不同果园梨小食心虫性信息素微胶囊迷向效果初探

于2019年在山东临沂桃、杏、苹果、梨4种果园监测梨小食心虫成虫发生动态,并对性信息素微胶囊的迷向效果进行了试验。结果表明,临沂地区梨园和苹果园中梨小食心虫成虫发生量较大,杏园中发生量较小;在桃、梨、苹果园中梨小食心虫成虫发生量均在7月下旬达到最高。不同果园迷向处理后,梨小食心虫诱蛾量明显降低,桃、杏、苹果和梨种植园迷向处理区迷向率分别为97.44%、97.60%、97.56%和95.55%;试验期内各处理区迷向率为88.51%～100%,持续迷向效果较好。     

高浓度性信息素和杀虫剂胁迫下梨小食心虫种群特征和为害

为了明确高浓度性信息素和杀虫剂胁迫对梨小食心虫的种群特征与为害的影响，2019—2020年连续2年在山西省运城市梨园内测定了性信息素迷向、杀虫剂等不同处理条件下，梨小食心虫种群数量、交配率以及蛀果率的动态变化。结果表明：2年内迷向防治区、迷向＋杀虫剂防治区、杀虫剂防治区与空白对照区内梨小食心虫种群发生动态基本一致，但各处理区梨小食心虫种群数量逐年递减；其中，迷向＋杀虫剂防治区梨小食心虫种群总量显著低于其他防控区，单个诱捕器诱蛾量分别为98.20头和67.20头；同时，迷向防治区和迷向＋杀虫剂防治区，梨小食心虫的交配率和蛀果率也显著降低。综上所述，性信息素迷向和杀虫剂结合能更好地压低梨园梨小食心虫种群数量，降低其交配率和为害。研究结果为进一步提升梨小食心虫性信息素迷向防治效果提供了科学依据。     

梨小食心虫迷向技术在陕西关中果树生产中的应用效果

为明确性信息素缓释迷向剂防治梨小食心虫的效果,2017—2018年在陕西关中应用梨小食心虫信息素缓释迷向剂在桃园和梨园开展梨小食心虫迷向防治试验。结果表明,迷向处理区梨小食心虫成虫诱捕数量明显减少,桃园和梨园迷向率分别为99.57%、99.43%,蛀果防效分别为92.80%和97.33%,桃园保梢率达97%以上,且信息素缓释迷向剂持效期可达6个月。     

迷向散发器对梨小食心虫的防治效果评价

为明确梨小食心虫迷向散发器对梨小食心虫的防治效果,在四川省苍溪县梨园进行了该技术的防效试验.结果表明,迷向散发器对梨小食心虫成虫迷向率可达86.54%～100%,持效期长达4个月以上,蛀果防效可达84.62%.使用该技术,可有效降低成虫交配率,减少后代幼虫为害.本研究结果为今后进一步推广应用性信息素迷向技术防治果园梨小食心虫提供一定数据支撑和基础.     

梨园梨小食心虫性信息素迷向防治技术

为明确梨小食心虫性信息素迷向散发器对单植梨园和毗邻苹果园的梨园内梨小食心虫的防治效果和合理使用密度,本研究于2012、2013和2014年在山西省运城市采用每根含270 mg梨小食心虫性信息素的散发器进行了梨小食心虫迷向防治试验。结果表明,单植梨园和毗邻苹果园的梨园以600、900和1200根/hm²处理,对梨小食心虫的迷向率逐年提高,且高密度处理迷向效果更好;连续使用3年后,梨小食心虫的蛀果率显著低于对照园,单植梨园内防治效果分别为80.00%、90.00%和90.00%,毗邻苹果园的梨园则分别为69.23%、84.62%和84.62%,单植梨园效果好于毗邻苹果园的梨园。综合防治成本和效果,建议单植梨园可使用900根/hm²密度处理,毗邻苹果园的梨园使用1200根/hm²以上密度处理,并建议大面积连片使用3年以上。     

缓释性信息素迷向防治桃园梨小食心虫试验初报

2009年在安徽萧县的桃园使用梨小食心虫性信息素缓释迷向丝进行了迷向防治梨小食心虫试验.结果表明,该缓释迷向丝对越冬代和1、2代梨小食心虫成虫具有较好的持续迷向效果,1次悬挂即可控制桃树整个生长期间梨小食心虫为害,迷向率在90%左右,对1、2、3代梨小食心虫的防治效果均超过96%.     

信息素迷向法规模化防治梨小食心虫

梨小食心虫是梨树和桃树上一种重要的蛀食性害虫,为了推动果园害虫的无公害防治,2010年在山东省莱阳市的桃园和梨园应用信息素散发器对梨小食心虫进行了迷向防治研究。在应用信息素散发器的桃园与梨园中,梨小食心虫发生数量明显低于对照园,使用密度增加,梨小食心虫的发生数量降低,迷向率增加。每公顷施用信息素散发器450、900、1350根的桃园,对梨小食心虫的迷向率分别为67.80%、80.14%、89.29%,而梨园中对梨小食心虫的迷向率分别为84.17%、93.41%、98.17%。桃园与梨园施用信息素散发器后,梨小食心虫的蛀果率明显低于对照园,桃园与梨园对梨小食心虫的防治效果分别在40.34%～73.57%和54.24%～92.38%之间。研究表明,梨园中信息素散发器对梨小食心虫的防治效果高于桃园。     

高剂量性信息素迷向技术防控梨小食心虫的田间应用效果评价

剂量控制是迷向技术防控梨小食心虫的关键，本文通过田间试验研究了新型材料装置固体迷向丝和高剂量自动信息素喷施系统对梨园梨小食心虫的防治效果和持效期，以期探讨新型材料和释放技术在害虫迷向中的应用。结果表明，性信息素在傍晚18：00―20：00对梨小食心虫的诱捕量占全天的93.7%，田间虫量监测以绿色粘胶诱捕器效果较好。常规化学防治处理区对梨小食心虫的平均诱蛾量为42.13头，平均蛀果率为2.64%，相对于常规化学防治处理区，新型材料固体迷向丝、高剂量自动信息素喷施系统处理区平均诱蛾量分别为1.00头、5.31头，对成虫的迷向率分别为91.84%～100%、70.86%～98.25%，平均为97.96%、91.41%，平均蛀果率分别为0.81%、0.95%，在8月采果期的蛀果防治效果分别达85.79%、77.16%，防控持效期可达6个月以上。     

南疆杏李园梨小食心虫成虫消长动态及迷向防治效果

为明确南疆新兴特色水果杏李上梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta（Busck）的发生规律和迷向防治效果,于2021—2022年在新疆维吾尔自治区阿克苏地区杏李园采用性诱剂诱集法监测梨小食心虫种群动态,评估性信息素迷向丝对梨小食心虫的防治效果。结果表明,梨小食心虫在阿克苏杏李园1年发生4代,其中越冬代羽化高峰期在4月上中旬,第1代羽化高峰期在5月下旬至6月上旬,第2代羽化高峰期在7月上旬,第3代羽化高峰期在8月上中旬,存在世代重叠现象。2022年农户常规防治区内梨小食心虫的蛀果率为2.46%,性信息素迷向防治区内蛀果率为0.06%; 2021年和2022年使用性信息素迷向丝对梨小食心虫的蛀梢减退率为98.13%和88.65%,2022年的蛀果减退率为98.40%;对不同世代梨小食心虫的雄成虫迷向率在2021年为92.87%~100.00%,雌、雄成虫虫口减退率在2022年为58.75%~81.37%。表明采用梨小食心虫性信息素迷向丝为主的综合防控技术,可有效控制南疆杏李园梨小食心虫的发生与为害。     

性信息素迷向法防控桃树梨小食心虫效果研究

为明确性信息素迷向法对桃树梨小食心虫的防控作用,开展了240 mg/根梨小食心虫性信息迷向丝对梨小食心虫的防治试验。结果表明,应用性信息素迷向法不同处理对梨小食心虫成虫防效、蛀梢和蛀果防效分别在93.19%、79.95%和78.57%以上,比常规药剂防治区防效可提高50%、40%和25%以上,整体可减少化学农药使用270 g/667m~2。由此可见,性信息素迷向法可控制桃树梨小食心虫为害,同时可减少化学农药使用量。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.