无患子皂甙对瘤胃发酵及甲烷产量的影响

本研究旨在探讨添加无患子皂甙(SAD)对瘤胃发酵及甲烷产量的影响。通过体外培养法,以玉米粉、羊草粉(50∶50)为底物,设置对照组(无添加)、添加底物量1.5%的茶皂素组(TS,正对照)和SAD(与TS相同皂甙量),测定培养12、24 h后各组产气量和甲烷产量,以及24 h培养液的pH值、挥发性脂肪酸浓度、氨态氮浓度和原虫数。结果表明:在12 h和24 h时,SAD组产气量均提高(P<0.01和P<0.05)。12 h时,SAD和TS组甲烷产量均显著降低(P<0.05),24 h时达到极显著(P<0.01)。SAD和TS组总挥发性脂肪酸浓度提高(P<0.01和P<0.05),SAD组乙酸和丙酸浓度增加(P<0.05和P<0.01),TS组丙酸浓度提高(P<0.05)。SAD组氨态氮浓度及培养液中原虫数极显著降低(P<0.01),TS组显著降低(P<0.05)。上述结果表明,添加SAD可促进瘤胃发酵,抑制原虫生长,减少甲烷产生。     

葡萄籽精油对体外瘤胃发酵和甲烷生成的影响

通过体外培养法研究发酵底物精粗比7∶3条件下,添加100,150和250μL/L葡萄籽精油对瘤胃发酵和甲烷产量的影响。采用气相色谱仪测定甲烷产量,培养24 h后,测定挥发性脂肪酸、pH、氨态氮浓度和原虫数。结果发现,添加葡萄籽精油100μL/L和150μL/L与对照组相比提高累计产气量、发酵液pH值(P<0.05)、乙酸摩尔比例,降低甲烷浓度(P<0.01)、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸和支链挥发性脂肪酸摩尔比例。葡萄籽精油添加量为150μL/L降低氨态氮浓度及瘤胃原虫数,添加100μL/L葡萄籽精油提高总挥发性脂肪酸。试验表明,适宜添加量的葡萄籽精油可以改变瘤胃发酵模式,增加丙酸乙酸比例,抑制甲烷生成。     

硝酸钠和2-溴乙烷磺酸钠对山羊体外瘤胃发酵甲烷、氢气和挥发性脂肪酸生成的影响

本试验从瘤胃氢代谢生物化学过程的角度出发,研究硝酸钠和2-溴乙烷磺酸钠(BES)对瘤胃甲烷生成的抑制机制。选用2只装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的成年湘东黑山羊作为瘤胃液供体,设对照组、硝酸钠组(添加剂量分别为0.10、0.20和0.40 mg/m L)和BES组(添加剂量分别为0.63、1.26和2.52 mg/L),采用全自动体外模拟瘤胃发酵设备,进行24 h体外瘤胃发酵试验,测定产气量、氢气和甲烷的产量和含量、挥发性脂肪酸产量及组成。结果表明:与对照组相比,添加硝酸钠和BES后,甲烷产量显著降低(P0.05),并且随添加剂量增加,呈现线性下降的变化趋势(P0.05)。低剂量硝酸钠(≤0.20 mg/m L)对产气量、起始底物降解速率、乙酸、丙酸产量和乙丙比无显著影响(P0.05);高剂量硝酸钠(0.40 mg/m L)显著提高了氢气产量及含量,显著降低了产气量、甲烷产量及含量、起始底物降解速率和总挥发性脂肪酸产量(P0.05);添加BES对产气量、起始底物降解速率和总挥发性脂肪酸产量没有显著影响(P0.05),但显著增加了氢气产量及含量(P0.05),显著降低了乙丙比(P0.05),发酵类型向丙酸型转变。由此可见,硝酸钠减少甲烷生成依靠其氢池和瘤胃微生物毒性作用,而BES减少甲烷生成依靠抑制甲烷产生,对气体生成和饲料的降解影响很小。     

大蒜油对体外瘤胃发酵、甲烷生成和微生物区系的影响

本试验旨在通过体外培养法研究大蒜油和脱臭大蒜油对瘤胃发酵、甲烷生成和微生物区系的影响.在体外培养过程中用压力读取式法(RPT系统)测定产气量,利用气相色谱仪测定甲烷产量.培养24 h后,测定挥发性脂肪酸、pH、氨态氮浓度,并用实时荧光定量PCR测定瘤胃微生物区系.研究发现,与对照组相比,添加大蒜油极显著降低甲烷产量(P<0.01),显著降低乙酸摩尔百分比和氨态氮浓度(P<0.05),显著提高丙酸摩尔百分比(P<0.05),对产气量和总挥发性脂肪酸含量也有显著地抑制作用(P<0.05),但抑制程度不如大蒜油对甲烷产量的抑制程度.添加脱臭大蒜油对甲烷产生也有一定作用,但效果不显著(P>0.05).添加大蒜油和脱臭大蒜油后甲烷菌和原虫含量极显著降低(P<0.01),且大蒜油的抑制作用强于脱臭大蒜油(P<0.01).试验结果表明.适宜浓度的大蒜油可以改变瘤胃发酵类型,增加丙酸摩尔百分比,显著抑制甲烷生成而不影响消化,这种改变与瘤胃微生物区系的变化密切相关;此外,大蒜油的作用效果明显强于脱臭大蒜油.     

不同组分植物甾醇对瘤胃发酵参数的影响

为了评定不同组分植物甾醇(甾醇A～E)对瘤胃发酵参数的影响,利用体外瘤胃发酵技术在含60 mL瘤胃培养液及600 mg全混合日粮的120 mL发酵瓶中分别添加0、2、6、12μg植物甾醇,39℃恒温培养24 h,于3、6、9、12、24 h读取产气量,发酵终止时测定产气量、底物降解率、氨态氮、微生物蛋白、pH值及挥发性脂肪酸产量。结果显示:添加的植物甾醇组分、浓度对体外发酵干物质降解率和乙酸/丙酸均有显著影响(P0.05),组分对氨态氮浓度有显著影响(P0.05),甾醇浓度对乳酸、菌体蛋白、总挥发性脂肪酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸浓度以及pH值、总产气量有显著影响(P0.05),且组分与浓度在体外发酵产气量、干物质降解率、菌体蛋白和乙酸/丙酸上均存在交互作用(P0.05)。发酵结束后,浓度为0.03μg/mL的B甾醇组累积产气量与丙酸浓度最高,乳酸浓度最低,B组平均氨态氮含量最低,浓度为0.03μg/mL分组的平均干物质降解率、总挥发性脂肪酸、乙酸、丙酸和丁酸最高。提示:在饲料中添加适量植物甾醇,可以促进瘤胃发酵,改善瘤胃功能,添加甾醇B,添加浓度为0.03μg/mL时效果更为明显。     

溴氯甲烷与尿素对奶牛瘤胃微生物体外发酵特性的影响

本试验以尿素和溴氯甲烷(Bromochloromethane,BCM)作为两个试验因子,采用2×2因子试验设计,应用体外发酵法,模拟瘤胃内发酵过程,探究尿素和BCM对奶牛瘤胃液体外发酵的影响。试验分为对照组,尿素组,对照+BCM组,尿素+BCM组,其中尿素组中尿素代替培养基中所有含氮物质作为唯一氮源,BCM组添加BCM处理。结果表明:(1)尿素显著降低了发酵各时间点产气量、初期产气速率、甲烷产量、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、总挥发性脂肪酸以及MCP含量(P0.05);显著增加了发酵产气速率、达1/2理论最大产气量时间、乙丙比、NH3-N(P0.05)。(2)BCM能有效抑制甲烷产生,降低了48 h发酵产气量(P0.05),显著影响初期产气速率(P0.05);降低乙酸,丁酸,总挥发性脂肪酸含量以及乙丙比(P0.05),显著提高了丙酸含量(P0.05);对NH3-N及MCP含量没有显著影响(P0.05)。(3)交互作用对发酵影响不显著;但显著影响理论最大产气量、发酵产气速率和初期产气速率(P0.05)。     

体外产气法研究牛至油对绵羊瘤胃发酵特性和甲烷产量的影响

本试验采用体外产气法研究在体外培养液中添加牛至油对绵羊瘤胃发酵特性和甲烷产量的影响。采用单因素完全随机试验设计,在培养液中分别添加0(对照)、100、200、300和400 mg/L牛至油,每组5个重复。发酵12 h后,测定总产气量、甲烷产量及培养液p H,总氮、氨氮、尿素氮、蛋白氮浓度及挥发性脂肪酸浓度和比例。结果表明:1)培养液中添加100、200、300和400 mg/L牛至油均显著升高了培养液p H(P0.05);高添加水平(300、400 mg/L)的牛至油显著降低了培养液总挥发性脂肪酸浓度和丙酸比例(P0.05),显著升高了培养液乙酸比例和乙酸/丙酸(P0.05),抑制了瘤胃发酵。2)与对照组相比,除100 mg/L牛至油组外,其余各试验组培养液氨氮浓度均显著降低(P0.05)。3)高添加水平(300、400 mg/L)的牛至油在显著降低甲烷产量的同时也显著降低了总产气量(P0.05)。由此可知,牛至油能调控瘤胃发酵和降低甲烷产量,但过高添加水平对绵羊瘤胃发酵有抑制作用,体外条件下最适添加水平为200 mg/L。     

平菇处理小麦和水稻秸秆对纤维成分和体外瘤胃发酵特征的影响

本试验旨在研究平菇处理小麦和水稻秸秆对纤维成分和体外瘤胃发酵特征的影响。选用未处理和平菇处理的小麦和水稻秸秆作为发酵底物,通过瘘管采集3只成年湘东黑山羊的瘤胃液,进行体外模拟瘤胃发酵72 h试验。结果表明:平菇处理小麦秸秆显著降低酸性洗涤木质素含量(P0.05),显著提高72 h总产气量、干物质降解率和甲烷产量(P0.05);平菇处理水稻秸秆显著提高酸性洗涤木质素含量和氢气产量及含量(P0.05),显著降低半纤维素含量、72 h总产气量、中性洗涤纤维降解率、挥发性脂肪酸浓度和甲烷产量及含量(P0.05);此外,平菇处理小麦和水稻秸秆显著降低乙酸比例(P0.05),显著提高丙酸比例(P0.05)。由此得出,平菇处理小麦秸秆可降低木质素含量,有助于瘤胃纤维降解和丙酸生成;平菇处理水稻秸秆会增加木质素沉积,抑制瘤胃纤维降解以及挥发性脂肪酸和甲烷生成,造成氢气累积和丙酸生成。     

不同处理水稻秸秆对体外瘤胃发酵模式、甲烷产量和微生物区系的影响

本试验旨在研究不同处理水稻秸秆对瘤胃发酵模式、甲烷产量和微生物区系的影响。以3头安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的健康荷斯坦奶牛作为瘤胃液供体,各处理分别以干秸秆(对照)、青贮秸秆、氨化秸秆和碱化秸秆为发酵底物,通过体外产气量法,测定培养72 h内的产气量、甲烷产量、瘤胃发酵参数及瘤胃微生物区系的变化。结果表明:青贮、氨化和碱化处理均显著增加了秸秆体外培养72 h的产气量和24 h的总挥发性脂肪酸浓度(P0.05),碱化处理显著增加了72 h的甲烷产量(P0.05),青贮和氨化处理显著增加了24 h的丙酸含量(P0.05),显著降低了乙酸/丙酸(P0.05)。各处理中以碱化秸秆的产气量(220.3 m L)和甲烷产量(43.23 m L)最高。与未处理的干秸秆相比,氨化和碱化处理显著提高了体外培养24 h培养液中琥珀酸丝状杆菌的相对数量(P0.05),氨化处理显著降低了甲烷菌的相对数量(P0.05),而各处理对培养液中的白色瘤胃球菌、黄色瘤胃球菌、真菌和原虫的相对数量没有显著影响(P0.05)。由此可见,对水稻秸秆进行青贮、氨化和碱化处理,可以不同程度地改变体外瘤胃的发酵模式、甲烷生成以及瘤胃微生物区系的组成;从甲烷减排角度考虑,可选择青贮和氨化的处理方式。     

不同植物精油对体外瘤胃发酵及甲烷产量影响的比较研究

在底物精粗比为6∶4的条件下,在底物中添加不同剂量[使发酵液中植物精油的浓度分别为0(对照)、50、100、200和400 mg/L]的丁子香酚、D-柠烯、茴香脑、肉桂醛、百里香酚或香芹酚,通过体外产气法比较研究不同植物精油对体外瘤胃发酵和甲烷(CH4)产量的影响。每种植物精油的每个剂量设3个重复。体外模拟瘤胃发酵培养24 h,测定产气量和气体中的CH4含量以及发酵液的p H、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)和氨态氮(NH3-N)浓度。结果表明:1)除百里香酚外,添加各种植物精油对体外发酵液p H均无显著影响(P0.05)。2)添加丁子香酚、D-柠烯、茴香脑和肉桂醛对体外发酵液总VFA浓度没有显著影响(P0.05),但总VFA浓度随百里香酚和香芹酚浓度的增加呈二次曲线变化(PQ0.01)。与对照组相比,添加400 mg/L百里香酚和香芹酚显著降低体外发酵液总VFA浓度(P0.01)。D-柠烯、茴香脑、百里香酚和香芹酚的添加改变了各VFA占总VFA的摩尔百分比。与对照组相比,添加50 mg/L D-柠烯和茴香脑使乙酸比例显著增加(P0.05),丙酸比例显著降低(P0.05);而添加400 mg/L D-柠烯和茴香脑则使乙酸比例显著下降(P0.05),丙酸和丁酸比例显著上升(P0.05)。百里香酚和香芹酚的添加对乙酸比例没有产生显著影响(P0.05),与对照组相比,400 mg/L百里香酚和香芹酚使丙酸比例显著下降(P0.05)。3)添加茴香脑、百里香酚和香芹酚显著影响体外发酵液NH3-N浓度(P0.05),与对照组相比,400 mg/L百里香酚和香芹酚显著降低NH3-N浓度(P0.05)。4)添加D-柠烯、茴香脑、肉桂醛对体外发酵24 h产气量没有显著影响(P0.05)。与对照组相比,各浓度的百里香酚和香芹酚均显著降低体外发酵24 h产气量(P0.05),且产气量随百里香酚和香芹酚浓度的增加呈二次曲线变化(PQ0.01)。5)添加D-柠烯、茴香脑和肉桂醛对体外发酵24 h CH4产量没有显著影响(P0.05)。与对照组相比,50和100 mg/L的丁子香酚显著增加体外发酵24 h CH4产量(P0.05),而400 mg/L的百里香酚和香芹酚体外发酵24 h CH4产量分别降低84.7%(P0.05)和73.9%(P0.05)。综合以上试验结果可知,不同植物精油对体外瘤胃发酵和CH4产量的影响结果不同,且与添加剂量有关。其中,低剂量的百里香酚和香芹酚促进体外瘤胃发酵,而高剂量的百里香酚和香芹酚抑制体外瘤胃发酵且显著降低24 h CH4产量。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein