2003—2011年江西省审定早稻品种分析

为了筛选近年江西审定的优良早稻品种和指导江西早稻品种选育及推广应用,对江西省2003—2011年审定的130个早稻品种的育种方法,不育系和恢复系利用,选育单位,产量、米质及抗性性状进行分析、评价。结果表明：三系杂交早稻品种81个,占62.3%;两系杂交早稻品种30个,占23.1%;常规稻品种19个,占14.6%;杂交早稻是江西早稻选育的主要方向,三系法仍然是当前江西省早稻育种的主要方法,两系法呈现良好前景。111个杂交早稻品种利用了34个不育系,其中,三系不育系23个,两系不育系11个,‘金23A’、‘株1S’、‘优IA’、‘中9A’、‘荣丰A’和‘五丰A’等6个不育系是目前江西杂交早稻选育中应用的主要不育系,利用了87个恢复系,恢复系应用面广、数量多,突出的少,遗传多样性较低。第一选育单位有52家,分为种业（种子）公司、研究所（院）和学院（大学）等5类,其中,种业（种子）公司和研究所（院）审定了115个品种,两者占88.46%,是江西早稻品种选育的主要力量;分布在江西、湖南、浙江和北京等8省市,其中,江西省单位最多,有37家,审定品种94个,育种总体实力强。筛选到具有高产、优质和抗性等主要性状的优良品种90个次,其中,高产品种24个,抗性品种42个,优质品种12个,具有综合2个性状的优良品种12个。     

以半冬性甘蓝型油菜为亲本增强春性甘蓝型油菜杂种优势

以春性恢复系与半冬性品种(系)杂交后选育的16份新春性恢复系及其4个亲本系[2个半冬性甘蓝型油菜品种(系)和2个春性甘蓝型恢复系]、2个春性甘蓝型不育系为材料, 利用SSR、SRAP和AFLP分子标记技术分析材料间的遗传差异, 同时利用以上2个春性不育系分别与12个新春性恢复系和1个春性亲本恢复系Ag-5进行NCII双列杂交, 测定其杂种优势及杂种表现。16份新恢复系中除931和帐23外, 其余的14份新恢复系与2个不育系的遗传距离均大于其春性亲本恢复系与相应不育系的遗传距离, 说明导入半冬性品种遗传成分能扩大春性恢复系与不育系间的遗传差异; 配制的26个杂交组合中, 其双亲中不育系所对应保持系单株产量为高亲值的组合有15个, 其中13个组合单株产量超亲优势都强于所对应不育系与亲本恢复系Ag-5所配杂交组合, 说明导入半冬性品种遗传成分可增强甘蓝型春油菜杂种优势; 12个新恢复系分别与2个不育系所配24个组合中18个组合的单株产量都分别超过所对应不育系与亲本恢复系Ag-5所配杂交组合, 说明导入半冬性品种遗传成分能提高甘蓝型春油菜杂种的产量; 新恢复系与2个不育系杂交后代的抗病性均强于其亲本恢复系与相应不育系杂交后代的抗病性, 说明导入半冬性品种遗传成分能提高春性甘蓝型油菜杂交种抗菌核病的能力。研究结果表明, 半冬性甘蓝型油菜品种可能为春油菜杂交育种提供有价值的遗传资源。     

云南地方老品种水稻中恢复基因位点遗传差异分析

目前生产上使用的水稻恢复系之间的遗传基础过于狭窄,应积极开发水稻新恢复系的选育工作。云南地理气候条件特殊,地方老品种资源丰富,是筛选新恢复系的理想材料。以61份云南地方老品种水稻资源为父本,通过测交筛选到6份可以恢复野败型不育系的品种。再利用5对特异引物,对这6份恢复材料和7份恢复系的恢复基因位点遗传差异进行分析。结果表明：5对特异引物对6份恢复材料的扩增结果各不一样,而与对照恢复系仅有2.8 kb的一条扩增带型一致。说明云南地方老品种水稻中蕴藏的恢复基因与目前生产上应用的恢复基因的亲缘关系较远。从云南地方老品种水稻中发掘利用新型恢复基因和资源,是突破水稻恢复基因遗传基础狭窄、筛选新质源恢复系的一种有效策略。     

野生稻（Oryza rufipogon）新质源雄性不育恢复系的研究

发掘野生稻（O. rufipogon）新型雄性不育细胞质源,育成新质源优质米不育系的基础上进一步研究新质源雄性不育恢复系的育种技术—FA型细胞质雄性不育恢复系定向育种。用野生稻（非轮回亲本）与籼稻品种明恢63（轮回亲本）杂交和多次回交,后代再经过自交,将野生稻中的可育基因分离、转移、重组、整合到明恢63遗传背景中,获得农艺性状似明恢63,花粉和小穗全可育不分离的野生稻新质源恢复系金恢1号。用新质源不育系与金恢1号组配两个组合,其花粉和小穗育性都恢复到正常可育水平,产量高,米质优,实现了新质源不育系三系配套应用和大幅度提高杂交稻稻米外观品质的目的。这项育种新技术可以将水稻可育基因（恢复基因）转移到任一水稻品种中育成细胞质雄性不育恢复系,突破了新质源恢复系育种的技术瓶颈,极大地提高了恢复系利用稻种资源的育种潜力,为FA型新质源优质米不育系的杂交稻育种开辟了一条崭新的途径。新型（FA）细胞质源杂交稻可能对丰富杂交稻细胞质遗传多样性、提高杂交稻亲本对稻种资源的利用潜力、以及实质性提高杂交稻的稻米品质和产量水平都将产生积极和深远的影响。     

Breeding of transgenic rice restorer line for multiple resistance against bacterial blight, striped stem borer and herbicide

In this paper, we described the breeding of transgenic rice restorer line for multiple resistance against bacterial blight, striped stem borer (SSB) and herbicide by conventional crossing of two transgenic parental lines transformed independently with different genes. Two stable transgenic rice lines used as donor parents were developed, one was Zhongguo91 which contained cry1Ab gene (for insect resistance) and bar gene (for tolerance of herbicide), and the other was Yujing6 which contained Xa21 gene (resistance to bacterial blight). The elite restorer line Hui773 was used as recipient and crossed with the two stable transgenic rice lines. Then five successive backcrosses were made using Hui773 as recurrent parent. Two rice elite restorers, T773-1 expressing cry1Ab and bar genes and T773-2 expressing Xa21 gene, were obtained, which were confirmed by PCR analysis and testing selectable marker genes in the hybrid progenies. The cross was made between T773-1 and T773-2 to select stable restorer line carrying Xa21, cry1Ab and bar genes. Finally, we obtained transgenic restorer line T773 with good agronomic traits and obvious multiple resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, striped stem borer (Chilo suppressalis) and herbicide. The hybrid F₁ generation produced from the cross between transgenic restorer line T773 and a corresponding male sterile line Zaohua2A maintained obvious resistance to rice bacterial blight, rice leaffolder and striped stem borer, and showed significant heterosis. Our results indicate that it is feasible to develop transgenic hybrid rice cultivar through breeding transgenic restorer lines.     

Genetic diversity within Australian wheat breeding programs based on molecular and pedigree data

124 wheat cultivars and breeding lines were screened with 19 microsatellite (SSR) loci generating 160 scorable bands which were used to construct a genetic distance (GD) matrix. A distance matrix based on coefficient of parentage (COP) scores was also generated for the cultivars for which good pedigree records were available. The SSR and COP data for 101 of the wheat cultivars were compared with genetic distance scores obtained using1898 scorable restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) bands previously generated. Phylograms were generated based on the SSR, RFLP,combined SSR and RFLP and COP data. The standardised Mantel's Z test showed that the distance matrices generated from all of the data sets were significantly correlated. Bootstrap analysis showed that, although the SSR and RFLP data were correlated, a large number of SSR loci are required for determining robust genetic relationships between large numbers of cultivars. In addition, accurate pedigree records are needed to determine genetic relatedness using COP. The molecular data were also used to determine the level of genetic variability within breeding programs and to assess the impact of the introduction of semidwarf and other germplasm. The results showed that the level of genetic diversity in Australian wheat cultivars has increased over time and that in particular, the introduction of semidwarf germplasm resulted in an increase in the overall diversity. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

利用SSR分子标记划分杂交籼稻亲本群的研究

杂种优势群和杂种优势利用模式可以为植物的杂种优势利用提供重要信息。与玉米相比,水稻杂种优势群的研究相对薄弱。本研究利用72对SSR引物对我国47个杂交籼稻骨干亲本进行了类群划分。共检测出328个等位基因变异,每对引物检测等位基因2~13个,平均4.56个;引物的多态性信息量（PIC）范围为0.120~0.878,平均值为0.567。材料之间的遗传相似系数(GS)范围在0.633~0.928,平均为0.741。用类平均法（un-weighted pair-group method using an arithmetic average）将亲本材料划分为保持系群、温敏核雄性不育系群、恢复系群,其中保持系群和恢复系群又各分为3个亚群,分群结果基本符合系谱信息。并结合杂交水稻生产实践提出了7种杂种优势组合配组模式。分子标记是一种划分杂交籼稻亲本群的有效途径,本研究结果对杂交籼稻的亲本选配具有一定指导意义。     

我国中籼杂交稻亲本的DNA变异性研究

利用9个随机引物对42个中籼“三系”杂交稻骨干亲本(保持系和恢复系)进行了DNA遗传差异 分析。 结果表明： 恢复系、 保持系遗传多样性小。 恢保间遗传一致性高达0.87, 遗传 距离则为0.1377。 保持系已选育出较多的材料遗传差异超过了珍汕97B, 而恢复系选 育仍 未突破明恢63, 杂交稻遗传差异未明显大于汕优63。 双亲遗传差     

Prediction of heterosis for grain yield in rice using 'key' informative EST-SSR markers

This study was undertaken to assess the comparative potential of 25 Expressed Sequence Tag derived simple sequence repeats (EST-SSRs) and 25 genomic SSRs in the prediction of grain yield heterosis using a set of nine cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines and 32 restorer lines of rice. EST-SSRs and genomic SSRs exhibited an average Polymorphism Information Content value of 0.37 and 0.45, respectively. The coefficient of marker polymorphism among parental lines with respect to a set of hypervariable EST and genomic SSRs was correlated with standard heterosis for grain yield of six public bred rice hybrids. EST-SSRs gave a better correlation (r = 0.75) as compared with genomic SSRs (r = 0.09). When 10 'key' informative EST-SSR markers which showed a higher positive correlation with grain yield heterosis were validated in a new set of 14 experimental hybrids, the markers exhibited a higher correlation (r = 0.79), indicating the predictive value of these EST-SSRs. We recommend these 10 'key' informative EST-SSR markers for analysis of genetic diversity of parental lines and prediction of heterosis in hybrid rice breeding programmes.     

直链淀粉含量偏低型杂交粳稻组合的稻米品质评价

随着稻米产量的增长和人们生活水平的提高,对稻米品质的要求也与日俱增。淀粉是稻米最主要的成分,稻米中淀粉含量超过糙米的90%,此外直链淀粉含量是影响稻米品质的主要因素。研究如何提高稻米品质也已成为育种学家关注的热点和所面临的重要问题之一。利用5个直链淀粉含量偏低型水稻恢复系材料与粳型不育系2701A配组得到的组合,研究水稻组合间直链淀粉含量和稻米品质间的差异,为低直链淀粉杂交水稻的选育、恢复系的筛选以及优质食味杂交水稻育种提供一定的理论基础与种质资源。     

高产优质杂交水稻新品种‘Ⅱ优936’选育

空间搭载诱变是一种育种新技术,中国科技工作者采用空间诱变先后创制和育成一批水稻新种质、新品种及杂交稻恢复系。此研究采用空间诱变与杂交育种相结合的手段,将恢复系明恢86干种子通过返回式卫星搭载后与台农67杂交,F2代再与CDR22复合杂交,培育出的新恢复系福恢936。用该恢复系与不育系Ⅱ-32A配组的高产优质三系杂交水稻新品种Ⅱ优936,在福建省2年区试中平均比对照汕优63增产达10.82%,米质主要指标达部颁优质米二级标准,稻瘟病抗性比对照汕优63强,2005年通过福建省农作物品种审定。本研究可成功地育出高产优质杂交水稻新品种。     

湖南省饭豆地方种质资源遗传多样性的RAPD和ISSR分析

为揭示湖南省饭豆地方品种的遗传多样性,促进种质资源的有效保护和利用。本研究利用RAPD和ISSR标记分析了源于湖南省各地36份古老饭豆地方品种的遗传多样性,并采用UPGMA方法进行了遗传聚类分析。结果表明：12个RAPD引物和4个ISSR引物在供试材料中共扩增产生81条带型清晰的条带,平均每个引物扩增产生5.06个条带;其中59个为多态性条带,占总扩增条带的72.84%,具有多态性引物的PIC值在0.397~0.968之间;通过UPGMA法进行聚类分析表明供试材料的遗传相似系数在0.605~0.877之间,供试材料被分为4大类,且聚类结果表现明显的地域特征。本研究结果可为本省饭豆种质资源保护和育种研究提供理论依据。     

不同时期水稻主要恢复系、不育系的遗传差异变化研究

用AFLP技术分析了我国不同年代广泛应用的野败型杂交水稻19个恢复系和13个不育系的遗传差异,同时基于其农艺性状进行了聚类,结果表明:（1）基于标记和性状两种聚类在不育系和恢复系的区分上一致,而在恢复系内和不育系内的遗传差异检测上有较大差异;（2）我国水稻亲本间的遗传差异较大,且在不育系与恢复系间>恢复系内>不育系内;（3）恢复系内的遗传差异以早期小于中期、近期,其与不育系间的遗传差异也存在同样的关系,这与20世纪80年代中、后期我国杂交水稻产量大幅度提高,90年代后一直徘徊不前的变化趋势一致;（4）不育系内的遗传差异后期大于前期,但它与恢复系间的遗传差异前、后期不显著;（5）不同年代恢复系的分子标记遗传差异变化趋势与杂交水稻产量变化趋势一致,分子标记揭示的遗传差异可为杂交育种中恢复系的选择提供参考。     

水稻核心种质表型性状遗传多样性分析及综合评价

种质资源是水稻遗传育种和解析复杂性状的重要基础,而对遗传多样评估有利于鉴定最优亲本组合以产生遗传变异最大的后代群体和促进不同资源的有利基因渗透到栽培品种。选用14个表型性状对美国农业部水稻核心种质中的6大洲
1 579份水稻种质, 分析与评价其遗传多样性和优良稻种资源,主要结果如下: (1)亚洲、非洲与大洋洲间遗传距离较远,且亚洲、非洲和大洋洲的水稻资源具有较丰富的表型遗传多样性,而不同性状的遗传多样性在洲际间表现不同;粒长宽比、碱消值、株高、粒宽、千粒重和淀粉含量等6个性状具有很高的表型遗传多样性。(2)采用主成分分析法和逐步回归分析法综合评判表明,越南的PI392768的综合性状表现最好,法国的PI281760综合性状表现最差,同时淀粉含量、抽穗期、株高、倒伏性、糙米色和颖壳色等6个性状可作为种质资源综合评价指标。在水稻育种中应注重利用具有丰富遗传多样性的种质资源,并在亲本选配时适当选择遗传距离较远且综合性状表现差异大的种质材料。     

野生稻（O.rufipogon）新胞质改良不育系稻米品质的研究

通过核置换回交，获得一种普通野生稻（O. rufipogon）雄性不育细胞质，称为FA细胞质，育成新质源不育系金农1A。研究表明，FA细胞质不育系与WA和HL不育系的恢保关系不同，野败型的保持系和恢复系、红莲型的保持系和恢复系都可以作为FA细胞质的保持系，而不能成为FA细胞质的恢复系。这是一种新发掘的水稻雄性不育细胞质源。FA细胞质突破了WA和HL细胞质恢保关系的遗传局限，扩大了保持系育种范围，可以用品质优良的栽培品种培育成优质稻米不育系。新质源不育系金农1A不育度高，不育性稳定，农艺性状优良，抗稻瘟病和白叶枯病，开花时间早，稻米12项品质指标全部达到农业部颁发的优质米一级或二级标准，实质性地提高了不育系的稻米品质和综合水平，为培育优质米杂交稻奠定良好的遗传基础。     

