哺乳仔猪免疫蓝耳病弱毒疫苗对猪瘟免疫抗体水平的影响

为探索哺乳仔猪免疫蓝耳病弱毒疫苗对猪瘟免疫抗体水平的影响,本试验通过对哺乳仔猪14日龄免疫猪蓝耳病弱毒疫苗,21日龄免疫猪瘟弱毒疫苗,50日龄（猪瘟免疫后30d）检测猪瘟抗体水平。结果：经典猪蓝耳病弱毒疫苗（CH-1R株）和高致病性猪蓝耳病疫苗（JXAl-R株）对猪瘟免疫抗体的产生均有抑制作用（分别为P〈0．05、P〈0．01）,且高致病性蓝耳病弱毒疫苗（JXA1-R株）对猪瘟免疫抗体产生的抑制作用显著高于经典蓝耳病弱毒疫苗（CH-1R株）。     

高致病性猪蓝耳病弱毒疫苗与灭活疫苗的免疫效果评估试验

在相同饲养条件下,对35日龄仔猪分别使用高致病性猪蓝耳病弱毒疫苗与灭活疫苗进行免疫接种。在接种当天、接种后28d、58d分别检测高致病性猪蓝耳病免疫抗体水平。结果显示,使用弱毒疫苗免疫的试验猪,其高致病性猪蓝耳病抗体上升速度和抗体水平均优于使用灭活疫苗的试验猪。弱毒疫苗可在接种后21～28d产生免疫力,免疫期为4个月。猪繁殖与呼吸综合征流行地区应该首先考虑使用弱毒疫苗。     

高致病性猪蓝耳病弱毒疫苗与灭活苗免疫效果评估

相同饲养条件下的35日龄仔猪分别使用高致病性猪蓝耳病弱毒疫苗与灭活苗进行首免,并分别在首免当日、首免后28 d、首免后58 d检测高致病性猪蓝耳病免疫抗体水平。结果发现,使用弱毒疫苗免疫的猪高致病性猪蓝耳病抗体上升速度和抗体水平均优于使用灭活苗免疫猪。试验结果表明,高致病性猪蓝耳病弱毒疫苗可在接种后21-28 d产生免疫力,免疫期为4个月,猪繁殖与呼吸综合征流行的地区应首先考虑使用弱毒疫苗进行免疫。     

猪蓝耳病弱毒苗对猪的免疫效果分析

目的观察高致病性猪蓝耳病弱毒疫苗对猪的免疫效果。方法从某猪场选取90头仔猪,随机分为A组、B组、对照组,各30头。A组接种高致病性猪蓝耳病弱毒疫苗,B组接种高致病性猪蓝耳病灭活疫苗,C组给予生理盐水作为对照组。在免疫后28d、60d、90d时对比三组的S/P值与PRRS抗体阳性率。结果免疫28d时,A组仔猪S/P值超过2.0,增速很快,其PRRS抗体检测阳性率高达93.3%,B组为33.3%,差异显著(P0.05),有统计学意义。结论与灭活苗相比,高致病性猪蓝耳病弱毒苗抗体水平与抗体增速均更明显,免疫效果更好,因此,可优先考虑弱毒疫苗。     

猪瘟脾淋苗、猪O型口蹄疫和猪蓝耳病灭活苗两两联合应用的免疫效果观察

将猪瘟弱毒脾淋疫苗、猪O型口蹄疫灭活疫苗(Ⅱ)和高致病性猪蓝耳病灭活疫苗采用两两组合的方式同时分部位免疫35日龄左右的健康仔猪,观察并记录其免疫反应。在疫苗免疫后0、4、14、21d和28d无菌取猪血清,用ELISA检测免疫后三种疫苗抗体水平的动态变化。试验结果表明:猪瘟和猪口蹄疫疫苗同时免疫,效果较好;猪口蹄疫和高致病性猪蓝耳病疫苗同时免疫,效果较差;猪瘟疫苗和高致病性猪蓝耳病疫苗同时免疫,效果不明显,还需进一步验证。     

蓝耳病疫苗对猪瘟弱毒疫苗免疫效果的影响

为了探明猪蓝耳病阳性场猪蓝病TJM-F92株弱毒疫苗是否对猪瘟疫苗免疫效果存在影响,按照不同的免疫模式将试验动物分为7组,在注射疫苗前(第0周)、注射疫苗后(第2,4,6周)采集血样,通过酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测各组试验猪猪瘟、蓝耳病抗体水平,用流式细胞术检测各组猪的淋巴细胞亚群水平,从体液免疫和细胞免疫两个方面分别验证猪蓝耳病阳性场猪蓝耳病TJM-F92株弱毒疫苗对猪瘟疫苗的免疫效果是否有干扰作用。结果表明:猪蓝耳病阳性猪场蓝耳病弱毒疫苗对猪瘟疫苗体液免疫和细胞免疫应答干扰作用不明显(P0.05),说明在蓝耳病阳性猪场猪蓝耳病TJM-F92株弱毒疫苗可以和猪瘟疫苗同时免疫。     

新必妥对仔猪体液免疫效果的影响

本试验选取21日龄的健康仔猪12头，随机分为3组，分别肌肉注射猪瘟兔化弱毒疫苗1头份（对照组）、猪瘟兔化弱毒疫苗1头份＋猪脾转移因子0．15mL／kg体重（试验1组）和猪瘟兔化弱毒疫苗1头份＋猪脾转移因子0．25mL／kg体重（试验2组），分别于21、60日龄各免疫1次．以研究猪脾转移因子对仔猪猪瘟兔化弱毒疫苗免疫效果的影响。结果表明．首免后14～35d试验组的免疫效果均显著优于对照组，二免后5～15d试验2组显著优于对照组。另外，选取35日龄的健康仔猪12头，随机分为3组，分别肌肉注射猪蓝耳病弱毒疫苗1头份（对照组）、猪蓝耳病弱毒疫苗1头份＋猪脾转移因子0．15mL／kg体重（试验1组）和猪蓝耳病弱毒疫苗1头份＋猪脾转移因子0．25mL／kg体重（试验2组），以研究猪脾转移因子对仔猪蓝耳病弱毒疫苗免疫效果的影响。结果表明，免疫后14～35d试验组的免疫效果均显著优于对照组，42～60d试验2组显著优于对照组。表明猪脾转移因子对仔猪体液免疫有一定的增强作用。     

常见猪病的免疫程序

1生长肥育猪的免疫程序 1日龄进行猪瘟弱毒苗超前免疫,仔猪出生后在未食初乳前,先注射1头份猪瘟弱毒苗,隔1～2小时后再让仔猪吃初乳,这种方法适用于常发猪瘟的猪场：7～15日龄接种气喘病疫苗：10日龄肌肉或皮下注射传染性萎缩性鼻炎疫苗;10～15日龄接种仔猪水肿病疫苗：2013龄肌注猪瘟疫苗;     

不同类型猪蓝耳病疫苗的体液免疫效果比较

为科学评价不同猪蓝耳病疫苗对生产母猪和仔猪免疫效果,选取11个规模猪场,分别使用猪蓝耳病进口弱毒疫苗、国产弱毒疫苗、普通灭活疫苗、猪高致病性蓝耳病灭活疫苗对生产母猪和仔猪进行免疫,二免28d后,采集免疫猪群的血清,进行免疫抗体检测,结果表明:生产母猪使用不同类型的蓝耳病疫苗免疫后所产生的抗体阳性率均高于仔猪免疫后所产生的抗体阳性率。     

79105株猪瘟病毒的生物学特性

某厂生产的猪瘟兔化弱毒乳兔苗,接种仔猪后出现死亡病例。从疫苗(79105批)中分离出非疫苗株猪瘟病毒,定名为79105株猪瘟病毒。这株病毒的某些特性与标准猪瘟强毒株不同:毒价低,接种非免疫仔猪后     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein