具有重要意义。在农作物生长过程中会遇到各类病虫害问题,提升病虫害防治的科学性、有效性成为当前发展农业经济急需解决的问题。以甘肃省酒泉地区为例,在明确绿色植保理念的基础上,对酒泉地区主要农作物病虫害防治进行探究。     

汉台区蔬菜产业发展现状及对策思考

对陕西省汉中市汉台区蔬菜产业发展的历史、产业发展现状和区位优势及区委、区政府对该产业发展规划、政策支持和财政扶持等方面进行了阐述,重点介绍了汉台区蔬菜产业发展规模、分布情况、主推模式及存在的主要问题,并针对存在的问题提出了对策,为今后汉台区蔬菜产业的发展,提出了建设性的意见和建议。     

石柱县马铃薯产业现状问题及发展对策

通过调研重庆市石柱县马铃薯产业发展现状,剖析了影响石柱县马铃薯产业发展的主要因素和存在的主要问题,最后提出提升石柱县马铃薯产业发展的五点建议。     

云阳县茶叶产业发展现状与对策分析

介绍重庆市云阳县茶叶产业发展现状,分析发展中存在的主要问题和发展优势,提出进一步发展云阳茶叶产业的思路与具体措施。     

重庆市永川区茶叶产业发展现状与对策

分析重庆市永川区茶叶产业的发展现状和存在的问题，提出进一步发展茶叶产业的思路和主要措施。     

剑川县核桃产业发展浅议

对剑川县核桃产业发展现状进行分析,提出剑川县核桃产业发展存在的主要问题和思路及建议,对剑川县核桃产业发展具有一定的指导意义。     

重庆市食用菌产业发展现状与对策研究

分析重庆市食用菌产业近年来区域发展现状及存在的问题,主要调查分析种植、从业技术人员、产业模式、市场供需、区域优势及制约产业发展关键问题等,结合国内产业发展趋势提出重庆食用菌产业发展对策和建议。     

重庆市食用菌产业现状调查报告

介绍重庆市食用菌产业的发展现状,分析发展中存在的主要问题,提出了相应的发展对策与建议。     

耀州区核桃产业发展中存在的问题及其对策分析

核桃是陕西的主要经济树种,陕西省铜川市耀州区作为核桃生长的适生区和主产区,栽培历史悠久。近年来,耀州区政府通过良种核桃建园和大力实施实生树改造嫁接工作,不断提高管理水平,提高核桃产量和质量,有效推动了核桃产业向规模化、良种化、标准方向发展。但是,在核桃产业细节管理上仍存在诸多问题,如栽培管理技术粗放、病虫害严重、良种率低以及自然灾害难以预防等,都是耀州区核桃产业发展的主要问题。基于此,针对耀州区核桃产业发展中存在的问题,提出了相应的技术措施,以期为核桃产业的发展提供参考。     

会东县核桃产业现状及发展对策

目前,会东县林农收入的主要来源就是核桃种植,取得了良好的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益。对会东县核桃产业现状和存在问题进行了分析,提出了促进核桃产业科学发展的对策和建议。     

设施早熟西瓜和甜瓜的化肥施用现状及减施潜力

  【目的】  调查陕西省设施栽培西瓜 (Citrullus lanatus)和甜瓜 (Cucumis melo) 施肥现状、养分输入特征和养分管理中存在的问题，为实现西瓜和甜瓜化肥合理减施，改善品质，增加农户经济效益提供科学依据和技术支撑。  【方法】  选取西瓜、甜瓜栽培面积大的农户，且使调查农户均匀覆盖主产区，采用实地走访记录方式，在调研陕西设施早熟西瓜、甜瓜产量水平，农户施用有机肥、化肥种类及施用量、施肥方式等基础上，依据当地目标产量、肥料试验文献数据，推荐区域合理施肥量，并对推荐施肥量进行田间验证，根据推荐施肥量对农户施肥现状进行评价并分析化肥的减施潜力。  【结果】  设施栽培西瓜、甜瓜主产区肥料 (化肥 + 有机肥) N、P₂O₅、K₂O养分投入量平均分别为582、412、541 kg/hm2和1059、763、842 kg/hm2，其中化肥N、P₂O₅、K₂O平均施用量分别为266、213、304 kg/hm2和315、317、281 kg/hm2；西瓜、甜瓜化肥N、P₂O₅、K₂O养分平均用量分别为各自推荐量的1.8、3.6、2.3倍和2.9、6.3、3.1倍，养分表观盈余量分别为455、369、388 kg/hm2和980、728、692 kg/hm2，养分利用率仅为4.6%～28.3%。西瓜化肥氮、磷和钾施用过量的农户分别占79.6%、88.9%和79.6%，化肥氮、磷和钾减施潜力分别为46%、72%、57%；甜瓜化肥氮、磷和钾施用过量的农户分别占74.9%、91.0%和74.9%，化肥氮、磷和钾减施潜力分别为65%、84%和68%，西瓜和甜瓜化肥总减施潜力 (N + P₂O₅ + K₂O) 分别为57%和73%。西瓜、甜瓜有机肥中氮素养分占养分总用量的比例分别为39.5%和65.8%，比例总体上适宜；西瓜和甜瓜化肥N∶P₂O₅∶K₂O投入比例分别为1.0∶0.8∶1.1和1.0∶1.0∶0.9，P₂O₅占比过高；水肥一体化条件下西瓜、甜瓜基施化肥 (N + P₂O₅ + K₂O) 占化肥施用总量 (基肥 + 追肥) 的比例分别达91.2%和59.4%，基施养分比例过高。  【结论】  本研究区域西瓜、甜瓜养分总投入中，有机养分比例适宜，但存在化肥投入过量，尤其是磷施用比例过高的问题；在水肥一体化栽培技术下，存在基施养分比例过高、养分盈余量大、养分利用率低的问题。生产实践中，亟待根据西瓜、甜瓜养分需求规律，制定精准施肥量和适宜的养分比例，建立区域合理施肥技术体系，最终实现西瓜化肥氮、磷和钾平均施用总量减少46%、72%和57%，甜瓜化肥氮、磷和钾平均施用总量减少65%、84%和68%。     

基于SWOT的济源市富硒西瓜产业发展分析

为了更好地促进济源市富硒西瓜产业的发展,在研究文献、实地调研的基础上,运用SWOT分析法对济源市富硒西瓜产业所面临的优势、劣势、机遇和挑战进行了分析。结果表明,济源市富硒西瓜产业的发展在具备资源优势、独特的地理区位优势和科技优势的同时,也面临着人才缺乏、品种单一、品牌弱小等劣势;虽然有政府支持、乡村振兴战略、全域旅游以及互联网融合等机遇,但也存在市场竞争激烈的挑战。结合SWOT矩阵,应在SO战略基础上以WO战略和ST战略为核心,兼顾WT战略,来促进济源市富硒西瓜产业发展。     

民勤蜜瓜连体拱棚一年两熟栽培技术

蜜瓜连体拱棚一年两熟栽培是民勤县近年来试验示范推广的新技术、新模式，在民勤蜜瓜产业高质量发展上起着承前启后、接续市场供应的作用。为给蜜瓜连体拱棚栽培提供技术指导，基于多年试验研究和生产实践，从连体拱棚建设、品种选择、穴盘育苗、温室管理、病虫害防治等方面总结了民勤蜜瓜连体拱棚一年两熟栽培技术。     

高光谱荧光示踪无损检测瓜类作物嫁接苗愈合状态

为了减少瓜类嫁接苗的愈合管理时间,实现快速准确判别嫁接苗早期愈合状态,促进嫁接苗规模化生产及育苗产业发展。该研究制备了氮硫掺杂碳点,以该碳点为荧光示踪材料,以西瓜嫁接苗为研究对象,利用高光谱荧光成像方法,探究了西瓜嫁接苗早期愈合状态无损检测的高光谱荧光示踪成像方法。高光谱荧光示踪图像及光谱分析结果表明,利用氮硫掺杂碳点进行荧光示踪,通过高光谱成像仪对瓜类作物早期愈合状态高通量表型的鉴定,能快速、自动、无损地获取嫁接苗愈合的情况。同时,通过氮硫掺杂碳点处理后第12天,处理组的西瓜嫁接苗相较于对照组,根系增长量提升了78.7%,叶面积增长量提升了61.4%。因此,该研究方法可以提早判别嫁接苗的愈合连通,促使瓜类嫁接苗提早移栽,并且氮硫掺杂碳点处理可以促进嫁接苗叶面积和根系的生长,达到种苗壮苗的作用。     

Analysis based on RAPD and ISSR Markers Reveals Closer Similarities among <Emphasis Type="Italic">Citrullus</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic"> Cucumis</Emphasis> Species than with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Praecitrullus fistulosus</Emphasis> (Stocks) Pangalo

A cucurbit species named Praecitrullus fistulosus (Stocks) Pangalo, which thrives in India, is considered to be a distant relative of watermelon. Recent experiments indicated that it has mild resistance to whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci). However, our attempts to cross various US plant introductions (PIs) of P. fistulosus with watermelon or other Citrullus PIs have not been successful. Thus, to determine genetic relatedness among those species, phylogenetic analysis [based on simple sequence repeat (SSR)–anchored (also termed ISSR), and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers] was conducted among PIs of P. fistulosus, Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus (watermelon), C. lanatus var. citroides and the wild Citrullus colocynthis. Phylogenetic relationships were also examined with Cucumis melo (melon), Cucumis sativus (cucumber), and wild Cucumis species including C. africanus, C. metuliferus, C. anguria, C. meeusei, and C. zeyheri. Wide genetic distance exists between Citrullus and Cucumis groups (8% genetic similarity). Phylogenetic relationships among Citrullus species and subspecies are closer (25–55% genetic similarity) as compared with those among most Cucumis species (14–68% genetic similarity). P. fistulosus appeared to be distant from both Cucumis and Citrullus species (genetic similarity between P. fistulosus and Cucumis or Citrullus groups is less than 3%). Although wide genetic differences and reproductive barriers exist among cucurbit species examined in this study, they are still considered as potential germplasm source for enhancing watermelon and melon crops using traditional breeding and biotechnology procedures.     

Origin and history of old cucurbit cultivars in Israel and the sources of several internationally important market types

Over the past century, Israel was a focal point for the improvement of local cucurbit landraces and introduction of cucurbit germplasm. Some improved open-pollinated cucurbit cultivars developed in Israel became established as market types of considerable economic importance far beyond its borders. The origin and history of these cultivars is not widely known and therefore the purpose of the present work was to collect and compare the records relevant to the development of these cultivars, and to describe them more fully. The four economically most important cultivars originated through mass-selection by amateur breeders and were named after their respective farming communities. The ‘Bet Alfa’ cucumber (Cucumis sativus) was selected from a local landrace and introduced in 1936. The ‘Malali’ watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) originated as a rogue in a local landrace and was commercialized around 1940. The ‘Ananas Yoqne‘am’ melon (Cucumis melo) was selected from a local landrace and commercialized around 1950. The ‘Ha‘Ogen’ melon was selected from a cultivar introduced from Hungary and commercialized in the 1950s. The outstanding fruit quality of these four cultivars resulted in their widespread planting in Israel and neighboring countries. Moreover, the quality of the cucumber and melon cultivars inspired successive improvements, notably introgression of disease resistance and development of hybrids, by Israeli breeder-geneticists. The ever-increasing demand for their high-quality fruits established as international market types the Bet Alfa cucumber, the Ananas Yoqne‘am melon, and the Ha‘Ogen melon and its derivative, the Galia melon, and each is intensively bred today by local and multinational seed companies.     

Accumulation of weathered p,p'-DDTs in grafted watermelon

The grafting of melon plants onto cucurbit rootstocks is a common commercial practice in many parts of the world. However, certain cucurbits have been shown to accumulate large quantities of weathered persistent organic pollutants from the soil, and the potential contamination of grafted produce has not been thoroughly evaluated. Large pot and field experiments were conducted to assess the effect of grafting on accumulation of weathered DDX (the sum of p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, and p,p'-DDE) from soils. Intact squash (Cucurbita maxima × moschata) and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), their homografts, and compatible heterografts were grown in pots containing soil with weathered DDX at 1480-1760 ng/g soil or under field conditions in soil at 150-300 ng/g DDX. Movement of DDX through the soil-plant system was investigated by determining contaminant levels in the bulk soil and in the xylem sap, roots, stems, leaves, and fruit of the grafted and nongrafted plants. In all plants, the highest DDX concentrations were detected in the roots, followed by decreasing amounts in the stems, leaves, and fruit. Dry weight concentrations of DDX in the roots ranged from 7900 ng/g (intact watermelon) to 30100 ng/g (heterografted watermelon) in the pot study and from 650 ng/g (intact watermelon) to 2430 ng/g (homografted squash) in the field experiment. Grafting watermelon onto squash rootstock significantly increased contaminant uptake into the melon shoot system. In the pot and field studies, the highest stem DDX content was measured in heterografted watermelon at 1220 and 244 ng/g, respectively; these values are 140 and 19 times greater than contaminant concentrations in the intact watermelon, respectively. The xylem sap DDX concentrations of pot-grown plants were greatest in the heterografted watermelon (6.10 μg/L). The DDX contents of the leaves and fruit of watermelon heterografts were 3-12 and 0.53-8.25 ng/g, respectively, indicating that although the heterografted watermelon accumulated greater pollutant levels, the resulting contamination is not likely a food safety concern.     

适宜西瓜检测部位提高近红外光谱糖度预测模型精度

为了提高中国厚皮类瓜果的品质质量和出口能力,增强中国水果品质检测装备制造业的技术实力和技术水平。该文以西瓜为对象,对其糖度进行了试验研究。由于西瓜各部位存在差异,因而不同部位采集近红外光谱会对糖度预测模型精度产生影响。采用自主搭建的西瓜内部品质检测系统对不同批次西瓜瓜梗、瓜脐和赤道3个部位采集漫透射光谱信息,分别采用偏最小二乘回归法(partial least squares regression,PLSR)和最小二乘支持向量机法(least squares support vector machines,LS-SVM)2种方法对西瓜糖度建立预测模型,考察西瓜不同检测部位对西瓜糖度预测模型精度的影响。2种预测模型均显示,赤道部位采集光谱所建立的预测模型检测精度较差,而采用瓜脐部位获取光谱信息建立预测模型略好于瓜梗部位,最佳预测相关系数rpre达到0.823,预测均方根误差(root mean square error of prediction,RMSEP)为0.652%。该研究结果表明,不同部位采集光谱信息对最终的检测模型精度有影响,瓜脐部位为该文西瓜内部品质检测装置的较优采集部位。     

宁夏硒砂瓜产量动态预测

通过对产量与各生育阶段气象要素的相关分析,研究宁夏中卫环香山地区气候条件对硒砂瓜产量的影响,建立产量动态预报模式。结果表明：降水是影响宁夏硒砂瓜生长的主要因素,播种前及全生育期降水量对产量的增减起着决定性的作用;各气象因子对硒砂瓜的影响主要集中在苗期和伸蔓膨瓜期,其中降水、平均相对湿度、平均风速的影响较显著。一定范围内,降水越多产量越高,平均最高气温越高、空气湿度越小、风速越大,硒砂瓜产量越低。     

基于生理发育时间的压砂地西瓜发育动态模型及验证

考虑土壤、水分、养分、温度和光照等因素综合作用对压砂地西瓜生长发育和叶面积指数的影响,建立压砂地西瓜生长发育动态模型和叶面积指数发育模型。于2006年和2009年进行田间和桶栽试验,分别用生理发育时间法和Logistic方程建立压砂地西瓜生长发育阶段和叶面积指数模型,并对模型进行了检验。结果表明:1)压砂地西瓜生长发育阶段模型相对均方根误差(normalized root mean square of error,n RMSE)5.4%和9.6%(小于10%),相关系数r接近1;2)叶面积指数模型干旱年模拟n RMSE为2.3%,r为0.98;平水年模拟n RMSE为2.2%,r为0.98;丰水年模拟n RMSE为0.34%,r为0.98。可见,建立的模型能够准确模拟西瓜发育动态及叶面积指数动态变化。研究可为生产实践和科学研究提供参考。