2株H9N2亚型AIV分离株的遗传演化及其对小鼠的致病性研究

为了解江苏地区H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)流行株的生物学特性,从江苏某养殖场分离到2株H9N2亚型AIV,A/chicken/Jiangsu/25/2019(CK/JS/25/19)和A/chicken/Jiangsu/43/2019(CK/JS/43/19),进行病毒纯化、全基因组测序、遗传进化分析,并研究其对小鼠的致病性。结果显示:2株分离株具有较高的同源性,与BJ/94、Y280、G1、F/98等代表性毒株同源性较低;HA、NA基因位于Y280分支,PB2、M基因位于G1分支,PB1、PA、NP、NS基因位于F/98分支,符合当前H9N2流行趋势;HA基因裂解位点的氨基酸组成为RSSR↓GLF,符合低致病性AIV特征;抗原性、受体结合特性、致病性等关键位点存在一定的变化,且HA、NA存在潜在糖基化位点的增加或缺失;小鼠试验表明,CK/JS/43/19对小鼠的致病性更强,且聚合酶活性更高。提示:近年来江苏地区H9N2亚型AIV发生了较大程度的进化,具有感染哺乳动物的潜在威胁,相关研究结果为监测和防控H9N2亚型AIV提供了理论参考。     

福建省H9N2亚型禽流感病毒HA和NA基因的进化分析

为进一步了解福建省H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的基因遗传进化关系,本研究将福建省2011年分离的毒株FZ-04、FZ-11与GenBank上登录的2000～2011年福建省分离的H9N2毒株及国内外典型代表株进行HA、NA基因的序列比对和遗传进化分析。结果表明,分离株FZ-04和FZ-11的HA基因与CK/FJ/G9/09株核苷酸同源性最高,属于国内常见的CK/BJ/1/94亚系。HA裂解位点处的氨基酸序列为-PSRSSR/GL-,符合低致病性禽流感病毒的分子特征。NA基因在遗传进化关系上呈现独立的分支,与CK/FJ/10954/05毒株核苷酸序列同源性最高,属于CK/HK/G9/97亚系,且NA基因推导的469个氨基酸序列中没有缺失。同时,从HA和NA基因的遗传进化树上可知,2000～2011年福建省H9N2禽流感病毒进化相对比较稳定,可能有一个共同的起源。     

湖北地区鸡源H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的分离鉴定及遗传进化分析

为了分离鉴定病鸡排泄物中的禽流感病毒,并分析其遗传背景,通过鸡胚接种试验区和病毒特异性抗体中和试验区,从病鸡排泄物中分离鉴定出2株禽流感病毒,分别命名为A/chicken/Jinmen/JM0305/2017(JM0305)和A/chicken/Daye/DY0602/2017(DY0602)。利用禽流感病毒亚型特异性抗体中和试验区和基因测序分析等方法对2株禽流感病毒进行亚型鉴定。结果表明,2株禽流感病毒均属于H9N2亚型。为了解这2株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的生物学特性,对其全基因组进行了分析以及毒力测定。结果显示,将2株毒株感染雏鸡后,未产生明显的禽流感临床症状,2株H9亚型禽流感病毒的MDT值分别为72.0h和91.2h,HA裂解位点处的氨基酸序列均为-PSRSSR/GL-,表明2株禽流感病毒均属于低致病性禽流感。遗传进化分析表明2株病毒的HA基因均在H9亚型分支上,NA基因均在N2亚型的分支上;通过进化树分析表明2株病毒属于以A/chicken/Beijing/1/94(H9N2)为代表的欧亚谱系。该结果为进一步研究鸡源H9N2亚型禽流感病毒分子进化奠定了基础。     

免疫鸡群H5N1和H9N2亚型禽流感病毒混合感染及H9N2亚型病毒进化分析

本研究分析了免疫鸡群H5N1和H9N2亚型禽流感病毒混合感染中H9N2亚型分离毒株A/chicken/Yuyao/01/2010(H9N2)的基因组特征。氨基酸序列分析显示,HA蛋白裂解位点为PSRSSR/GL,具有低致病性禽流感病毒特征,HA受体结合位点出现了人流感病毒结合位点226L,D基因出现了S31N的突变。遗传分析表明,A/chicken/Yuyao/01/2010病毒的HA基因、NA基因和NS基因在进化上属于CK/BJ/94-Like谱系,D基因和PB2基因属于G1-Like谱系,NP基因、PA基因和PB1基因属于Ck/SH/F/98-Like谱系。结果表明,从H5N1和H9N2亚型混合感染鸡体内分离的H9N2亚型禽流感病毒是一株来源于CK/BJ/94-Like谱系、G1-Like谱系和Ck/SH/F/98-Like谱系的重组病毒。     

三株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒全基因组序列分析

采用RT-PCR对3株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒基因组进行扩增,测序后再利用DNAStar和MEGA 4对所得到的序列和部分具有代表性的参考序列进行遗传演化及分子特点分析,旨在从分子水平探讨华南地区H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的流行特点,为该病的综合防控提供依据。结果表明,3个分离株CK/GD/162/03、Francolin/GD/298/05与CK/GD/A8/10分别属于B34、B47和B54基因型;3个分离株HA基因未发生明显的变异,符合我国大陆H9N2亚型AIV HA基因的遗传进化特点,但内部基因出现不同程度重组且部分基因与人源高致病性H5N1亚型AIV同源性很高;CK/GD/162/03、Francolin/GD/298/05两株分离株具有宿主多样性。因此,对华南地区H9N2亚型AIV进行监控及分子流行病学调查具有重要意义。     

1株西藏H5N1亚型禽流感病毒HA和NA基因的遗传进化分析

分析1株西藏H5N1亚型禽流感病毒血凝素(HA)和神经氨酸酶(NA)基因的遗传进化特征。利用RT-PCR法对H5亚型抗原阳性流感病毒核酸检测,并分子克隆、核苷酸测序,再利用DNASTAR、MEGA7.0软件进行同源性分析和基因遗传进化分析。经基因遗传进化分析表明,H5N1亚型禽流感病毒和2012年孟加拉国分离株亲缘关系最近,属于同一分支,HA蛋白裂解位点处有较多碱性氨基酸,从分子上表明西藏毒株H5N1是高致病性禽流感病毒。对西藏分离株H5N1亚型禽流感病毒HA和NA基因进行遗传进化分析,为西藏H5亚型禽流感病毒感染防控具有指导意义。     

13株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒HA基因变异分析

为了从分子水平上掌握我国H9亚型禽流感的病原变异情况和流行规律,本研究汇集近年来从我国部分省市养殖场分离的13株H9N2亚型禽流感毒株,采用RT-PCR技术对其HA基因进行扩增、克隆和测序,并对所得全序列进行同源性和遗传进化分析。结果显示,13株病毒的HA基因在遗传进化树中均属于欧亚分支中的类Y280-like亚分支,与A/DK/HK/Y280/97的HA基因核苷酸序列同源性为92.2%～97.6%,与中国最早的分离株A/Chicken/Beijing/1/94(简称BJ94)相距较远,初步说明H9亚型禽流感病毒随着流行时间而发生了遗传分化。推测的HA糖基化位点的氨基酸序列12株病毒均与上述亚系相似,但有一株病毒由于一个核苷酸的变异,缺失了HA上218～220位的一个潜在的糖基化位点。     

山东部分地区H9N2亚型禽流感病毒分离鉴定及HA和NA基因的遗传进化分析

为了解山东省H9亚型禽流感病毒变异情况和流行规律,于2013年从山东省潍坊、淄博、青岛、临沂、济南、滨州和烟台等地区疑似禽流感病鸡病料中分离到14株病毒,通过病毒分离培养、血凝与血凝抑制试验、RT-PCR技术进行了鉴定,并对获得病毒的HA基因和NA基因序列进行了同源性和遗传进化分析。结果显示,分离病毒均能凝集鸡的红细胞并能被禽流感病毒H9标准阳性血清抑制,RT-PCR方法从分离株中扩增出HA基因和NA基因保守片段,序列比对表明分离株与山东日照分离株A/Chicken/Rizhao/853/2013(H9N2)具有较高同源性,达94.4%以上,证实分离毒株为H9N2亚型禽流感病毒。HA裂解位点处的氨基酸序列为-PSRSSR/GL-,符合低致病性禽流感病毒的分子特征。HA、NA基因遗传进化分析表明,分离株与代表株DK/Y280/97亲缘关系最近,核苷酸同源性分别达90.3%和93.6%以上,属于国内常见的CK/BJ/94分支中的Y280-like亚分支。     

1株H9N2亚型禽流感变异株HA基因遗传演化分析及反向遗传操作系统的建立

为了解2018年江苏养殖场分离的1株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒A/chicken/Jiangsu/76/2018(JS/76)的遗传变异情况,对其HA基因进行了测序和遗传演化分析,并且成功构建JS/76的反向遗传操作系统.HA基因演化分析结果显示,JS/76毒株的HA基因裂解位点为PSRSSR↓GLF,是典型低致病性禽流感...     

华东地区家鸭中N2亚型低致病性禽流感病毒神经氨酸酶基因的重排

为研究华东地区家鸭中低致病性禽流感病毒NA基因的遗传进化规律,对2000年～2006年分离的包括H3N2,H5N2,H6N2,H9N2和H11N2的44株禽流感病毒的NA基因进行了遗传进化分析.44株病毒NA基因之间的同源性为82.9%～99.9%,4株H9N2病毒的NA基因同源性为96.9%～99.9%,所有H3N2病毒的NA基因同源性为92.3%～99.9%,H5N2、H6N2和H11N2病毒的同种亚型毒株间的NA基因同源性变化幅度较大,相反,有些不同HA亚型毒株间的NA基因同源性反而很高.进一步分析NA基因推导的氨基酸序列也表现出相似的规律.华东地区家鸭中N2亚型的禽流感病毒正处于不断地进化状态中,不同N2亚型的禽流感病毒之间已存在NA基因的重排.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -