Foundations of production and consumption of organic food in Norway: Common attitudes among farmers and consumers?

In Norway, the production andconsumption of organic food is still small-scale. Research on attitudes towards organic farming in Norway has shown that most consumers find conventionally produced food to be good enough. The level of industrialization of agriculture and the existence of food scandals in a country will affect consumer demand for organically produced foods. Norway is an interesting case because of its small-scale agriculture, few problems with food-borne diseases, and low market share for organic food. Similarities between groups of consumers and producers of food, organic and conventional, when it comes to attitudes concerning environment, use of gene technology, and animal welfare have implications for understanding market conditions for organically produced food. The results of our study indicate that organic farmers and organic consumers in Norway have common attitudes towards environmental questions and animal welfare in Norwegian agriculture. Conventional farmers have a higher degree of agreement with the way agriculture is carried out today. Unlike organic farmers and consumers, conventional farmers do not see major environmental problems and problems with animal welfare in today's farming system. But like the organic farmers and consumers, and to a stronger degree than conventional consumers, conventional farmers renounce gene technology as a solution to environmental problems in agriculture. These results are discussed in relation to their importance for the market situation for organically produced foods.     

论牧草产业在我国农业产业结构中的地位和发展布局

随着人民生活水平逐渐提高,对肉蛋奶刚性需求持续增长,原来典型的猪粮结构已不可持续,因猪粮结构导致的粮经二元种植业结构也应进行调整。从我国农业产业结构现状和问题为突破口,全面论述了牧草产业作为种植业和畜牧业产业结构调整的“调节器”,耦合到农业生产中对提高农作物产量和质量、土壤质量和防治病虫害具有重要效果,对家畜产品质量提高和健康以及牧草产品本身进出口效益均具有重要作用。在现有土地资源和未来人口及食物需求预测基础上,结合国内外农业持续利用发展模式,提出耦合牧草产业不仅可以促进农田可持续发展,也为畜牧业产业结构从耗粮型转向节粮型的调整提供思路,同时全面论述了我国牧草产业发展布局和种植模式等战略构想。     

Economic growth and nutrition transition: an empirical analysis comparing demand elasticities for foods in China and Russia

This study provides empirical evidence on the link between economic growth and nutrition transition in two emerging economies, China and Russia. Both countries have experienced rising average incomes, accompanied by an increasing rate of nutrition-related chronic diseases in recent years. Given the regional heterogeneity between these two countries, we analyze the extent to which income growth as a major driver of nutrition transition has a significant effect on the consumption of different food aggregates and how these effects differ between Chinese and Russian consumers. Our results indicate that with increasing household incomes over time the demand for carbohydrates decreases, while the demand for meat and dairy products, as well as fruits increases. This is a development generally known as nutrition transition. Further, we estimate a Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System(QUAIDS) for nine different food aggregates for China and Russia. Our results indicate that in both countries all food aggregates have positive expenditure elasticities and are thus normal goods. Moreover, our results indicate that in 2008/2009 meat is still a luxury good in China yet a necessity good in Russia. For 2009, the highest own-price elasticities in China are found for non-meat protein sources and dairy products. Within the meat group, beef, poultry and mutton have the highest price elasticities in China. In Russia, the milk and dairy group, together with the vegetable group, is the most price-elastic food group in 2008. In line with the definition of a nutrition transition, our overall results underscore the finding that income growth in China and Russia tends to increase the demand for animal-based products much stronger than, for example, the demand for carbohydrates. Despite being a positive signal for problems of malnutrition in rural China, this trend of increasing meat consumption might further increase the incidence of chronic diseases in urban areas since there is convincing scientific evidence that increasing meat consumption, especially red and processed meat, is associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases.     

临沂市有机农业发展现状及其展望

阐述了有机农业、无公害产品、有机食品和绿色食品之间的关系和重要性;介绍了国外有机农业的发展简况;分析了临沂市有机农业发展现状,并对临沂有机农业发展进行了展望。     

基于农场核心业务角度的国外有机农业发展研究

基于环境保护、食品安全与健康、国际绿色壁垒和产业价值等方面的有机农业在全球范围内迅猛发展,引起了国内外学术界的普遍关注。目前国内研究大多侧重于对有机农业发展现状和产业的总体宏观发展,而较少关注活动的相关实体———有机农场。基于有机农业农场核心业务的形式,笔者认为可以将有机农业的发展类型划分为初级生产、加工营销和非农业务三类,从这三类角度出发,不同国家和地区的有机农业发展状况各有差异与特色,也对我国有机农业的发展提供了有益借鉴。     

Organic Food Demand: A Focus Group Study Involving Caucasian and African-American Shoppers

A focus group study using four groups of food shoppers provides insights into consumers’ knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors regarding organic foods. Two focus groups consisted of shoppers who regularly bought organic foods and two focus groups of shoppers who predominantly purchased conventional foods. Participants in one of the conventional groups were all Caucasian; in the other they were all African-American. While familiarity with organic foods was much lower in the African-American group, its members were more receptive and positive towards organic foods. Likewise, the African-American shoppers were more accepting of price premiums for organics foods. In comparing the two organic shopper groups with the two conventional shopper groups, it was found that the former were generally more knowledgeable about organic foods. They were also more likely to follow a special diet than conventional Caucasian shoppers. However, the behavior of organic shoppers varied widely. The research supports examining social justice and access as motivations for changing policies to support organic agriculture. Lydia Zepeda is a Professor of Consumer Science at University of Wisconsin and Senior Fellow of the Center for World Affairs and the Global Economy. Her research focuses on agricultural technology adoption, farm household decision making, and consumer perceptions and behavior towards agricultural technology and food. Hui-Shung Chang is a Senior Lecturer in the School of Economics at the University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia. Her research focuses on demand analysis and agribusiness marketing. Catherine Leviten-Reid is a research assistant and graduate student in the Department of Consumer Science at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. She is interested in household behavior and sustainable community development.     

替代性食品体系视角下的北京家庭农场经营策略

出于消费者对食品安全和环境保护的关注,替代性食品体系研究及实践开始出现,北京家庭农场地处大都市的郊区,具备为北京消费者提供安全农产品和优美环境的条件.北京家庭农场的经营可以替代性食品体系为视角,从北京消费者对农产品的需求出发,生产绿色安全农产品、打造农产品品牌、开展农业体验、进行农产品深加工、合理定价、开设农场直销店、利用互联网+创新营销方式,这样既可为消费者提供安全的农产品,同时也可保障家庭农场的可持续性发展.     

Social and environmental attributes of food products in an emerging mass market: Challenges of signaling and consumer perception, with European illustrations

This paper focuses on the environmental and ethical attributes of food products and their production processes. These two aspects have been recently recognized and are becoming increasingly important in terms of signaling and of consumer perception. There are two relevant thematic domains: environmental and social. Within each domain there are two movements. Hence the paper first presents the four movements that have brought to the fore new aspects of food product quality, to wit: (1) aspects of environmental ethics (organic agriculture and integrated agriculture), and (2) social ethics (fair trade and ethical trade). Next, it describes how the actors in the movements (producers, retailers, NGOs, and governments) are organized and how consumers perceive each of the movements. From the perspective of the actors in the movements themselves, the movements are grouped into two “actors’ philosophies.” The first is a “radical” philosophy (the organic production and fair trade movements that arose in radical opposition to conventional agriculture or unfair trade relations), and the second is a “reformist” philosophy (the integrated agriculture and ethical trade movements that arose as efforts to modify but not radically change conventional agriculture). From the point of view of consumers, the classification of the movements is based on perceptions of the “domain” of the movements. That is, consumers tend to perceive the organic production movement and the integrated agricultural movement as a single group because they both deal with the environment. By contrast, consumers tend to group the fair trade movement and the ethical trade movement together because they both deal essentially with social ethics. Recently, key players such as large retailers and agribusinesses have adopted as part of their overall quality assurance programs both environmental and ethical attributes. Their involvement in and adoption of the goals of the movements have, however, generated tensions and conflicts. This is particularly true within the radical movements, because of concerns of cooptation. Finally, the paper identifies challenges faced by those promoting food products with environmental and social/ethical attributes as they attempt to communicate coherent signals to consumers at this crucial moment in the emergence of a mass market for these products. Jean -Marie Codron is a Senior Researcher at INRA and co-director of MOISA, a public joint research laboratory involved in the social sciences. His research interests focus on three main lines of research: economics of contracts, economics of the firm, and economics of market institutions, with applications to “complex” food sectors, where product quality is difficult to measure and/or to signal to the consumer. Lucie Sirieix is Professor of Marketing and Consumer Behaviour at SupAgro Montpellier, France, a national higher education establishment under the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. Within the MOISA research unit, her main research topics are variety seeking, risk and trust, environmental and ethical consumer concerns, and sustainable consumption. Her specific research areas include organic products, fair trade, and regional products. Thomas Reardon is Professor of Agricultural Economics at Michigan State University. His work focuses on globalization, consolidation in the retail and processing sectors, and their effects on agrifood systems and trade as well as on the economics of private quality and safety standards.     

中国小食品全球化市场营销策划案例

日常生活中人们日益追求小食品的方便、快捷、营养。中国小食品集中国南北小食品之精粹 ,通过不同的产品组合 ,将南甜北咸、东辣西酸优化配置 ,如枣 +玉米 +大豆 +…… ,价格多档次 ,品种多样化 ,以期厂商有利可图 ,消费者食有所获。     

Capturing the Sustainability Agenda: Organic Foods and Media Discourses on Food Scares, Environment, Genetic Engineering, and Health

This paper undertakes a content analysis of newspaper articles from Australia, the UK, and the US concerned with a variety of issues relevant to sustainable food and agriculture from 1996 to 2002. It then goes on to identify the various ways in which sustainability, organic food and agriculture, genetic engineering, genetically modified foods, and food safety are framed both in their own terms and in relation to each other. It finds that despite the many competing approaches to sustainability found in scientific and agricultural production discourses, media discourses tend to reduce this complexity to a straightforward conflict between organic and conventional foods. Despite regular reporting of viewpoints highly critical of organic food and agriculture, this binary opposition produces discourses in which organic foods are seen as more-or-less synonymous with safety, naturalness and nutrition, and their alternatives as artificial, threatening, and untrustworthy. Particularly controversial food-related issues such as genetic engineering, food scares, chemical residues, and regulatory failure are treated as part of the same problem to which organic food offers a trustworthy and easily understood solution. Stewart Lockie is Associate Professor of Rural and Environmental Sociology and Associate Dean (Research) in the Faculty of Sciences, Engineering and Health at Central Queensland University. His main research interests lie in the greening of food and agriculture, food commodity networks, and natural resource management. Recent co-edited books include Rurality Bites: The Social and Environmental Transformation of Rural Australia and Consuming Foods, Sustaining Environments.     

The prospects for China's food security and imports: Will China starve the world via imports?

China's food supply and demand have significant implications for both China's own national food security and that of the world. This study reviews China's food security prospects and their implications, focusing on international trade in the coming decade. The results show that China's policies for ensuring food security will be enhanced and China will move to sustainable agriculture. Most studies anticipate that China will increase its food and feed imports in the coming decade. China's overall food self-sufficiency is likely to fall from 94.5% in 2015 to around 91% by 2025. The greatest increases in imports are likely to be soybean, maize, sugar, and dairy products. However, within the production capacity of the major exporting countries and of many food-importing developing countries, China's additional imports of 3 to 5% of its total food consumption in the coming decade are unlikely to threaten global food security. Indeed, the projected imports of feed and several foods could provide opportunities for many exporting countries to expand their production and save global resources.     

Testing the local reality: does the Willamette Valley growing region produce enough to meet the needs of the local population? A comparison of agriculture production and recommended dietary requirements

Eating locally continues to be promoted as an alternative to growing concerns related to industrialized, global, corporate agriculture. Buying from local famers and producers is seen as a way to promote a healthier diet, reduce environmental impacts, and sustain communities. The promotion of the local food movement presents the question: is it possible to feed a community primarily from the foods produced locally? We conducted a systematic analysis comparing the United States Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) recommended dietary requirements for the estimated 2008 population with annual local agricultural production for the years 2004–2008 within the counties of the Willamette Valley growing region. Our results indicate that current agricultural production in this highly fertile region does not meet the dietary needs of the local inhabitants for any of the USDA’s six food groups: grains, vegetables, fruits, dairy, meat and beans, and oils. In the most recent year of our analysis, 2008, Willamette Valley agriculture production met 67% of annual required grains, 10% of vegetable needs, 24% of fruits, 59% of dairy, 58% of meat and beans, and 0% of dietary oil requirements. Over the past 5 years there have been significant fluctuations in crop production, particularly in 2006 when grain yields dropped to 29% of needs met. Additionally, many of these commodities are exported as cash crops, thus not contributing to meeting local food needs. We discuss these results as well as areas of potential for increasing production of edible crops for local consumption in the region.     

韩国有机农业的发展与启示

现代农业造成了环境污染,人们开始注重食品安全,有机农业也应运而生。韩国有机农业从20世纪70年代兴起以来,随着环境友好型农业的发展,有机农业成为环境友好型农业重要的组成部分。韩国通过对有机农业的政策支持、认证管理、法规建设及政府和非政府对有机农业的推动作用等措施,使其国内有机农业发展迅猛,但韩国在发展有机农业的过程中也存在技术和推广等诸多问题。我国有机农业起步较晚,可借鉴韩国发展有机农业的经验,解决好我国发展有机农业和粮食自给的矛盾,加强有机产品的认证,引进农业直接支付制度等措施,使我国有机农业得到健康、稳步地发展。     

台湾南元花园休闲农场特色餐饮检视与分析

在人们日益重视休闲活动的氛围下,休闲农场场数不断增加,已呈现百家争鸣之态势;现今休闲农业的产业发展,已不存在量的问题,而是质的竞争。如何营塑农场特色,创造精致、温馨及与众不同的风格,以吸引消费者,加深其印象甚至是提高重游意愿,已是休闲农场业者的一大课题。营塑休闲农场特色的方法和题材很多,其中特色餐饮便是可营塑为农场特色的元素之一。该文借由检视台湾南元花园休闲农场提供游客之特色餐饮,来探讨如何利用农场基础资源创造特色餐饮之模式,研究中就＂经营理念＂、＂特色食材选取＂、＂菜单设计＂、＂养生餐饮＂等观点进行个案研究。     

2013年奶业市场形势分析及后期展望

2013年,国内奶业市场供需总体偏紧,由于生鲜乳产量的下降,全国很多省市出现了阶段性"奶荒"。总体看,国内原料奶收购价格持续上涨,鲜奶零售价格高位震荡,奶粉零售价格总体略升,乳品进口继续大幅增加,出口明显下滑,新西兰所占奶粉进口比重略有下降,但仍占主导地位;国际市场乳品价格整体提升,美国牛奶产量同比略增,英国牛奶产量同比下降。2014年,国内奶业生产形势依然相对严峻,原料奶收购价格和鲜奶零售价格保持上行态势的概率较大,国际市场主要乳品价格继续上升。     

农民的农业生产多样性对其饮食多样化和营养健康的影响

目的我国是大国小农的基本国情,小农户比重大,自产自消（费）程度高,他们的食物生产、消费与营养协调发展是乡村振兴战略的健康保障,调查江苏省、河南省、四川省农民的饮食多样性（人日均摄入的食物种类）以及农业生产多样性（日常生产的食物种类）与饮食多样化和营养健康（BMI）的相关性,旨在为农民良好饮食习惯形成以及农村人力资本建设提供理论依据。 方法 基于随机抽样和分层抽样相结合的问卷调查方法,利用食物频率法从江苏省10个村、河南省10个村、四川省6个村共收集395份农民调查问卷,开展总样本与各省分样本自产食物种类情况、各类食物摄入的来源与数量、每日摄入自产食物的营养状况的描述性分析;根据食物消费与个人健康效用的经济理论,在不存在内生性问题的前提下,采用多元线性回归模型分析农民的农业生产多样性对其饮食多样化的影响和采用Probit模型探讨农民的农业生产多样性对其营养健康的影响。结果 受访者的农业生产多样性程度不高,平均生产3.37个食物种类,省际差距较小,摄入的食物如水产品、水果类、奶及奶制品、畜禽肉主要来自购买;农民的饮食多样化程度也不高,人日均摄入食物种类3.34个,省际差距较大,摄入自产食物的数量均低于推荐量;在总摄入量中,畜禽肉摄入过多,而奶及奶制品、水产品摄入不充分;农民人日均摄入自产食物获得的营养不均衡,从自产食物获取的能量充足,但获取蛋白质、脂肪、钙、镁、钾、维生素A等营养素较低;近6成农民的BMI值正常,但省际差距较大。农民的饮食多样性、营养健康与农业生产多样性在10%统计水平上有显著的正相关性;农民的年龄、受教育程度、家庭总纯收入、营养知识认知、市场准入等因素也对饮食多样化有显著影响,而农民的性别、年龄、受教育程度以及食物营养教育等因素对个人的营养健康产生显著影响。结论与其他发展中国家一样,我国的农业生产多样性促进了农民的饮食多样化和营养健康。然而,随着我国农业商品化程度和农民非农收入的提高,农民购买食物满足饮食多样化的趋势不可逆转,在水土资源有限的实际情况下提高农民农业生产多样性的可行性不大。因此,鼓励在农村建立规范化的农产品市场,加强食物营养宣传教育提高农民营养知识可能是保障他们饮食多样化和营养健康的可行途径。     

Dietary intake of pesticide chemicals. Calculated daily consumption of pesticides with foods are discussed and compared with currently accepted values

Residues of chlorinated organic pesticide chemicals were commonly found in all diet samples and all food classes within samples except beverages at a daily intake of 0.0014 mg per kilogram of body weight. Meat, fish, and poultry were the major source of pesticide residues and, when combined with dairy products, account for more than half of the intake of chlorinated organic pesticide chemicals. Fruits, garden fruits, and grain foods each accounted for about 10 percent of the intake of chlorinated pesticides. The DDT, its two analogs, dieldrin, lindane, and heptachlor epoxide account for 85 percent of the total intake of chlorinated pesticides. A single pesticide, DDT, accounts for one-third of the total. There was no statistically significant change in frequency or quantities of these compounds during this study. Frequency and quantities of the 14 additional chlorinated pesticides were too low to be meaningful.     

Future internet and the agri-food sector: State-of-the-art in literature and research

The food sector is one of the most important sectors of the economy, encompassing agriculture, the food industry, retail, and eventually, all members of society as consumers. With its responsibility of serving consumers with food that is safe, readily available, affordable and of the quality and diversity consumers expect, the food sector needs to be efficient, to build on an appropriate organization and control of processes, and to provide assurance on the safety and quality of its products which consumers could trust. Efficiency, process control and consumer communications are all closely related to the use of information and communication technology (ICT). Global networks, the internet, networked devices, sensors, and communication intelligence are of foremost relevance for the sustainability of the food sector in meeting its responsibility. This paper provides an overview on the state-of-the-art in three use cases within the application domain of the food sector. The three use cases capture the flow of food products from agriculture (use case ‘agriculture’) through the food industry (use case ‘agri-food logistics’) to the consumer as the final customer (use case ‘food awareness’). In dealing with the state-of-the-art the paper has to focus on the major research and application domains that are of relevance in assuring the successful utilization of the potential of the future internet for reaching a concept for the organization of the use cases that has the potential for major improvements in coordination and communication activities along the chain but also for large scale adoption throughout the sector.     

乳品中乳杆菌的分离与鉴定

 乳杆菌在乳酸发酵工业和许多传统食品的制造上有很大意义.为认识和开发这一资源,笔者对云南省乳品中的乳杆菌进行了调查研究.从各种乳制品的88份样品中分离鉴定出29种,共217株乳杆菌,其中有8种乳杆菌尚未见到从乳品中分离鉴定的报道,本研究基本查清云南省乳品及其自然发酵剂中乳杆菌的种类,其中许多菌株产酸、产香等性能良好,有一定开发应用价值.     

我国畜产品生产系统和供给变化趋势分析

自从改革开放以来，在我国农业中畜牧业发展最快，己成为我国农业内部的重要产业。从八十年代到九十年代，中国经济的发展速度超过以往任何一个时期，在食品的供给和需求方而表现得尤为突出，这极大的促进了我国畜牧业和畜产品生产的发展。现在人们消费畜产品的数量超过以往任何一个时期。木文将主要分析我国畜牧业生产系统的特征、我国畜产品的供给和需求以及我国畜产品的生产结构。