三种天牛幼虫主要营养成分分析

[目的]探寻星天牛,粗鞘双条杉天牛,麻天牛幼虫的主要营养成分,评价其营养价值水平,为其食用开发提供理论基础.[方法]运用国家标准检测方法测定星天牛、粗鞘双条杉天牛和麻天牛幼虫的水分、蛋白质、脂肪、总糖的含量.[结果]星天牛、粗鞘双条杉天牛和麻天牛含水率分别为61.60％、60.90％和55.57％;蛋白质含量分别为干质...     

氧硫化碳和硫酰氟及其混剂对双条杉天牛熏杀效果的研究

本文以双条杉天牛为研究对象,首先探讨了在25℃条件下,氧硫化碳(COS)和硫酰氟(SO_2F_2)分别熏蒸双条杉天牛24 h时,投药剂量对其杀灭效果的影响。其次,配置了氧硫化碳和硫酰氟的混剂,分析了不同体积比的混剂对双条杉天牛的熏杀效果。结果表明,温度、时间一定时,熏蒸剂种类和投药剂量都是影响熏杀双条杉天牛效果的关键因素,两者熏杀效果随投药剂量增加而提高,其中硫酰氟较氧硫化碳的熏杀效果明显。在25℃条件下熏蒸24 h,致使双条杉天牛全部死亡的氧硫化碳和硫酰氟的投药剂量分别为279.26g/m~3和194.03 g/m~3。另外,混剂研究结果表明:添加10%、30%、50%体积比的硫酰氟对氧硫化碳的熏杀效果增效明显,其中添加50%体积比的硫酰氟后,只需加入31.63 g/m~3的氧硫化碳的混剂,即可在同等条件下杀灭全部双条杉天牛。     

用斑头陡盾茧蜂防治松墨天牛

本文报道用松墨天牛幼虫繁殖双条杉天牛寄生蜂—斑头陡盾茧蜂,及防治松墨天牛的效果。用松木板槽繁殖时,覆在寄主上的盖片可用杉树皮、松树皮及阔叶树皮制作。盖片上刺孔便于产卵,提高寄生率。盖片以1～3mm厚为宜。蜂对树皮下的天牛有较强的搜索和识别能力。室内放蜂寄生率为94.1％,林间放蜂寄生率为23.67％。     

寄生性天敌蒲螨对几种蛀干害虫的控制作用

研究了天敌蒲螨对蛀干害虫——双条杉天牛、柏肤小蠹、日本双棘长蠹、六星黑点豹蠹蛾的寄生效果。室内结果表明,以上几种幼虫接种蒲螨后,在8h内可以导致所有幼虫死亡。室外采用淹没式释放方式,按照树胸径释放蒲螨（20 000头/cm）。释放后30d调查,对双条杉天牛幼虫、柏肤小蠹幼虫、双棘长蠹幼虫、六星黑点豹蠹蛾幼虫的校正寄生死亡率分别为84.7%、67.3%、67.8%和60.5%。     

双条杉天牛的发生及防治检疫对策

双条杉天牛属鞘翅目天牛科。危害侧柏和圆柏属树木 ,是一种毁灭性蛀干害虫 ,为国内森林植物检疫对象。该虫自 2 0世纪 80年代末传于我市 ,近几年因高温干旱 ,危害呈逐年上升趋势 ,有虫株率平均在 1 9% ,被害树单株虫口 8～ 1 78头 ,平均 4 3头 ,被害树木死亡率高达 30 % ,严重影响了我市造林绿化和旅游业的发展。为此 ,我们对该虫的发生危害及治理对策进行了研究 ,现报道如下。1　发生危害特点双条杉天牛 (Semanotusbifasciatus)是弱寄生害虫 ,在我市 1年发生 1代 ,以成虫在被害木的边材处越冬。来年 3～ 4月间成虫咬一扁圆形的羽化孔钻出…     

几种无公害技术对褐梗天牛的防治效果

褐梗天牛Arhopalus rusticus（L.）是松柏类等林木的重要害虫,近年来在山东泰安、威海等地发生严重。本文利用引诱剂诱杀、饵木诱杀和释放管氏肿腿蜂Sclerodermus guani Xiao et Wu与花绒寄甲Dastarcus helophoroides Fairmaire等无公害技术对褐梗天牛进行了室内外防治研究。Ⅱ号引诱剂诱捕效果最好,30 d平均诱捕量为69头。饵木诱杀每个样木平均诱捕量为63头。管氏肿腿蜂防治褐梗天牛幼虫的室内效果最高达71.00%,不同蜂虫比之间的防治效果差异不显著;林间释放管氏肿腿蜂对直径为10～15 cm被害木中的天牛幼虫的寄生率最高,为8.43%。利用花绒寄甲防治效果较好,室内当花绒寄甲成虫和天牛幼虫量为5:1时的寄生率最高,为80.02%;林间每株树释放20头花绒寄甲成虫的寄生率最高,达58.80%。结果表明,这几种防治技术都对褐梗天牛有良好的防治效果,可在防治中综合应用。     

管氏肿腿蜂诱导松褐天牛幼虫推迟发育现象的初步研究

松褐天牛Monochamus alternatus Hope是松材线虫病的主要传播媒介和松树的主要蛀干害虫.管氏肿腿蜂Sclerodermus guani Xiao et Wu是松褐天牛幼虫的重要寄生性天敌.在林间利用管氏肿腿蜂防治松褐天牛时,发现该蜂具有直接寄生和抑制部分松褐天牛幼虫发育2条途径,使松褐天牛的羽化率明显降低.为了揭示肿腿蜂控制松褐天牛幼虫推迟发育现象,在自然林地,进行了肿腿蜂不同放蜂量和放蜂时间促使松褐天牛幼虫推迟发育试验;并以剖木方式检查未被寄生、叮咬而未化蛹的松褐天牛幼虫数量和检测松褐天牛幼虫的体重/前胸宽、体长/前胸宽2个相对形态指标.结果表明,当蜂虫比值分别为0.5、1、2头/孔时,松褐天牛推迟发育的幼虫发生率分别为29.2％、48.9％和59.4％,即松褐天牛幼虫推迟发育率与肿腿蜂量成正比,肿腿蜂量大松褐天牛幼虫推迟发育率高;放蜂时间分别在3、4和5月时,松褐天牛滞后发育的幼虫发生率分别为24.5％、35.5％和61.6％,即松褐天牛幼虫推迟发育率与肿腿蜂接触时间成反比,松褐天牛幼虫接触肿腿蜂时间长推迟发育率低.5月份化蛹前正常幼虫的体长/前胸宽、体重/前胸宽指标分别为6.14、0.11;8月份推迟发育态幼虫的体长/前胸宽、体重/前胸宽指标分别为4.83、0.06,差异较大,表明相对长度缩小21.36％,相对体重减少44.28％.     

释放花绒寄甲和设置诱木防治松褐天牛对松材线虫病的控制作用研究

松材线虫是我国林业重大外来有害生物,松褐天牛是传播松材线虫病的主要媒介昆虫。本研究通过在松材线虫病疫区布设诱木引诱松褐天牛成虫集中产卵,翌年在下一代松褐天牛成虫羽化出孔前清理林中诱木和枯死木,以及在诱木布设区同时释放寄生性天敌花绒寄甲等措施,探讨对松材线虫病的控制作用。研究结果显示,林间设置诱木和释放天敌的样地内枯死木和衰弱木数量较对照显著下降,防治效果分别为71．27％和90．25％。防治后诱木处理区和释放天敌的样地内携带松材线虫的病木数量以及松褐天牛的虫口密度也显著降低。释放天敌的样地和未释放天敌的样地内松褐天牛的寄生率分别为38．34％和3．92％,二者差异明显。室内人工接种天敌的测定结果表明,天敌与害虫数量比例为1：1～4：1的寄生率为12．5％～40％,不同比例的处理寄生率无显著差异。每根木段释放10头花绒寄甲成虫比释放4头成虫的处理松褐天牛的寄生率明显要高,分别为19．45％和4．11％。表明天敌在林间对松褐天牛种群起到重要的控制作用,从而阻止天牛对松材线虫病的扩散传播。     

缓释与普通尿素分层配施对土壤氮素和玉米生长的影响

通过2 a大田随机区组试验,探究缓释与普通尿素分层配施对土壤氮素含量、玉米根叶衰老及产量的影响机理。试验设置不施氮肥(CK)、普通尿素1次施肥PU1 (5～10 cm土层)、普通尿素传统2次施肥PU2 (5～10 cm土层,60%种肥+40%追肥)、普通尿素1次分层施肥PU3 (5～10 cm土层20%N+15～20 cm土层30%N+25～30 cm土层50%N)、不同土层深度缓释与普通尿素配施PCU1～PCU4 [均为5～10 cm土层20%N(普通尿素)+15～20 cm土层30%N(配施)+25～30 cm土层50%N(配施),其中PCU1～PCU4的15～20 cm和25～30 cm土层PCU∶PU分别为3∶7、3∶7,5∶5、5∶5和3∶7、5∶5,5∶5、3∶7]共8个处理。结果表明,与PU1、PU2、PU3相比,缓释与普通尿素分层配施处理在玉米生育后期(吐丝期和灌浆期)土壤中NO~-_3-N含量提高了4.21%～133.44%,NH~+_4-N含量提高了17.09%～72.95%;叶片SOD、POD、CAT、可溶性蛋白分别提高了9.22%～26.75%、7.72%～23.35%、7.66%～22.96%、11.67%～32.98%,MDA降低了2.34%～37.53%;根系SOD、POD、CAT、可溶性蛋白分别提高了7.93%～22.75%、19.09%～42.13%、9.71%～60.98%、12.42%～103.57%,MDA降低了3.01%～31.6%。缓释与普通尿素分层配施玉米产量在2017年和2018年比其它处理分别提高2.32%～26.16%和1.32%～22.36%,经济效益增加1.67%～31.84%和0.33%～27.49%,各处理中PCU4处理产量最高,2017年和2018年分别为13 899.08 kg·hm~(-2)和12 439.35 kg·hm~(-2),经济效益分别为17 022.25元·hm~(-2)和14 832.65元·hm~(-2)。综合来看PCU4处理是最佳的缓释尿素施用方式。     

11.1%吡虫啉缓释片剂在西瓜根区土壤的释放分布及在西瓜中的残留量分析

为了评价11.1%吡虫啉缓释片剂对西瓜蚜虫的防治效果和安全性,于2012—2013年通过田间试验于西瓜移栽时施药,研究了11.1%吡虫啉缓释片剂对西瓜蚜虫的防治效果,及其在瓜秧、果实和土壤中的残留量。结果表明:西瓜苗移栽时将11.1%吡虫啉缓释片剂(吡虫啉有效成分0.08 g/株)施入其根部下方,施药后42 d对西瓜蚜虫的防治效果为83.3%,基本可满足全生育期防治的需要。2012和2013年,11.1%吡虫啉缓释片剂在西瓜采收期(药后/移栽后60 d)的累积释放率分别为15%和32%。与吡虫啉原药处理相比,片剂中的吡虫啉在土壤中的迁移范围较小,药后30 d,施药点下方10 cm外、水平方向6 cm外的吡虫啉残留量低于0.2 mg/kg。此外,施药点下方2~4 cm处、水平方向2~4 cm处土壤中吡虫啉的残留动态基本呈单峰曲线变化,峰值均出现在药后30 d,分别为1.91和0.10 mg/kg;药后120 d分别为0.17和0.03 mg/kg。基部瓜秧中(2012年:0~30 cm;2013年:1~3节)吡虫啉的含量于药后14 d检出,其余时期均未检出;2年试验中,西瓜果实中的吡虫啉残留量均低于最低检测浓度(LOQ)0.05 mg/kg,也低于食品法典委员会(CAC)规定的西瓜中最大残留限量(MRL)0.2 mg/kg。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.