Ontogenic Changes in Growth and Assimilate Distribution as Influenced by N Supply in Rapeseed-mustard

Brassica juncea , cv. Pusa Bold, and Brassica campestris , cv. Pusa Kalyani, were raised under field conditions with varying levels of N fertilization, i.e. 0, 40, 80 and 120 kg N ha⁻¹. Changes in dry matter accumulation in various plant parts as influenced by N supply were measured throughout the crop ontogeny. N supply up to 120 kg had an increasing effect on the growth of leaves, stem and pods during the entire period till maturity. Analysis on the assimilate distribution pattern revealed that 84–87% of the total was accumulated during the post-flowering phase. Dry matter partitioning profile during the ontogeny indicated that about 72–83 % of the total DM was accumulated in the leaves, while 17–28 % in the stem, in the preflowering phase. This trend was found nearly opposite during the postflowering phase. At maturity, however, stem and pods accounted for nearly equal amounts of dry matter accumulation. Among the genotypes, Pusa Bold recorded significantly higher DM accumulation and seed yield over Pusa Kalyani which, on the other hand, exhibited a better assimilate-partioning ability than the former. Nitrogen levels had a favourable effect on LAI, LAD and CGR in both genotypes. Highly significant correlations were obtained between seed yield vs. LAI, LAD and CGR. N fertilization up to 120 kg ha⁻¹ was found beneficial in enhancing growth and yield of rapeseed-mustard.     

Physiological Analysis of Yield Variation in Mungbean (Vigna radiata [Roxb.] Wilczek)

Two mungbean varieties, Guj-1 and PIMS-1 differing in their productivity potential, were examined to investigate their photosynthetic system at various stages of growth in relation to yield with two different dates of sowing. Vertical leaves were found to be beneficial. On the other hand, excessive leaf area during the later stages of growth may be detrimental to yield. Lower LAD at seedling stage and overall high NAR values may be reflected in higher grain yield. NAR declined as season progressed and this, in turn, may be related with increase in LAI. The grain yield was considerably more at the first date of sowing as compared to second date of sowing, the effect was being more pronounced in var. PIMS-1 . Various environmental factors recorded at two different dates of sowing and at various stages of growth indicated that these factors may have influenced the yield potential at two different dates of sowing.     

播期和密度对芸豆生长、干物质积累及产量的影响

基于黑龙江省芸豆主栽地区春季频繁发生低温干旱,生产上经常晚播的生产实际,为了寻求适应实际生产条件的播期和密度协调栽培技术,在大田试验条件下探讨了5月15日(I)、5月25日(II)、6月04日(III)3个播期和15万株/hm~2(D1)、20万株/hm~2(D2)、25万株/hm~2(D3)、30万株/hm~2(D4)4个种植密度对芸豆植株性状、干物质积累及产量的影响。结果表明:相比于第I播期,第II和III播期条件下,芸豆的株高、茎粗、主茎节数和分枝数均有所下降,但芸豆的生长率有所增加。同时,随播期的推迟,芸豆花后的单株干物质积累和群体干物质积累逐渐下降趋势,单株荚数和单株粒数呈先增后减趋势。II-D2处理的产量最高,其次为I-D2和III-D3处理,分别比不同播期下D1处理多27.18%~45.31%、17.57%~34.34%、14.92%~31.31%。总体来看,在3种播期下,合理的种植密度能够使芸豆生长率、花后群体干物质积累增加,构建优良群体结构,在晚播(III)时适度密植(D3)的增产稳产优势更明显。     

播期对雨养旱地春玉米生长发育及水分利用的影响

为了解决陕西渭北旱塬地区玉米播种期干旱缺水造成出苗不全、不整齐,导致产量低而不稳的问题,设置6个不同播期,研究对春玉米生长发育、干物质生产、产量形成、水分利用及环境因子的影响。结果表明,随着播期的推迟,玉米的生育期明显缩短,营养生长期、营养生长与生殖生长并进期变化范围为2~19 d,生殖生长阶段则相对稳定,变化范围仅为?3~5 d。在一定的时间范围内,不同播期处理间的单株干物质生产没有明显差异,但由于受播期调整后的土壤含水量变化影响,适宜播期的玉米花后雌穗干物质积累量、籽粒产量及水分利用效率分别较早播和晚播提高4.0%~23.6%、3.9%~24.5%和6.6%~14.5%。早播影响产量的主要因素是播种期土壤含水量低而造成的出苗差,实际收获穗数不足;晚播影响产量的主要因素是生殖生长期后移,有效积温和日照时数减少造成的花后干物质积累减少、千粒重下降。适期播种可以增加田间实际收获穗数,促进雌穗花后干物质积累,提高玉米的水分利用效率。结合该区生态因素,5月4日以前适墒播种是玉米高产的有效避旱播期。研究结果可为该区春玉米抗逆避旱高产栽培提供有效的技术参考。     

黄淮海夏大豆干物质积累、转运及产量对播期的响应特征

为了明确播期对大豆干物质积累,花前、花后同化物转运及产量的影响,促进大豆新品种推广及高产稳产.以'菏豆37'为试验材料,设置6月5日(D1)、6月15日(D2)、6月25日(D3)3个播期处理,用Logistic曲线方程,对数据进行分析.D2播期下大豆营养器官、生殖器官及单株地上部进入干物质快速积累起始时间均最早,分别...     

油菜光合作用与干物质积累的动态模拟模型

以生理生态过程为基础,构建了油菜光合作用与干物质积累的模拟模型。模型针对油菜特有的生态冠层结构,采用“三层模型”法,即通过对花、角果、叶三层分别计算光能截获和光合作用,利用高斯积分法计算每层的光合量而得出每日的冠层总同化量。模型充分量化了油菜生理年龄、温度、氮素、水分等因子对最大光合速率的影响,同时考虑了维持呼吸与生长呼吸的消耗。利用不同品种、不同播期、不同氮素水平下的干物质积累动态对模型进行了初步验证,结果表明模拟值与观测值吻合度较好,模型具有较强的机理性和预测性。     

播期对大豆生长状况及产量的影响

了解不同播期对大豆生长状况及产量的影响,对寻求适宜播期及优质高效生产有重要意义。以黑龙江省哈尔滨市大豆主栽品种为试验材料,通过3个播期处理(S1为5月1日,S_2为5月10日,S_3为5月21日),研究不同播期条件下大豆生长状况及产量的变化规律。结果表明:S_1、S_2处理生育期日数延长;S_1、S_2处理在鼓粒期—成熟期干物质积累与分配及生长率明显高于S_3处理,干物质积累向果实转移量增大,其产量分别增加230.6、317.7 kg/hm~2;S2处理在3个处理中最优,水热等气候资源利用程度高。哈尔滨市大豆适宜播期为5月8—10日,但适播期应考虑春季土壤水分或春季首场透雨,促进大豆生长发育,显著提高产量。     

内陆河流域不同播期对春玉米土壤温度及生物量的影响

土壤温度是限制玉米高产的主要环境因子,为了寻求合理的播种时间,使玉米生长发育处于适宜的土壤温度环境中,从而保证干物质的积累和产量的形成。通过在内陆河流域代表区域武威开展不同播期对大田地膜春玉米进行试验,采用全生育期连续定点观测春玉米发育期、产量结构和20 cm、40 cm两个深度的土壤温度变化,分析了不同播期对春玉米生物量和土壤温度的影响。结果表明：营养生长期不同播期处理各层次地温均随生育进程的推进呈逐渐升高的趋势,拔节之后即进入生殖生长期,地温呈降低趋势。第二播期（4月20日）生长状况好,干物质累积量高,尤其是乳熟期和成熟期差异明显(P<0.05)。第二期产量构成优于第三期（4月30日）和第一期（4月10日）。第二播期处理,可以在苗期获得较高的地温,土壤增温明显,而在拔节期以后可保证适当较低的温度,从而保证干物质积累时间和产量结构的形成,是当地最适宜的地膜春玉米播种期。第一播期生物量则表现最差,说明正常情况下作物适当提前播期,延长生长期的做法在玉米的生产上是有一定风险的。     

播期对毛叶苕子生长发育及产量的影响

针对内蒙古黄土高原毛叶苕子苗情不稳、低产晚熟等问题,通过连续2年田间小区试验,探究4月10日（ST₁）、4月20日（ST₂）、4月30日（ST₃）和5月10日（ST₄）4个播期下毛叶苕子生育期持续时间、农艺性状、干物质累积和籽粒产量变化规律。结果表明：播期对毛叶苕子各生育期持续时间及出苗率有显著影响,不同播期下毛叶苕子株高、单株荚数、单荚粒数和单株根瘤数差异显著,且干物质积累量呈慢—快—慢增长趋势,其中均以ST₂播期表现最好;在产量方面,2年均以ST₂处理最高,为942.45~1 056.75kg/hm²,籽粒产量同积温和降水量显著相关,且积温对产量的影响最大。综上所述,4月20日播种毛叶苕子能较大程度适应当地水热条件,增加单株荚数、单荚粒数和单株根瘤数,实现稳产高产。4月20日为内蒙古黄土高原毛叶苕子最佳播期。     

The Interaction of Sowing Date and Water Availability in Determining Plant Architecture, Fruiting Pattern and Yield Components of Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.)

A 2-year trial has been carried out in northern Italy on soybean (cv. Hodgson) grown in lysimeters, comparing three soil water regimes (well-watered conditions and water stress during vegetative and reproductive stages) at two sowing dates. Plant evapotranspiration and water uptake depth were calculated from volumes of water independently supplied to eight lysimeter layers; at harvest, plant architecture, yield components and fruit distribution along the main stem and lateral branches were evaluated.
Although water stress intensity was not severe, crop evapotranspiration and water uptake depth were severely restricted by water shortage. Both low water-availability and late sowing significantly modified the architecture of plants, decreasing total height, number and length of internodes and lateral branches. Seed allocation along the stem was shifted downwards both by delaying the sowing date and by reducing the water supply; the component most responsible for yield decrease was the number of pods per plant, while unit seed weight was only slightly affected by water stress. Grain yield reduction was higher when water availability was inadequate during the reproductive phase in the early-sown crop and during the vegetative stage in the late-sown crop. This suggests that the intensity of the water shortage, plant phenological stage of stress application, as well as the date of stress application within the growing season determine the yield response of soybean.     

Development and Yield Formation of Autumn- and Spring-sown Faba Beans in Northern Germany as Affected by Seasons, Sowing Dates and Varieties

Field trials were conducted with autumn- and spring-sown faba beans in Northern Germany during four seasons to examine the expected preceding development of autumn-sown plants, its possible transformation into a higher yield potential and its dependence on sowing dates and varieties. Height, appearance of leaves, inflorescences, mature flowers, potential and actual pot set was rated weekly, and flower initiation and tillering occasionally. Comparison was made for one winter type sown in autumn and spring, and between 6 winter types and 3 spring types, in two seasons each.
Development of autumn-sown plants significantly preceded that of spring-sown in each year, regardless of the plant material used. The mean advance, diminished considerably with time due to prolonged developmental phases in autumn-sown plants which, however, did not improve vegetative, generative or reproductive potentials of main tillers. Potentials formed by the six winter types, interacted strongly with the seasons, at least in part due to changing plant densities. Thus, only a very few traits appeared typical: a short stature with few leaves for Avrissot and the opposite for Bourdon , a high number of ripening pods for Avrissot and a low number for Banner . Early compared to late sowing in autumn increased the number of leaves, and in one year even the number of mature flowers and ripening pods per tiller, but values of early sowing never exceeded those of spring sowing. Enhancement of tiller formation by early compared to late sowing diminished after spring; nevertheless about two reproductive tillers per plant in autumn-sown stands always led to a higher density of tillers than in spring-sown.     

移栽Bt棉的生长发育及其碳氮代谢研究

2002-2003年在江苏高肥力棉田,移栽条件下对9个Bt基因棉花品种(系)的生长发育特点及其碳氮代谢特征进行了研究。结果表明,中棉所29等3个杂交种在整个生长期表现为棉株高增长快,叶面积增长量大,现蕾和成铃强度大,生殖器官干物重也高,叶片全氮、可溶性糖含量高,NR、GPT、Rubisco、Sucroase活性高,表现为生长发育两旺,常规Bt棉GK19和新棉33B盛花前株高、叶面积生长快,现蕾强度大,叶片全氮含量高、NR、GPT活性高,表现为前期生长旺盛;新洋822和苏抗103结铃盛期后叶面积生长快,现蕾和成铃强度大,碳氮代谢强,表现为后期生育旺盛;sGK321和鲁棉研16整个生育期氮代谢强度大,但可溶性糖含量低、Rubisco、Sucroase等活性小,营养生长快,生殖生长弱,表现为营养生长过旺。     

播种深度对花生生育进程和叶片衰老的影响及其生理机制

在春播、土壤水分适宜以及起垄覆膜种植模式条件下,选用大花生品种山花108,设置3、5、7、9、11、13和15 cm (SD3、SD5、SD7、SD9、SD11、SD13和SD15) 7种播种深度,研究播种深度对花生生育进程、叶绿素含量、光合性能、干物质积累量、抗氧化酶活性及产量形成的影响。2年结果表明,播种深度明显影响花生出苗时间,与SD5处理相比, SD15处理的出苗期推迟5 d,产量形成期缩短2.5 d。播深过浅(3 cm)或过深(7 cm)显著降低了植株主茎高和侧枝长,导致叶面积指数(LAI)显著降低;且降低了产量形成期叶片叶绿素含量和光合速率,导致植株干物质积累量显著降低。播种过深(7cm)显著降低了产量形成期叶片可溶性蛋白含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及过氧化物酶(POD)活性,丙二醛(MDA)含量显著提高,导致叶片膜脂过氧化加剧。各播深处理相比,SD5处理的荚果和籽仁产量较高,主要是由于其单株结果数、单果重及出仁率的提高,播种深度超过7 cm后,减产显著。因而,春花生适宜的播种深度应控制在5 cm。     

播期对苏北盐碱地不同水稻品种生长发育进程及产量的影响

为了探究播期对苏北盐碱地环境下不同水稻品种的生长发育进程及产量的影响,本试验采用大田小区试验,调查和比较不同播期下‘南粳9108’和‘连粳11号’的生育期、干物质积累量、株高和产量等相关性状。结果表明：随播种时间推迟,‘南粳9108’和‘连粳11号’的全生育期变短;‘南粳9108’的拔节期、齐穗期和成熟期的干物质重呈减小趋势,‘连粳11号’呈先升后降趋势;播期对‘连粳11号’株高影响差异显著,且株高随播期推迟呈下降趋势;‘南粳9108’和‘连粳11号’的播种时间推迟,其有效穗、每穗粒数和产量呈下降趋势。‘南粳9108’在苏北盐碱地区的最佳播种时间为5月24日,‘连粳11号’为5月31日。     

Analysis of Growth and Productivity of Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea) in Relation to FYM, Nitrogen and Source of Fertilizer

A field experiment was conducted during the winter seasons of 1992–93 and 1993–94 at Anand to study the effect of FYM, nitrogen and source of fertilizer on growth and yield of mustard [ Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj & Cosson]. The results showed significant variation in leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), dry matter production and seed yield. The direct effect of farmyard manure (FYM) was conspicuous in improving the growth of mustard. FYM application at 10 tonnes ha⁻¹ significantly increased the LAI, CGR and dry matter accumulation per plant at almost all the stages during first year study (1992–93) and in pooled analysis. Similarly, nitrogen application registered maximum LAI, CGR at 75 kg level and RGR and NAR at 50 kg level at almost all the during both years. Sulphur carrying source (Ammonium sulphate plus single super phosphate) increased all stages growth characters. Maximum dry matter accumulation per plant and seed yield were recorded with highest levels of FYM (20 tonnes ha⁻¹), N (75 kg ha⁻¹) and source having S. Seed yield was strongly associated with LAI and dry matter accumulation per plant at all the stages.     

环渤海低平原区冬小麦最佳播期播量行距研究

为探索环渤海低平原区冬小麦在限采条件下的最佳播期播量和最佳的空间分布状态,以‘沧麦6005’为试验材料,通过裂区试验设计,以播期为主处理,设5个水平(A1~A5),以播量为副处理,设4个水平(B1~B4),研究了‘沧麦6005’的群体结构、干物质积累、叶面积指数及产量。结果表明：随着播期的推迟,产量、群体数量均呈降低趋势;在较为适宜的播期条件下,随着播量的增大产量、群体数量出现先增加后降低的趋势;当播期较晚时增加播量可以提高产量;适期播种有利于提高叶面积指数和群体干物质量的积累;适当晚播可以减少无效分蘖和无效叶面积,提高成穗率。不同行距对小麦产量影响显著,行距为20 cm时为最佳。分析认为环渤海低平原区沧麦6005的适宜播期为10月3日到10月13日,适宜密度为375万/hm2到450万/hm2基本苗。     

播期对白燕7号在黑龙江省中西部地区产量的影响

为探究播期对皮燕麦生长特性和产量的影响,设置6个播种时期,研究了不同播期对皮燕麦品种白燕7号生育进程、形态指标、光合特性等指标的影响,分析了不同播期处理气候因子和皮燕麦生长的相关性。结果表明：随着播期的推迟,皮燕麦的生育期缩短,分蘖数先减少后增加,株高逐渐升高;光合性能降低、叶面积指数在营养生长期逐渐升高,在生殖生长期则相对降低;各阶段光合势总体呈降低趋势;收获穗数、千粒重、穗粒数显著减少,子粒产量呈下降趋势。气候因素中日照时数对子粒产量影响最大。在其他因子不变的情况下,积温每增加1℃,子粒产量减少1.158kg/hm ²;降雨量每增加1mm,子粒产量减少0.738kg/hm ²;日照时数每增加1h,子粒产量增加24.101kg/hm ²。为获得子粒高产,黑龙江省大庆地区皮燕麦播种日期选择在4月13日前后为宜。     

The Effect of Air Temperature on Growth and Alkaloidal Yield of Hyoscyamus muticus L.

The effect of natural air temperature on the vegetative growth and alkaloidal yield of H. muticus L. was studied. The highest number of branches, diameter, fresh and dry weights of stem and roots occurred in September sowing at full-flowering and fruiting stages. Relatively higher temperature in Sept. sowing favoured leaf growth (number, area and dry weight). Hyoscyamine yield in different organs of the plants sown in Sept., excessively exceeded all other sowings during flower budding and full-flowering stages. Hyoscine yield was quantitatively very small as compared with that of hyoscyamine and even could not be detected in the leaves of winter sowings during full-flowering stage.     

江苏太湖地区不同生育类型粳稻品种产量对不同播期气候因子的响应

光、温、水等气候因子是影响水稻产量形成的重要因素。为明确江苏太湖地区不同生育类型水稻产量对不同播期下气候因子变化的响应,以期为该地区不同生育类型品种合理安排播期提供依据,2018—2019年在苏州市农业科学院试验农场内以优质早熟品系苏1785和晚熟品种苏香粳100为材料,采用分期播种方法研究了2种不同生育类型水稻产量及其构成对不同播期气候因子的响应特性。结果表明,不同生育期类型品种随着播期推迟产量降低,晚熟品种产量在播期间和年度间产量变异较早熟品种大,稳产性较差。2个不同生育期类型品种有效穗、每穗总粒数随播期推迟均呈降低趋势,而结实率和千粒重播期间的差异因生育类型不同而异,早播使早熟品种结实率显著下降,迟播则使晚熟品种千粒重显著下降。迟播对早熟品种抽穗前光合势的影响程度高于晚熟品种,对抽穗后干物质积累量和群体生产率的影响则相反,迟播条件下晚熟品种茎鞘物质输出率和运转率下降迅速,不利于茎鞘物质的转运和灌浆物质的积累。相关分析表明,日照时数是影响水稻产量的首要气候因子,日均气温和有效积温对产量的影响因品种生育类型不同存在差异,日均气温和有效积温与早熟品种的产量呈显著正相关关系,而日均气温与晚熟品种的产量相关不显著,气候因子对产量的影响表现为:日照时数>日均气温,有效积温>降雨量。     

Effects of Timing of Drought Stress on Phenology, Yield and Yield Components of Short-duration Pigeonpea

Nine short-duration pigeonpea genotypes were given adequate soil moisture throughout growth or subjected to water stress during the late vegetative and flowering (stress 1), flowering and early pod development (stress 2), or podfill (stress 3) growth stages under field conditions. The stress 1 treatment had no significant effect on the time to flowering. No stress treatment affected maturity or inter-plant flowering synchronization. The interval from a newly opened flower to a mature pod was about 30 days for all genotypes, and was unchanged in plants that were recovenng from stress 1 or undergoing stress 2. Seed yield was reduced to the greatest extent by stress 2 (by 37 %) and not significantly affected by stress 3 for all genotypes. No consistent differences were found between determinate and indeterminate genotypes in the ability to maintain seed yield under both stress 1 and stress 2. The harvest index was significantly reduced (22 %) by stress 2 but not by stress 1. However, under each soil moisture treatment, genotypic differences for seed yield were associated largely with differences in total dry matter production (TDM). For all genotypes, the number of pods m^-2 was the only yield component significantly affected by the water stress treatments. The stability of other yield components should be fully exploited to improve the stability of seed yield under drought conditions (drought resistance). Possible characteristics which may improve the drought resistance of short-duration pigeonpea include the ability to maintain TDM, low flowering synchronization, small pod size with few seeds pod^-1, and large 100-seed mass.