不同生态区粳稻资源表型遗传多样性综合评价

为探究粳稻种质资源遗传多样性,提高粳稻育种组合选配的针对性和育种效率,通过变异系数、遗传多样性指数、聚类分析、相关分析、主成分分析、二维排序分析和逐步回归分析方法对不同生态区80份粳稻种质资源的8个表型性状的多样性水平进行了分析。结果表明：8个表型性状的变异系数为11.06%~36.97%,其中,千粒重的变异系数最小,每穗总粒数的变异系数最大;8个表型性状的遗传多样性指数为1.54~2.06,其中,单株有效穗数的遗传多样性指数最高,结实率的遗传多样性指数最低;在欧式距离9.0处,可将80份参试材料分为4类,各类表型性状差异明显;根据主成分分析和综合评价结果,80份粳稻种质资源中贵州的毕大香6号综合性状排名第1位,同时筛选到每穗实粒数、千粒重、株高、穗长和单株有效穗数性状可作为粳稻种质资源综合评价的关键指标;利用主成分二维排序分析筛选到矮秆、大穗、分蘖能力强及结实率高的4类优异种质资源,结合二维排序结果,大方晚糯是在二维排序重叠种质,可作为育种中间材料。同时基于主成分构建了粳稻种质资源的综合评价方程。     

基于“多基因聚合-早世代组配”策略的水稻分子改良研究

传统水稻育种技术最主要瓶颈是选择效率低和周期长。为了提高水稻优异材料选育和杂交稻组配效率,创新水稻分子育种策略,利用分子标记辅助选择多基因聚合和早世代杂交组配,展开水稻恢复系分子改良和杂交新组合的调查评价。供体亲本H318与恢复系亲本华占进行杂交,通过选择和设计关键有利基因的分子标记,利用毛细管电泳基因分型技术,将Wxb、fgr、Xa23、Pi2、Pi46以及Pita 6个稻米品质、香味、抗白叶枯病和抗稻瘟病相关功能基因进行聚合利用。通过多世代的田间生物学性状调查,米质、抗性等表型鉴定,获得14份以恢复系华占为遗传背景,目标基因纯合的优质、双抗和香型稳定的水稻株系。依据材料稳定遗传特性,将改良后代株系与生产应用的不育系进行测配和组合的调查评价,筛选获得潜在优良杂交稻。在育种进程中采用"多基因聚合-早世代组配"策略,实现多个有利基因快速聚合,定向改良稻米品质和抗病性等关键性状,并且促进杂交水稻组合的高效选育。     

Relationship between molecular marker heterozygosity and hybrid performance in intra- and inter-subspecific crosses of rice

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between molecular marker diversity and heterosis in both intra-and inter-sub-specific hybrids of rice to evaluate the feasibility of predicting hybrid performance using molecular markers. Eleven elite lines were intermated resulting in a diallel set including 10 indica × indica, 15 japonica × japonica and 30 indica × japonica crosses. The F₁ hybrids and parents were evaluated for agronomic performance in a replicated field trial. The parental lines were tested for DNA polymorphisms with 113 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) probes covering the 12 rice chromosomes. Inter-subspecific crosses showed better performance and higher heterosis than intrasubspecific hybrids. Correlations of marker heterozygosity with hybrid performance and heterosis differed considerably between the two subspecies; they were higher in crosses within japonica subspecies than within indica subspecies. Very little correlation was detected in intersubspecific crosses. It was concluded that relationships between marker heterozygosity and hybrid performance were complex owing to germplasm diversity and the complexity of the genetic basis of heterosis. The implications of the results in predicting hybrid performance using molecular markers are discussed.     

杂交水稻品种创新质量管理研究

通过开展杂交水稻品种创新质量管理研究,对杂交水稻种质资源鉴定与创新,不育系、恢复系和保持系的选育与技术控制进行了总结,规范了杂交水稻亲本及组合选育程序的工作流程,最终形成了杂交水稻品种创新质量管理体系。     

Identification of the Rf gene conferring fertility restoration of the CMS Dian-type 1 in rice by using simple sequence repeat markers and advanced inbred lines of restorer and maintainer

Cytoplasmic male sterility of Dian‐type 1 (CMS‐D1) was developed 30 years ago in Yunnan. A major gene conferring fertility restoration for the CMS‐D1 system was detected by microsatellite markers in advanced inbred lines consisting of 196 maintainers and 62 restorers developed in breeding programmes of hybrid rice involving the CMS‐D1 system. The gene was mapped between two simple sequence repeat markers, OSR33 and RM228, on chromosome 10, and was temporarily designated as Rf‐D1(t). The genetic distances of the gene to the two microsatellite markers were 3.4 and 5.0 cM, respectively. This linkage was confirmed by using an F2 population derived from a cross between a CMS‐D1 line and a restorer. This study also demonstrated that using OSR33 was reliable and efficient for identification of restoring lines in hybrid rice breeding with the CMS‐D1 system.