西北抗寒冷生产型日光温室结构参数的优化设计——以新疆吐鲁番市日光温室建造为例

根据新疆吐鲁番地区的自然条件和气候特征,针对当地日光温室经济效益徘徊不前的现状,优化设计该地区的日光温室结构参数.优化结构的日光温室性能试验结果表明:两种温室室内温差4.3℃,经优化设计后的日光温室结构优异、保温性能好、跨度大、土地利用率高,在吐鲁番地区能对蔬菜进行越冬生产,这对于其它气候寒冷地区的日光温室建造具有极好的参考与借鉴意义.     

新疆新型高效节能日光温室标准化设计探讨

日光温室标准化设计的目的是为了提高新疆南北疆日光温室的综合性能,根据新疆的自然条件和气候特征,对两地区的日光温室建造参数进行标准化设计,通过对这两种结构日光温室的测试结果,分析在新疆独特气候下温室参数对日光温室性能的影响。温室保温性能验证实验表明:标准化设计的温室在南北疆喀什塔城两地分别在外界-10.7℃、-8.1℃低温环境下,其温室内冬至日的平均温度可达到19.9℃、22.8℃,最低温度为15.3℃、18.8℃,最高气温达到33℃、30.1℃,标准化设计温室保温效果好,并从实际生产角度充分验证了节能日光温室的使用性能。     

徐州地区日光温室保温性能的试验研究

分析了徐州地区冬季日光温室小气候的变化规律。针对当地日光温室冬季保温性能不理想的现状，从光照条件和温度条件两方面进行分析，对温室自身造成的保温性能不理想提出了改进意见，并在现有温室结构的基础上，通过选择最佳的揭盖帘时间，来提高冬季日光温室的保温性能。揭盖帘对比试验表明，揭盖帘时间选取恰当对室内温度影响较大，可以提高温室的保温性能。     

日光温室建筑参数的多目标模糊优选

在日光温室设计中,建筑参数的选择要考虑温室建造成本、室内透光量、保温性能、冬季燃料费用、结构承载力、使用年限、土地利用率等因素。采用多目标模糊决策法对沈阳地区跨度7.5m、后坡长度2.0m、后坡仰角在25°～45°之间变化的不同日光温室建筑参数方案进行了优选。结果显示,围护结构材料相同、建筑参数不同的8个方案中跨度7.5m、后坡长度2.0m、后墙高2.2m、脊高3.7m的温室最优。     

青海省3种日光温室冬季温光性能对比

为掌握近期设计建造的新型日光温室的保温采光性能,以青海省传统砖混结构日光温室为参照,持续监测了设施蔬菜越冬生产过程中的日光温室空气温度和光照强度等环境参数,对3种日光温室的保温采光性能进行了比较和分析。结果表明:C型温室在秋冬季节保温能力较强,光照环境较好;A型温室次之;B型温室平均气温较低且在外界温度较低的情况下保温性能较差,光照环境也较差。      

不同跨度组装式日光温室光热环境性能研究

为研究跨度对组装式日光温室温光环境的影响,选取8m、9m和10m跨度的组装式日光温室,以当地普通日光温室为对照,进行温室环境温度、光照性能观测和墙体热工性能分析。结果表明:各组装式日光温室墙体热稳定性远低于普通温室,平均最低温度较普通日光温室低1.27℃~5.30℃;组装式温室保温和采光性能随跨度增加而减小,1月份,8m跨度组装温室平均最低温度较9m和10m跨度温室高1.33℃和4.04℃,透光率高1.93%和7.67%,室内外最低温度差可达30.09℃;组装温室随跨度增大,室内温度变化越剧烈。综合分析认为,冬季组装式温室中8m跨度温室综合保温性能最好,组装式温室的保温性能随温室跨度的增加而下降,组装温室在没有辅助热源加温的情况下,不宜过度增加跨度。     

节能日光温室内保温幕铺卷机构的设计

节能日光温室的保温性能决定着在深冬农业生产的安全和成败.为此,针对节能日光温室的结构特点,结合铺卷节能日光温室内保温幕的技术要求,在吸收温室内保温先进技术的基础上,设计了一种用于无立柱节能日光温室内保温幕铺卷的机构,选择了合理的工作参数,以满足北方冬季对节能日光温室保温设备的需求.     

北京延庆县日光温室冬季保温性能

日光温室冬季保温性能的好坏是制约菜农经济收入的重要因素之一,提高温室的保温性能、降低能耗是提高温室生产效益的最直接手段。该文以北京市延庆县为例,对当地土墙温室、土墙包砖温室和砖墙温室3种类型日光温室的温度进行了监测,对保温性能进行了对比分析,提出了日光温室增温保温效果的技术改进措施。     

山东冬暖式日光温室建造技术及应用

山东冬暖式日光温室是在冬季以太阳光为主要能源,利用透明塑料薄膜、保温墙体等材料,人为创造蔬菜设施栽培的小气候环境,实现蔬菜等农作物反季节栽培的温室。近年来,随着设施农业的快速发展,山东冬暖式日光温室的建造技术不断改进和提高,应用面积越来越广。下面以山东近年来较有代表性的第Ⅳ代、第Ⅴ代冬暖式日光温室为例,对其建造技术及应用进行介绍。1.温室类型及结构山东省作为冬暖式日光     

不同墙体结构日光温室保温性能试验

为了评价在冬季持续低温天气下不同墙体结构日光温室的保温性能,选取北京地区推广应用广泛的土墙下凹结构、砖加聚苯板结构和砖加混凝土结构的日光温室进行了保温性能试验。结果表明,土墙下凹式温室在持续低温天气条件下保温性能最佳,砖加聚苯板温室的保温性能明显好于砖加混凝土温室,砖加混凝土温室保温性能最差,该结果对防御日光温室冬季低温灾害影响有较好的指导意义。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。