嗜酸乳杆菌的亚油酸异构酶基因克隆及其pMG36e表达载体的构建

以嗜酸乳杆菌基因组为模板,对亚油酸异构酶基因进行PCR,PCR产物克隆到pMD-19T质粒中,经菌落PCR、酶切分析和DNA测序鉴定克隆成功后,亚克隆入乳酸菌表达质粒pMG36e,构建乳酸菌表达载体pMG36e-LAI并转化到大肠杆菌DH5α中,经菌落PCR和酶切分析初步证明表达载体pMG36e-LAI构建成功。该研究为利用工程菌工业化生产高产量、高活性亚油酸异构酶制剂来生产CLA奠定基础。     

嗜酸乳杆菌的应用研究进展

嗜酸乳杆菌为革兰阳性的益生菌，属于乳杆菌属，研究表明其安全无毒、不转移细菌耐药性。嗜酸乳杆菌的临床应用广泛，用途主要包括：配合抗病原体药物治疗动物肠道细菌病或某些病毒病；提高饲料营养价值和动物源食品的营养价值；通过调节机体免疫系统、限制体内病原体的定植、调节代谢等，提高动物机体免疫力；治疗动物过敏性疾病；显著改善AD模型大鼠的空间记忆损伤，恢复动物神经系统功能；抗炎，缓解小鼠肠黏膜炎症损伤等。本文阐述了嗜酸乳杆菌的应用及其作用机制，并对其未来研究重点提出了建议，以期为嗜酸乳杆菌动物专用产品和制剂的研发提供参考，拓宽嗜酸乳杆菌的临床应用范围，延长其使用寿命。     

牛病毒性腹泻病毒E0基因重组表达质粒pMG36e-E0的构建与免疫原性分析

利用SacⅠ、HindⅢ限制性内切酶分别对pMG36e与pMD19-T-E0进行双酶切,将目的基因E0整合入穿梭表达载体pMG36e,构建牛病毒性腹泻病毒E0基因重组表达质粒pMG36e-E0。提取重组质粒pMG36e-E0,进行双酶切鉴定及PCR鉴定。将阳性重组质粒pMG36e-E0转化到大肠杆菌DH5α中进行表达,对表达产物进行SDSPAGE和Western-blotting鉴定。用表达的E0蛋白二次免疫家兔,间接ELISA法检测其血清抗体水平。结果,重组质粒经双酶切得到大小分别约为3 600、691bp的2个片段,PCR扩增出691bp的片段,双酶切与PCR鉴定结果表明目的基因E0正确插入到载体pMG36e中。SDS-PAGE电泳结果表明E0基因在大肠杆菌获得了表达,表达产物相对分子质量大小约为27 000。Western-blotting分析结果证明表达产物能被BVDV阳性血清所识别。ELISA检测结果证明表达的E0融合蛋白能刺激动物产生抗体,具有天然蛋白的免疫原性。     

双歧杆菌及其产品缓解肠炎症状的研究进展

双歧杆菌具有调节肠道菌群、缓解功能性胃肠道疾病的功能,是目前广为使用的用于改善人体肠道的益生菌之一。炎症性肠病（inflammatory bowel disease,IBD）是一种慢性复发性炎症性疾病,该疾病伴随着肠黏膜溃疡、细胞死亡,并且容易复发。近年来,相关报道在肠炎治疗方面提到了双歧杆菌的益生作用。本文概述双歧杆菌、双歧杆菌产品、双歧杆菌代谢物对IBD的缓解效果,为双歧杆菌在医药方面的应用提供新的研究方向。     

嗜酸乳杆菌发酵培养工艺研究

嗜酸乳杆菌（Lactobacillus acidophilus）属于乳杆菌属,是肠道重要的益生菌,对维持胃肠道的生理功能有重要作用,被广泛用于发酵食品与微生态制剂。在20世纪末,世界各地就开始了对嗜酸乳杆菌的研究和开发,并越来越受到重视,是目前乳酸菌家族中极为重视研究与开发的益生菌之一,被视为第三代酸乳发酵剂菌种。     

益生菌对肉鸡肠黏膜免疫屏障的影响

肉鸡肠道疾病严重影响着养鸡业的发展,利用益生菌防治肉鸡的肠道疾病已成为当今的研究热点。本文综述了益生菌的特点、肠黏膜免疫屏障、益生菌对肉鸡肠黏膜免疫屏障的作用(调节肠道内微生物的平衡、预防和治疗肠道炎症、增强肠道的免疫屏障),旨在阐明益生菌在肉鸡肠黏膜免疫屏障中的研究进展,为规模化养殖场合理使用益生菌提供理论依据。     

益生菌调节肠道黏膜免疫研究进展

肠是脊椎动物最大的免疫器官,肠黏膜免疫稳态需具备良好的黏膜上皮屏障完整性,提高吸收能力从而抵御病原的侵袭。因此,肠上皮屏障功能的破坏会导致多种肠道疾病。肠上皮屏障包括多种肠上皮细胞,其除消化作用外还可调节肠黏膜免疫反应。肠道内存在大量共生菌群,这些微生物对营养物质的摄入、新陈代谢和免疫稳态具有调节作用,其中益生菌可调节肠道屏障功能并激活黏膜免疫应答。阐述黏膜相关免疫细胞的功能,介绍益生菌及工程菌的免疫调节特性,基于黏膜免疫及其机制的研究来分析并比较不同益生菌对黏膜免疫的调节作用,以期为预防疾病、缓解肠道损伤及黏膜疫苗的研制奠定理论基础。     

微生态制剂在肉鸡生产中的应用

正微生态制剂,俗称益生菌是根据动物微生态学原理研制的可用于调节动物体内微生态平衡,增强免疫功能,促进生长,提高饲料转化率的一类微生物。目前,我国批准作为饲料添加剂的菌种有:干酪乳酸菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、乳酸肠球菌、粪链球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、沼泽红假单孢菌等16种。     

基于16S rDNA测序分析腹腔注射苦参碱的昆明小鼠肠道菌群结构

旨在通过16S rDNA测序技术分析腹腔注射苦参碱的昆明小鼠肠道菌群的结构。本研究将20只昆明小鼠随机分为2组,分别是苦参碱组(MT组)和阴性对照组(NC组),连续腹腔给药5 d,每天给药2次,收集各组粪便和各肠段组织,进行β多样性、Lefse及Metastats分析,qPCR检测差异菌种在各肠段的mRNA表达量,通过KEGG分析肠道菌群变化导致的代谢途径差异。稀释曲线结果显示,所测样本数据足以反映样品中物种多样性;β多样性分析结果显示,苦参碱可以调节肠道菌群的结构,Lefse及Metastats分析结果均显示,苦参碱显著增加了拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、拟杆菌目(Bacteroidales)、Muribaculaceae、益生菌嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)的丰度,而显著减少了厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、瘤胃菌科(Ruminococcaceae)和脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)的丰度。与Lefse及Metastats分析结果一致,qPCR结果显示苦参碱组小鼠粪便中嗜酸乳杆菌含量增加。同时,苦参碱可以增强嗜酸乳杆菌在各肠段的定植。通过KEGG分析发现,NC与MT组之间在聚糖的生物合成与代谢、运输与分解代谢等代谢途径存在显著差异。本研究结果表明,腹腔注射苦参碱可以显著改变昆明小鼠肠道菌群的结构,增加有益菌嗜酸乳杆菌在肠道中的定植,并造成了聚糖生物合成与代谢、运输与分解代谢等代谢途径的差异,为进一步揭示苦参碱发挥药效作用的机理奠定了基础。     

基于16S rDNA测序分析腹腔注射苦参碱的昆明小鼠肠道菌群结构

旨在通过16S rDNA测序技术分析腹腔注射苦参碱的昆明小鼠肠道菌群的结构。本研究将20只昆明小鼠随机分为2组,分别是苦参碱组(MT组)和阴性对照组(NC组),连续腹腔给药5 d,每天给药2次,收集各组粪便和各肠段组织,进行β多样性、Lefse及Metastats分析,qPCR检测差异菌种在各肠段的mRNA表达量,通过KEGG分析肠道菌群变化导致的代谢途径差异。稀释曲线结果显示,所测样本数据足以反映样品中物种多样性;β多样性分析结果显示,苦参碱可以调节肠道菌群的结构,Lefse及Metastats分析结果均显示,苦参碱显著增加了拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、拟杆菌目(Bacteroidales)、Muribaculaceae、益生菌嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)的丰度,而显著减少了厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、瘤胃菌科(Ruminococcaceae)和脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)的丰度。与Lefse及Metastats分析结果一致,qPCR结果显示苦参碱组小鼠粪便中嗜酸乳杆菌含量增加。同时,苦参碱可以增强嗜酸乳杆菌在各肠段的定植。通过KEGG分析发现,NC与MT组之间在聚糖的生物合成与代谢、运输与分解代谢等代谢途径存在显著差异。本研究结果表明,腹腔注射苦参碱可以显著改变昆明小鼠肠道菌群的结构,增加有益菌嗜酸乳杆菌在肠道中的定植,并造成了聚糖生物合成与代谢、运输与分解代谢等代谢途径的差异,为进一步揭示苦参碱发挥药效作用的机理奠定了基础。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein