鸡源气载大肠杆菌生物膜形成与耐药相关性研究

为了探讨鸡舍环境中大肠杆菌生物膜形成与耐药性及消毒剂抗性之间的关系,试验采用96孔微量板法对鸡舍空气中分离鉴定的114株大肠杆菌测定其体外生物膜的形成能力和耐药情况。结果表明:114株气载大肠杆菌生物膜阳性率为34.21%,以弱阳性为主;形成生物膜的菌株呈现多重耐药性,生物膜阳性菌株对β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类药物的耐药率均高于阴性菌株,阳性菌株的消毒剂耐药性也高于阴性菌株。说明气载大肠杆菌生物膜形成和β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类药物耐药率及消毒剂的耐药性具有相关性。     

甘草提取物对1株致犊牛腹泻大肠杆菌生物膜抑制作用的试验

大肠杆菌生物膜的形成与其致病性、抗药性有密切关系,而中药在抗生物膜方面具有独特的优势。本试验对来自新疆阿克苏地区某奶牛场6份犊牛腹泻粪便进行了细菌分离鉴定,获得24株大肠杆菌,5株沙门菌。经96孔微量板法对已分离的24株大肠杆菌进行生物膜阳性菌筛选试验,获得生物膜阳性菌3株,其中1株为强阳性(XN-3-6株)。采用不同浓度甘草提取物对XN-3-6分离株生物膜形成抑制试验,结果表明:甘草提取物抑制大肠杆菌生物膜形成的最小浓度为5%。该试验结果为临床上防治大肠杆菌引起犊牛腹泻病提供了理论依据。     

鸡大肠杆菌ESBLs基因的克隆及序列分析

分离纯化来自河南不同地区的鸡大肠杆菌菌株,按照NCCLS标准和双纸片协同试验法进行ESBLs基因表型鉴定。然后根据GenBank已发表的序列设计两对引物,选择阳性表型菌株并提取总DNA,进行PCR、克隆、阳性质粒测序,将测定的序列拼接后和参考菌株ESBLs基因序列比较分析。结果显示,15株大肠杆菌菌株有3株菌株含有β-内酰胺酶,为阳性菌株,这3株与2个参考株核苷酸序列同源性为98.9%~99.7%,氨基酸序列同源性为98.1%~99.2%。3株大肠杆菌阳性菌株序列ESBLs基因型均为TEM型,核苷酸有15个位点发生突变,其中6个位点突变引起氨基酸变异。     

奶牛乳房炎大肠杆菌的青霉素耐药特征研究

为了研究奶牛乳房炎大肠杆菌的青霉素耐药特征,采用药敏纸片法检测了123株大肠杆菌对青霉素的耐药性,并利用β-内酰胺酶试剂盒测定耐青霉素株β-内酰胺酶活性,同时采用刚果红法和改良结晶紫半定量方法检测生物被膜的形成能力。结果表明:123株受试大肠杆菌中,对青霉素耐药的菌株有122株,耐药率99.19%。122株耐青霉素大肠杆菌中,生物被膜检测为阳性的菌株有92株(75.41%),β-内酰胺酶检测为阳性的有72株(59.02%);β-内酰胺酶阳性而生物被膜阴性的菌株有15株(12.30%),β-内酰胺酶和生物被膜同为阳性的有57株(46.72%);β-内酰胺酶为阴性但生物被膜为阳性的菌株有35株(28.69%)。92株生物被膜阳性菌株中,29株(31.52%)具有强成膜能力,61株(66.30%)具有中等成膜能力,2株(2.17%)成膜能力较弱。说明奶牛乳房炎大肠杆菌对青霉素的耐药率较高;大肠杆菌青霉素耐药性受β-内酰胺酶和生物被膜多种因子的共同调控。     

大肠杆菌FliC基因敲除后对大肠杆菌生物膜形成的影响

利用无疤痕基因敲除方法,构建大肠杆菌FliC基因敲除突变株。基因重组PCR结果显示:在重组转化体中FliC基因完全被卡那抗性基因和CcdB替代,获得Ⅰ型突变株(△1FliC);同时利用基因突变技术,对FliC基因起始密码子进行点突变,将ATG突变为AAA,再次进行基因重组后获得Ⅱ型FliC基因沉默菌株(△2FliC)。利用96孔微量板法,分别对野毒株、△1FliC和△2FliC进行生物膜表型检测,结果显示:△1FliC和△2FliC生物膜形成能力明显低于野毒株,从而为临床上大肠杆菌病的预防及疫苗的研制提供一定的理论基础。     

猪源大肠杆菌质粒和染色体介导的喹诺酮类药的耐药机制

采用微量肉汤稀释法对31株猪源大肠杆菌进行6种喹诺酮类药物的敏感性测定,聚合酶链式反应检测质粒介导的喹诺酮类耐药（PMQR）基因qnr、qepA和aac（6′）-Ib-cr,并分析PMQR基因阳性菌株染色体gyrA、gyrB、parC、parE基因的喹诺酮耐药决定突变区（QRDRs）突变。结果显示,31株猪源大肠杆菌对兽医临床常用的氟喹诺酮类药物均呈现耐药。在31株猪源肠杆菌中共检测到2株携带qnrB10和4株携带qnrS1基因的大肠杆菌,未检测到qnrA、qepA和aac（6′）-Ib-cr。在PMQR阳性菌株gyrA基因的QRDRs中,低耐药菌株的gyrA基因出现83位S→W突变,高耐药菌株的gyrA基因同时出现83位S→L和87位D→N突变。而在parC基因的QRDRs中,大部分耐药菌株出现80位S→I突变,1株耐药菌株出现45位V→L突变。gyrB和parE基因的QRDRs未检测到突变。结果表明,本地区猪源大肠杆菌对兽医临床常用的氟喹诺酮类药物耐药严重,PMQR的出现和QRDRs的点突变可同时协同贡献对喹诺酮类耐药,而PMQR的出现加速了喹诺酮类耐药基因的快速传播。     

内蒙古地区犊牛源大肠杆菌的分离鉴定及其生物被膜的形成与耐药性研究

为了了解内蒙古地区犊牛源大肠杆菌生物被膜的形成能力及其耐药情况,试验采用形态学观察、生化试验和PCR方法对大肠杆菌进行分离鉴定,采用改良结晶紫染色法和激光共聚焦倒置显微镜鉴定法,确定犊牛源大肠杆菌生物被膜的形成情况,采用微量稀释法测定分离菌株对20种抗菌药物的敏感性,统计耐药谱型。结果表明:本次试验共分离鉴定得到51株大肠杆菌。在51株大肠杆菌分离株中,生物被膜形成能力强、形成能力中等、形成能力弱和无生物被膜形成能力的菌株分别占比25.5%(13/51)、17.6%(9/51)、25.5%(13/51)和31.4%(16/51)。分离菌株对甲氧苄啶、磺胺嘧啶、氨苄西林、头孢噻吩和头孢噻肟的耐药率分别为90.2%、78.4%、84.3%、68.6%、68.6%;对米诺环素、阿米卡星、头孢西丁和美罗培南的敏感率分别为68.6%、88.2%、86.3%、100%;耐10种药物以上的大肠杆菌分离株中,生物被膜阳性菌株占比76%,而生物被膜阴性菌株仅占24%,其中生物被膜阳性分离株的耐药谱型要广于生物被膜阴性分离株。说明内蒙古地区犊牛源大肠杆菌生物被膜阳性分离菌株流行,51株大肠杆菌分离株对20...     

蛇莓水提物对临床菌株质粒消除作用及生物膜形成的影响

采用肉汤稀释法和牛津杯法观察了蛇莓水提物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、沙门菌标准菌和临床菌株体外抗菌活性;影印培养法观察亚抑菌浓度作用下,水提物对以上3种临床菌株质粒的消除作用;用微量滴定板法检测不同浓度水提物对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌临床菌株生物膜形成的影响。结果显示,蛇莓水提物对大肠杆菌等不同临床菌株均有抑菌作用,当质量浓度≥125g/L时对菌株累计抑菌率达100%;蛇莓亚抑菌浓度作用大肠杆菌、沙门菌和金黄色葡萄球菌24h后,质粒消除率分别为1.4%,5.1%,2.2%;不同浓度蛇莓水提物对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌菌膜形成量均有影响,且存在浓度依赖关系。由此可见,蛇莓水提物对大肠杆菌等兽医临床常见病原菌有抗菌作用,对质粒有消除作用,能抑制细菌生物膜形成。     

蛇莓水提物对临床菌株质粒消除作用及生物膜形成的影响

采用肉汤稀释法和牛津杯法观察了蛇莓水提物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、沙门菌标准菌和临床菌株体外抗菌活性;影印培养法观察亚抑菌浓度作用下,水提物对以上3种临床菌株质粒的消除作用;用微量滴定板法检测不同浓度水提物对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌临床菌株生物膜形成的影响。结果显示,蛇莓水提物对大肠杆菌等不同临床菌株均有抑菌作用,当质量浓度≥125g／l。时对菌株累计抑菌率达100％;蛇莓亚抑菌浓度作用大肠杆菌、沙门菌和金黄色葡萄球菌24h后,质粒消除率分别为1．4％,5．1％,2．2％;不同浓度蛇莓水提物对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌菌膜形成量均有影响,且存在浓度依赖关系。由此可见,蛇莓水提物对大肠杆菌等兽医临床常见病原菌有抗菌作用,对质粒有消除作用,能抑制细菌生物膜形成。     

湖南省多抗性猪源大肠杆菌的分离鉴定及耐药性检测

笔者从湖南省不同地区采集病料并进行生化及形态学鉴定,共从46猪病原菌株中共分离出27株大肠杆菌。用32种临床常用抗菌药物对上述菌株进行耐药鉴定,结果表明:27株临床分离的猪源大肠杆菌菌株中无一敏感株,其中1株对32种抗生素全部耐药,大多数菌株呈不同程度的耐药,仅少量菌株对多粘菌素B敏感。标准质控菌株对所测试的抗生素均敏感。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein