金叶榆二倍体及其同源四倍体的生理特征与转录组差异分析

本文旨在探究金叶榆（Ulmus pumila cv.‘Jinye’）二倍体及其同源四倍体的生理特征和差异基因表达情况,为金叶榆关键调控基因的定位及基因工程育种提供分子基础。试验以金叶榆二倍体及其同源四倍体为材料,比较两者叶绿素相对含量,可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、MDA含量,SOD和POD活性等生理指标,并进行转录组测序。结果表明：金叶榆同源四倍体叶片中叶绿素相对含量,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量及SOD、POD活性显著高于二倍体,MDA含量显著低于二倍体。转录组测序共得到1 283个差异表达基因,其中1 078个表达上调,205个表达下调。995个差异表达基因被GO功能注释,与代谢过程、细胞过程、催化活性、结合和转运蛋白活性等密切相关;COG注释结果显示,主要注释在碳水化合物的运输和代谢、次生代谢产物合成和脂质运输和代谢;KEGG通路分析发现,植物激素信号转导通路差异显著性最为明显,其中生长素、油菜素内酯和水杨酸信号转导途径富集基因数最多。参与代谢过程、催化活性和激素信号转导通路等关键基因的差异表达,可能与同源四倍体植株能源物质含量高、酶活提高及生长势和抗逆性增强有关。     

A gene regulatory network subcircuit drives a dynamic pattern of gene expression

Early specification of endomesodermal territories in the sea urchin embryo depends on a moving torus of regulatory gene expression. We show how this dynamic patterning function is encoded in a gene regulatory network (GRN) subcircuit that includes the otx, wnt8, and blimp1 genes, the cis-regulatory control systems of which have all been experimentally defined. A cis-regulatory reconstruction experiment revealed that blimp1 autorepression accounts for progressive extinction of expression in the center of the torus, whereas its outward expansion follows reception of the Wnt8 ligand by adjacent cells. GRN circuitry thus controls not only static spatial assignment in development but also dynamic regulatory patterning.     

海马齿SpSCL1基因启动子克隆及序列分析

GRAS蛋白是植物特有的一类蛋白家族,在植物的生长发育方面具有重要作用.根据前期分离的海马齿SpSCL1基因的5'端序列,设计特异引物进行Genome Walking,从海马齿基因组DNA中克隆了SpSCL1基因上游的1 254 bp片段.序列分析表明,该序列包含681 bp的启动子调控序列及573 bp的基因编码序列,启动子调控序中除含有典型的真核生物核心启动子区域(-60～-10bp)外,还含有多个TATA-box、CAAT-box等启动子元件以及多种与脱水、耐盐和光响应相关的顺式作用元件.结果预示海马齿SpSCL1可能在抗旱、耐盐以及光敏色素信号转导途径中发挥重要作用.     

Distinct protein targets for signals acting at the c-fos serum response element

The c-fos serum response element (SRE) is a primary nuclear target for intracellular signal transduction pathways triggered by growth factors. It is the target for both protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent and -independent signals. Function of the SRE requires binding of a cellular protein, termed serum response factor (SRF). A second protein, p62TCF, recognizes the SRE-SRF complex to form a ternary complex. A mutated SRE that bound SRF but failed to form the ternary complex selectively lost response to PKC activators, but retained response to PKC-independent signals. Thus, two different signaling pathways act through discrete nuclear targets at the SRE. At least one of these pathways functions by recruitment of a pathway-specific accessory factor (p62TCF). These results offer a molecular mechanism to account for the biological specificity of signals that appear to act through common DNA sequence elements.     

A genomic regulatory network for development

Development of the body plan is controlled by large networks of regulatory genes. A gene regulatory network that controls the specification of endoderm and mesoderm in the sea urchin embryo is summarized here. The network was derived from large-scale perturbation analyses, in combination with computational methodologies, genomic data, cis-regulatory analysis, and molecular embryology. The network contains over 40 genes at present, and each node can be directly verified at the DNA sequence level by cis-regulatory analysis. Its architecture reveals specific and general aspects of development, such as how given cells generate their ordained fates in the embryo and why the process moves inexorably forward in developmental time.     

