晋西黄土丘陵沟壑区流域特征研究

以山西省方山县黄土丘陵沟壑区为研究区域,应用ArcGIS的空间分析功能和水文分析工具,以DEM为基础数据对流域地形地貌特征进行了提取。研究表明:研究地区的地势起伏度在0～265.5m间,地面粗糙度为1～2.72。通过探讨汇流阈值与沟壑密度的关系,得到汇流阈值为80～150的栅格范围内的沟壑密度为6.93～4.24km/km2。对研究区流域进行提取,得到流域形状系数的最小值为0.01,最大值为0.93,狭长流域面积为647.95km2,占研究区总面积的90.87%,其中土石山区狭长流域面积为531.88km2;卵状流域仅65.05m2,占9.56%。     

基于流域单元的黄土地貌正负地形因子量化关系模拟

正负地形是黄土高原地貌形态表达的重要参数,也是现代沟谷侵蚀和发育研究的重要切入点,对于流域形态发育的定量化描述有重要意义。文中以典型自然流域为基本单元,在沟谷发育明显的陕北-晋西-陇东地区选择86个样区,利用1:10000比例尺5m高分辨率DEM数据,提取样区内多视角刻画地貌形态的正负地形因子指标,并进行流域地貌形态特征分析;在此基础上采用数理统计与地理建模的方法,重点探讨正负地形因子间的关联性,进一步实现基于多因子的量化模型的构建,以揭示地形因子信息与流域沟谷发育的内在联系。结果表明,蚕食度(Y)与沟壑密度(X_1)、平均坡度差(X_2)及破碎度(X_3)能较好地刻画流域地貌发育形态,并存在着线性函数关系:Y=0.069*X_1-0.01*X_2+0.009*X_3+0.239,拟合度达0.868。该模拟方法在黄土地貌形态发育的研究中有着重要的理论意义,是数字地形模拟与信息挖掘的一次有益实践。     

基于DEM的延河流域水文特征提取与分析

基于DEM数据,依据地表径流漫流模拟算法,使用ArcGIS软件中的水文分析工具,提取与分析延河流域河网特征及相关信息,并与1∶25万地形图数字化水系进行分析比较。结果表明:集水面积阈值是决定河网提取精度的关键参数,阈值越大,提取河网越稀疏,反之则提取河网越密集;随着集水面积阈值的增大,河源数和河网密度、河流的级数、总河长等随之减少,但主河长变化不大;当阈值为5.51 km2时,提取河网与实际较吻合。因此,基于90m分辨率的DEM数据提取延河流域水系和子流域是切实可行的,可以作为数字流域建设与水资源管理的基础数据。     

东北黑土区土壤侵蚀模拟中的地形因子尺度分析

地形因子是土壤流失方程中坡度坡长两因子的乘积,用来表示土壤侵蚀中的地形效应,与研究区域的地形地貌特点密切相关。本文以黑龙江省克东县丰收小流域为例,利用1:5万和1:10万地形图建立数字高程模型(DEM),探讨了不同DEM分辨率和地形图比例尺变化所产生的地形因子的尺度效应。认为东北黑土区利用1:5万地形图计算地形因子时,20m格网大小是较理想的DEM分辨率;另外,在利用较小比例尺地形图建立的DEM计算地形因子时,汇水单元的划分不宜过细。     

黄土高原坡度转换图谱研究

选择代表黄土高原典型地貌类型的样区,应用地学信息图谱的理论和方法,探讨了坡度信息图谱的定义、表现形式及存在原因等。经过反复试验、分析和验证,找到一个具有较理想精度的适用于黄土高原不同地貌类型的坡度转换图谱。实现对基于1∶5万地形图25m空间分辨率的DEM提取的地面坡度统计值的误差纠正,以及不同空间尺度下的DEM地面坡度精度提取。     

近20年渭干河流域土地利用与生态系统服务价值时空变化

基于遥感与GIS技术,选择地处天山山脉中段南麓塔里木盆地北部的渭干河流域为研究区,以新疆1990、2000、2008年遥感影像和地面实测数据为主要数据源,利用GIS空间分析、数学统计分析方法提取渭干河流域近20年各种土地利用类型的面积变化、净变化速度等动态变化信息;在总结生态系统服务价值国内外研究进展的基础上,参照谢高地等人的中国陆地生态系统单位面积服务价值系数和Costanza等的生态系统服务价值计算公式,结合当地粮食产量和粮食平均收购价格,分析渭干河流域生态服务价值的时空变化特征,揭示渭干河流域生态系统服务价值和时空分布的不平衡状态.结果如下:(1)草地和未利用地所占比重超过70％,其他土地利用类型所占比重不到20％,各种土地利用类型分布和面积变化存在时空差异.(2) 1990-2008年研究区的生态系统服务价值总量减少了59 633万元,其主要原因是草地、林地和沼泽面积的减少.流域生态系统服务价值结构变化较大,其提供的支持服务功能最强,供给服务功能相对较弱.(3)下游的单位面积生态系统服务价值大于中上游地区,研究期内流域中、下游生态系统服务价值减少较大,上游地区的生态系统服务价值略有增加.     

基于GIS的延安市城郊区土地利用格局优化研究

以延安市宝塔区高坡到三十里铺段为例,以DEM为基础提取坡度、坡向及地形起伏度因子,再结合土地利用空间布局、植被多样性、地表水体、生态价值等生态因子,在ArcGIS空间分析模块下,通过叠加分析进行研究区土地生态敏感性与适宜性评价.参照评价结果,借鉴景观格局整体优化的方法,将研究区分为优先发展区、引导发展区、限制发展区和禁...     

DEM内插算法对区域坡长提取的影响分析——以陕北黄土丘陵区为例

利用陕北黄土丘陵区10m分辨率的高程数据,在Visual Studio平台下,实现双线性内插、反距离加权内插以及移动曲面拟合这三种DEM内插算法,进而对不同的内插DEM采用多流向算法实现坡长提取,最后对不同内插DEM提取的坡长进行空间结构分析、坡长精度分析、栅格坡长值的空间统计分析以及不同分辨率下(10m,25m,50m)不同内插算法坡长提取的比较分析。分析结果表明:(1)移动曲面拟合内插DEM生成的栅格坡长表面可正确表达各层级径流线信息,并具有与原始DEM以及坡度图相同的空间结构特征即表面的光滑连续特性,且其坡长提取精度最高,是适用于陕北黄土丘陵区域坡长提取的DEM内插算法;(2)空间统计分析表明,在实验区域内,不同内插算法在坡长值较小区域有显著性差异;(3)不同分辨率比较分析表明,在陕北黄土丘陵区域,不同分辨率对不同内插DEM坡长提取无显著性影响,且验证了分辨率越低坡长提取值越大的规律。     

基于DEM与遥感影像数据的梯田信息强化表达研究

将DEM信息与遥感影像信息有效结合是实现信息强化表达的有效途径,本研究通过在所选梯田实验样区布设实验样点,获得该点所处梯田田面的田面宽度值及由DEM数据求取的坡度值,基于两者关系进行了相关拟合、反演、分类及假彩色合成实验,强化了梯田信息的表达效果.结果表明:通过DEM与遥感影像数据进行地物的联合特征分析,可有效提高研究对象的信息量,为实现梯田信息的强化表达提供了一种新的途径.     

基于地形因子的土壤水分反演研究——以延河流域为例

以延河流域为研究区域,应用Landsat5/TM遥感数据和DEM数据进行归一化植被指数和地表温度的反演,并对气温参数进行了高程、坡度、坡向、地形遮蔽等地形因子的订正,更为精细地表达局地温度的空间分布差异。运用ERDAS的空间建模工具,反演得到温度植被干旱指数分布图。结果表明,此方法较好地反映了延河流域土壤的相对干旱状况,是一种比较有效和充分考虑地形因子影响的监测土壤水分的方法。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.