生防细菌HMQ20YJ04发酵条件优化及其对番茄灰霉病的效果评价

菌株HMQ20YJ04是从甘肃民勤盐碱土壤中分离筛选的对多种植物病原真菌具有较强抑菌活性的拮抗细菌。为提高其发酵液的防控效果,以发酵液活菌数作为检测指标,采用单因素试验、正交试验、Plackett-Burman试验和响应曲面法对发酵培养基组分和摇瓶发酵条件进行筛选和优化。结果表明,最佳发酵培养基组分配比为可溶性淀粉5 g/L、酵母提取物10 g/L、Mg SO₄·7H₂O 5 g/L、Na Cl 5 g/L,最佳发酵条件为转速200 r/min、接种量5%、温度32℃、时间60 h、初始p H 6.5。温室盆栽防控番茄灰霉病试验结果表明,该菌株的发酵液对番茄灰霉病具有良好的防控效果,防效为63.03%。研究结果为枯草芽胞杆菌菌株HMQ20YJ04的菌剂研发及番茄灰霉病的生物防治提供了依据。     

解淀粉芽胞杆菌MH71抗菌物质理化特性及对番茄灰霉病菌的抑菌活性

解淀粉芽胞杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MH71是一株高效广谱拮抗活性菌株,明确该菌株发酵液中活性物质的理化特性和抑菌活性,为解淀粉芽胞杆菌生物农药开发应用奠定坚实的基础。本研究在对菌株MH71抑菌活性物质理化特性研究的基础上,以番茄灰霉病菌为供试致病菌,探究了抗菌活性物质对番茄灰霉病菌的抑菌作用;采用酸沉淀和硫酸铵沉淀分别获得脂肽类和蛋白类活性物质,SDS–PAGE电泳和HPLC分别对活性物质进行检测。该菌活性物质具有较强的耐热性和pH适应性,100 ℃处理60 min和121 ℃处理30 min后抑菌活性分别为原有活性的88.98%和79.60%,在pH 3～11时均有抑菌活性,且对紫外线、蛋白酶K、胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶不敏感。该抗菌活性物质对番茄灰霉病菌菌丝的毒力测定结果表明,不同浓度发酵液处理的番茄灰霉病菌菌丝呈现出较多局部膨大或溢缩等异常菌丝。其发酵液经酸沉淀法得到抗菌脂肽类活性物质,经硫酸铵沉淀法得到抗菌蛋白,脂肽类的抑菌活性高于抗菌蛋白类物质,SDS–PAGE电泳检测,得到约40 kD的蛋白条带,HPLC检测表明该抗菌物质中有surfactin存在。     

大丽轮枝菌拮抗细菌枯草芽孢杆菌12-34菌株发酵产抗菌蛋白的条件优化

采用单因素试验及正交试验结合的方法,优化大丽轮枝菌拮抗细菌枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）12-34菌株产抗菌蛋白的发酵条件。通过单因素试验和正交试验,确定了B. subtilis 12-34菌株产抗菌蛋白的适宜碳源、氮源和无机离子,优化了培养基的组成;并对B. subtilis 12-34菌株产抗菌蛋白的发酵时间、装瓶量、接种量、培养基初始pH、摇床转速和发酵温度进行了优化。结果显示,B. subtilis 12-34菌株产抗菌蛋白的最佳培养基组成为玉米粉5%,牛肉浸膏3%,CaCl 2 0.10%,KCl 0.05%;B. subtilis 12-34菌株产抗菌蛋白的最佳发酵条件为培养基初始pH9.0,种子液按10%接种量接种至50 mL/250 mL三角瓶中,200 r/min,37 ℃培养48 h。优化后表征抑菌蛋白产量的抑菌圈直径增大了115.5%。     

小串链霉菌XG40菌株发酵条件优化及其次生代谢产物性质研究

为进一步提高小串链霉菌Streptomyces catenulae XG40对琯溪蜜柚黑斑病的生防效果，通过碳、氮源单因子试验、正交试验和发酵条件优化，以菌浓度和抑菌带宽为指标确定其最佳发酵培养基配方和发酵条件。进一步用乙酸乙酯提取菌株XG40发酵液中的活性物质并测定其理化性质。结果表明，菌株XG40最佳发酵培养基配方为玉米粉50 g/L，黄豆粉9 g/L，酵母粉6 g/L，NaCl 0.5 g/L，K₂HPO₄ 0.5 g/L，MgSO₄.7H₂O 0.5 g/L，FeSO₄.7H₂O 0.01 g/L；最佳发酵条件为初始pH 7.0，温度28 ℃，装液量100 mL/500 mL，接种量7%，转速160 r/min，发酵时间6 d。菌株XG40发酵液的活性物质对蜜柚黑斑病菌菌丝生长有很强的抑制作用，该活性物质较耐酸碱和短时间（180 min）紫外线照射，耐贮性高，但高温对其抗菌活性有一定的影响。小串链霉菌XG40可为开发针对蜜柚黑斑病的生物农药提供新的原材料，其活性物质抑菌效果良好，稳定易保存，可为进一步开发利用奠定基础。     

吡咯伯克霍尔德氏菌JK-SH007的发酵条件及其对杨树溃疡病的防治效果

本文研究了拮抗细菌吡咯伯克霍尔德氏菌Burkholderia pyrrocinia菌株JK-SH007产抗菌物质的最佳发酵条件及其对杨树溃疡病的野外防治效果。结果表明,牛肉膏、蛋白胨是发酵培养基中最佳营养物质,有利于菌株JK-SH007抗菌物质的产生;培养基初始pH、培养时间、温度、培养体积、不同牛肉膏、蛋白胨组合等对菌株生长及其抗菌物质的产生有明显的影响,初始pH7、牛肉膏2g、蛋白胨20g、以1/2装液量装液、30℃振荡培养36h可获得较高产量的胞外分泌型抗菌物质;菌株JK-SH007的发酵液对杨树溃疡病的野外防效可达40.54%。     

葡萄霜霉病菌拮抗放线菌PY-1发酵条件优化

为探讨暗黑链霉菌Streptomyces atratus PY-1液体摇瓶发酵条件,提高其活性次级代谢产物的产量,以菌体生物量和发酵液抑制葡萄霜霉病菌Plasmopara viticola活性为指标,采用单因子试验和正交试验对菌株PY-1的最适发酵培养基成分及发酵条件进行优化。结果表明,菌株PY-1最适发酵培养基为玉米粉50 g/L、葡萄糖5 g/L、蛋白胨5 g/L、氯化铵5 g/L、氯化钠 0.5 g/L;最佳发酵培养条件为培养温度28 ℃、培养时间5 d、初始pH 7.0、250 mL三角瓶装液量90 mL、接种量体积分数5%、摇床转速180 r/min。在最佳发酵培养基和培养条件下,菌株PY-1发酵液抑菌率达到99.26%,抑菌能力提高8.35%。     

黄瓜土传病害拮抗细菌的筛选、鉴定及生防特性研究

为了有效防治黄瓜的土传病害,本文从黄瓜根际土壤中分离得到256株细菌,利用平板对峙试验筛选到一株拮抗菌ZM-1。通过形态、生理生化和分子生物学方法对菌株进行鉴定,测定菌株产生的抑菌物质。通过正交实验法与单因素法对菌株进行发酵优化,并通过盆栽试验测定菌株防病能力。结果表明,菌株ZM-1为铜绿假单胞菌Pseudomonas aeruginosa,该菌对黄瓜枯萎病菌Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumebrium 和黄瓜疫病菌Phytophthora drechsleri的抑制率分别为62.80%和65.58%。该菌株可以产生纤维素酶、铁载体等多种抑菌物质。经过最佳发酵优化,菌株发酵液菌含量可达到1×10¹⁰ cfu/mL以上。最适发酵培养基配方为蔗糖5 g/L、胰蛋白胨10 g/L、K₂HPO₄ 10 g/L,发酵条件温度25 ℃、pH 7.5、时间48 h、接种量2%。盆栽试验表明,菌株ZM-1对黄瓜枯萎病和黄瓜疫病的防效分别为53.97%和51.11%。本研究表明拮抗菌ZM-1在防治黄瓜土传病害方面具有开发应用的潜力。     

梨火疫病菌拮抗细菌FX1培养基及摇瓶发酵条件优化

贝莱斯芽胞杆菌Bacillus velezensis FX1是从新疆库尔勒香梨生产区果蔬天然酵素发酵液中分离筛选出的对梨火疫病菌Erwinia amylovora具有较强拮抗作用的菌株。为提高其抑菌活性物质的产量和防病效果，本研究以平板抑菌活性和发酵液活菌浓度作为检测指标，采用单因素试验、Plackett-Burman试验和响应曲面法对培养基成分（碳源、氮源、无机盐）及摇瓶发酵条件（温度、转速以及初始pH）进行筛选和优化，确定FX1菌株的最适培养基和发酵条件。结果表明，FX1的最适培养基为：玉米淀粉10.0 g/L，酵母膏25.1 g/L，KH₂PO₄0.5 g/L，MnSO₄0.001 g/L；最适发酵条件为初始pH 7.0，转速150 r/min，温度30.9 ℃，装液量100 mL/500 mL，培养时间48 h。优化后FX1菌株活菌数可达1.53×10⁹ CFU/mL，抑菌圈直径可达26.6 mm，相比优化前分别增加了3.10倍和1.32倍。苹果离体花序的防效试验结果显示，喷施FX1菌体发酵液、无菌发酵滤液和脂肽类物质粗提取液能显著降低花腐率（P＜0.05），对梨火疫病的保护性防效分别可达68.53%、71.47%和76.30%，均高于优化前。研究结果为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌FX1菌剂的开发及其在梨火疫病生物防治中的应用提供了依据。     

生防枯草芽孢杆菌HMB19198发酵培养基的筛选及优化

枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis HMB19198菌株能有效防治番茄灰霉病,脂肽类抗生素泛革素(fengycin)是该菌株产生的主要抑菌活性物质。为提高HMB19198菌株的发酵水平,本研究以活芽孢浓度为检测指标,通过对8种常用工业培养基进行筛选,获得了利于HMB19198菌株芽孢形成的基础培养基。采用单因素试验筛选HMB19198菌株芽孢产量较高的碳源和氮源组合,结果表明,以可溶性玉米淀粉和糖蜜作为碳源、以花生饼浸粉和蛋白胨作为氮源时,有利于HMB19198菌株芽孢的形成。进一步运用Plackett-Burman及响应曲面分析相结合的方法,对碳源物质玉米淀粉和糖蜜,氮源物质花生饼浸粉和蛋白胨,以及无机盐K₂HPO₄?3H₂O和MgSO₄?7H₂O的适宜浓度进行了优化。优化后发酵培养基配方中各成分的质量浓度分别为:可溶性玉米淀粉67.0 g/L、糖蜜14.1 g/L、花生饼浸粉41.6 g/L、蛋白胨10 g/L、K₂HPO₄?3H₂O 9.2 g/L以及MgSO₄?7H₂O 1.5 g/L。在优化培养基中,HMB19198菌株发酵液的芽孢浓度可达到6.92 × 109 个/mL;同基础培养基相比,采用优化后的培养基,菌株发酵周期缩短了40%,发酵液中芽孢浓度提高了107%,泛革素浓度提高了39.4%。     

链霉菌SS9-1发酵条件优化及其对番茄灰霉病的防治效果研究

本实验室前期从铁棒锤根际土壤样品中分离到一株高加索链霉菌Streptomyces ciscaucasicus SS9-1,抗菌活性试验发现其对番茄灰霉病原菌灰葡萄孢Botrytis cinerea具有较好的抑制作用。为进一步提高其对番茄灰霉病的抑菌效果,采用单因素试验、正交试验对SS9-1进行发酵培养基配方和发酵条件优化,并对其发酵滤液进行了番茄灰霉病的抑菌作用试验及盆栽防治效果试验。结果表明,菌株SS9-1最佳发酵配方为：可溶性淀粉4%、KNO₃ 1%、酵母浸粉0.25%、NaCl 0.2%、MnCl₂·4H₂O 0.002%;最佳发酵条件为：装液量150 mL、接种量3%、初始pH 8.0、发酵温度28℃、发酵时间7 d。平板对峙试验发现,番茄灰霉病菌丝受发酵滤液影响后,出现膨大畸变现象;菌株SS9-1对番茄灰霉菌孢子的萌发也具有很强的抑制作用,处理12、24h后萌发抑制率分别为97.83%和96.07%。盆栽试验中,菌株SS9-1发酵滤液原液防治效果达到了98.43%,明显高于药剂对照40%嘧霉胺SC 500倍稀释...     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.