Keeping G proteins at bay: a complex between G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 and Gbetagamma

The phosphorylation of heptahelical receptors by heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) is a universal regulatory mechanism that leads to desensitization of G protein signaling and to the activation of alternative signaling pathways. We determined the crystallographic structure of bovine GRK2 in complex with G protein beta1gamma2 subunits. Our results show how the three domains of GRK2-the RGS (regulator of G protein signaling) homology, protein kinase, and pleckstrin homology domains-integrate their respective activities and recruit the enzyme to the cell membrane in an orientation that not only facilitates receptor phosphorylation, but also allows for the simultaneous inhibition of signaling by Galpha and Gbetagamma subunits.     

Genetic manipulation of antibiotic-producing microorganisms

The application of directed selection techniques and genetic engineering methods for manipulation of antibiotic-producing microorganisms is generating a new era in industrial microbiology. Modern methods, based on advances in the knowledge of the biosynthetic pathways and regulatory mechanisms involved in the induction and repression of genes involved in antibiotic synthesis, provide a means of increasing antibiotic activity. Hence, recombinant DNA and protoplast fusion methods are used to alter the genetics of antibiotic producers in a semirandom fashion for the development of novel hybrid antibiotics. Directed mutation and selection, protoplast fusion, and both semirandom and specific recombinant DNA methods are examples of alternative procedures for manipulating the biosynthetic pathways of microorganisms for strain improvement and for new hybrid antibiotic synthesis.     

蜜蜂球囊菌中长链非编码RNA的调控作用

【目的】长链非编码RNA（long non-coding RNA,lncRNA）是一类二、三级结构高度保守,长度>200 nt且不具蛋白编码能力的RNA,在转录和转录后水平广泛参与调控剂量补偿、细胞分化和生长发育等生命活动。本研究基于前期获得的蜜蜂球囊菌（Ascosphaera apis,简称球囊菌）菌丝和孢子混合样品的高质量lncRNA组学数据进行球囊菌lncRNA的顺式（cis）作用、反义lncRNA（antisense lncRNA）作用和竞争性内源RNA（competing endogenous RNA,ceRNA）作用的分析和探讨,以期揭示lncRNA在球囊菌中的潜在功能。【方法】基于lncRNA基因在染色体上的位置,预测lncRNA上下游100 kb以内的蛋白编码基因;使用Blast软件将上下游基因比对到GO和KEGG数据库,以获得功能和通路注释。利用LncTar软件对反义lncRNA的靶mRNA进行预测,并使用Blast软件将上述靶mRNA比对到KEGG和eggNOG数据库。利用TargetFinder软件预测lncRNA靶向结合的miRNA及miRNA靶向结合的mRNA,根据靶向结合关系建立lncRNA-miRNA和lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA调控网络,进而通过Cytoscape v3.7.1软件进行调控网络的可视化。利用RT-PCR对调控网络中的lncRNA、靶miRNA和靶mRNA进行表达验证。【结果】共预测出371个lncRNA的5 852个上下游基因,可注释到细胞进程、代谢进程和应激反应等48个功能条目,以及新陈代谢途径、次生代谢产物的生物合成和抗生素的生物合成等121条通路,表明部分lncRNA可通过顺式作用调节上下游基因的表达,从而参与调控球囊菌的生长发育及物质能量代谢等基础生命活动。球囊菌的7个lncRNA与7个靶mRNA存在序列互补关系,其中5个mRNA在eggNOG数据库中仅注释为假定蛋白,仅gene3444在KEGG数据库注释为核孔复合体蛋白An-Nup120和假定蛋白,表明上述1个反义lncRNA可能参与调控核孔复合体蛋白的生物合成等生物学过程。此外,共预测出227个lncRNA与73个miRNA之间存在靶向结合关系,其中多数lncRNA(79.02%)仅能结合1—2个miRNA,部分miRNA可被多个lncRNA靶向结合;进一步构建氧化磷酸化通路和MAPK信号通路相关的lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA调控网络,分析结果显示氧化磷酸化通路相关的222个lncRNA靶向78个miRNA及50个mRNA,MAPK信号通路相关的222个lncRNA靶向76个miRNA及46个mRNA,表明部分lncRNA通过ceRNA作用调控此两条通路,从而影响球囊菌的能量合成、环境适应以及生长发育等过程。【结论】部分lncRNA可能通过顺式作用和ceRNA作用调节球囊菌的生长发育、物质能量代谢以及环境适应等生物学过程;MSTRG.5393.1可能作为反义lncRNA调控球囊菌的核孔复合体的蛋白合成。     

Functional genomic analysis of RNA interference in C. elegans

RNA interference (RNAi) of target genes is triggered by double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) processed by conserved nucleases and accessory factors. To identify the genetic components required for RNAi, we performed a genome-wide screen using an engineered RNAi sensor strain of Caenorhabditis elegans. The RNAi screen identified 90 genes. These included Piwi/PAZ proteins, DEAH helicases, RNA binding/processing factors, chromatin-associated factors, DNA recombination proteins, nuclear import/export factors, and 11 known components of the RNAi machinery. We demonstrate that some of these genes are also required for germline and somatic transgene silencing. Moreover, the physical interactions among these potential RNAi factors suggest links to other RNA-dependent gene regulatory pathways.     

软骨发育过程中负调控Sox9基因表达机制研究进展

Sox9基因是软骨发育过程中的主要调控因子,可以启动软骨生长发育所需的多种酶和蛋白基因的转录表达.在这个过程中,Sox9基因的表达和功能也受到多种因子和信号通路的调控.更多的研究关注其中的正调控,目前部分研究揭示负调控Sox9基因表达具有独特的作用机制.本文从microRNA、NF-κB、Wnt、Notch等因子和信号通路对Sox9基因的负调控机制进行论述和总结,以期为软骨发育中Sox9的表达和功能深入研究提供基础框架.     

高等植物脱落酸的代谢及调节机制

脱落酸(ABA)在种子的发育、休眠、萌发以及植物的营养生长、环境胁迫响应等过程中具有重要作用,植物体具有控制ABA的合成、降解、信号感知及其信号转导的调节机制。目前对高等植物ABA的合成途径及其调节机制的研究已比较深入,合成途径中的所有关键酶基因都已鉴定出,但对ABA分解代谢的研究则相对滞后。概述了ABA的生物合成、分解代谢途径及其调节机制。     

Profiling essential genes in human mammary cells by multiplex RNAi screening

By virtue of their accumulated genetic alterations, tumor cells may acquire vulnerabilities that create opportunities for therapeutic intervention. We have devised a massively parallel strategy for screening short hairpin RNA (shRNA) collections for stable loss-of-function phenotypes. We assayed from 6000 to 20,000 shRNAs simultaneously to identify genes important for the proliferation and survival of five cell lines derived from human mammary tissue. Lethal shRNAs common to these cell lines targeted many known cell-cycle regulatory networks. Cell line-specific sensitivities to suppression of protein complexes and biological pathways also emerged, and these could be validated by RNA interference (RNAi) and pharmacologically. These studies establish a practical platform for genome-scale screening of complex phenotypes in mammalian cells and demonstrate that RNAi can be used to expose genotype-specific sensitivities.     

ABA、MeJA和SA诱导下的荠菜CBF途径冷响应相关基因表达调控研究

植物在长期进化过程中对低温形成了一系列的适应能力和抵抗能力;CBF(CRT binding factor)途径是植物冷响应机制中重要的组成部分,该途径中一系列相关基因的级联调控网络与许多植物信号分子关系密切。为了阐明植物信号分子对荠菜CBF途径的调控模式,选用十字花科植物荠菜（Capsella bursa-pastoris）为材料,采用RT-PCR方法,研究了常温条件下三种信号分子（ABA、MeJA、SA）对荠菜CBF途径抗冷相关基因CbICE53、CbCBF、CbCOR15a、CbCOR15b、CbCAX51、CbRCI35的表达调控作用,结果显示各种基因在三种信号分子的诱导下其表达谱呈现不同的特点,这一结果对进一步阐明植物信号分子在CBF途径调控网络中的作用具有重要意义。