Foliar Nitrogen as an Indicator of Nitrogen Deposition and Critical Loads Exceedance on a European Scale

The foliar N content of bryophytes and Calluna vulgaris (L.) has been shown to be an indicator of atmospheric N deposition in the UK at a regional scale (1000km) and more recently on a smaller scale in the vicinity of intensive livestock farms. This work extends the geographical scale of the relationship between foliar N concentration of Calluna vulgaris and other ericaceous shrubs and N deposition with 2 measurement transects, one extending from northern Finland to southern Norway (2000 km) and the other extending from central Sweden to Stockholm, south east Sweden (330 km). Included in the second transect is a region of complex terrain in the Transtrand uplands, where the variation in N deposition with altitude and canopy cover was quantified using ²¹⁰Pb inventories in organic soil. The relationship between foliar N (F_N) and N deposition was shown to increase linearly with N deposition (N_D) over the range 0.8% N to 1.4% N according to F_N = 0.040N_D + 0.793 (r² = 0.70). The data are entirely consistent with earlier studies which together provide a valuable indicator of critical loads exceedance, the threshold value being approximately 1.5% N, which is equivalent to a N deposition of 20 kg N ha^?1 y^?1.     

Are Indicators for Critical Load Exceedance Related to Forest Condition?

The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of the (Ca?+?Mg?+?K)/Al and the Ca/Al ratios in soil solution as chemical criteria for forest condition in critical load calculations for forest ecosystems. The tree species Norway spruce, Sitka spruce and beech were studied in an area with high deposition of sea salt and nitrogen in the south-western part of Jutland, Denmark. Throughfall and soil water were collected monthly and analysed for pH, NO₃-N, NH₄-N, K, Ca, Mg, DOC and Al_tot. Organic Al was estimated using DOC concentrations. Increment and defoliation were determined annually, and foliar element concentrations were determined every other year. The throughfall deposition was highest in the Sitka spruce stand (maximum of 40 kg N ha^?1yr^?1) and lowest in the beech stand (maximum of 11 kg N ha^?1yr^?1). The Sitka spruce stand leached on average 12 kg N ha^?1yr^?1 during the period 1988–1997 and leaching increased throughout the period. Only small amounts of N were leached from the Norway spruce stand whereas almost no N was leached from the beech stand. For all tree species, both (Ca?+?Mg?+?K)/Al and Ca/Al ratios decreased in soil solution at 90 cm depth between 1989 and 1999, which was mainly caused by a decrease in concentrations of base cations. The toxic inorganic Al species were by far the most abundant Al species at 90 cm depth. At the end of the measurement period, the (Ca?+?Mg?+?K)/Al ratio was approximately 1 for all species while the Ca/Al ratio was approximately 0.2. The lack of a trend in the increment rates, a decrease in defoliation as well as sufficient levels of Mg and Ca in foliage suggested an unchanged or even slightly improved health condition, despite the decreasing and very low (Ca?+?Mg?+?K)/Al and Ca/Al ratios. The suitability of these soil solution element ratios is questioned as the chemical criteria for soil acidification under field conditions in areas with elevated deposition rates of sea salts, in particular Mg.     

Critical Loads of SO2 Dry Deposition and Their Exceedance in South China

The critical loads of SO₂ dry deposition in South China,which is transferred from critical level, as well the excess ofcritical loads are computed and mapped. The areas with thelowest critical load and the highest excess are, respectively,identified. The research is complementary to the previousresearches on critical loads for soils, and expected to beintegrated with them to make efficient sulfur emission abatement strategy.     

Carbon Monoxide and Nitrogen Oxides Pollution in Moscow

Major factors (emissions and meteorology) controlling pollution patterns in Moscow are discussed in the context of different types of urban land use. Nitrogen oxide pollution is one of the main air quality problems in the city. Power generation is the major source of nitrogen oxides: in 1994, it accounted for 63% of the total NOx emissions with transport contributing 30%. CO emissions are produced almost entirely by road transport. An increase in CO levels has been observed since 1990 in line with growing car ownership. Analyses of seasonal and diurnal variations in CO, NO and NO2 concentrations are presented. Meteorological conditions during an intense pollution episode are analysed in the context of the characteristics of the main sources of pollution. The occurrence of high levels of CO concentrations is associated with high pressure systems, surface-based inversions and low wind speeds. High concentrations of NO2 are caused by fumigation of the surface with pollutants emitted by power plants. The passage of warm weather fronts, the decay of elevated temperature inversions, and stronger winds are identified as meteorological condition leading to NO2 build-up.     

A New Critical Nitrogen Dilution Curve for Rice Nitrogen Status Diagnosis in Northeast China

In-season diagnosis of crop nitrogen(N) status is crucial for precision N management. Critical N(N_c) dilution curve and N nutrition index(NNI) have been proposed as effective methods to diagnose N status of different crops. The N_c dilution curves have been developed for indica rice in the tropical and temperate zones and japonica rice in the subtropical-temperate zone, but they have not been evaluated for short-season japonica rice in Northeast China. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the previously developed N_c dilution curves for rice in Northeast China and to develop a more suitable N_c dilution curve in this region. A total of17 N rate experiments were conducted in Sanjiang Plain, Heilongjiang Province in Northeast China from 2008 to 2013. The results indicated that none of the two previously developed N_c dilution curves was suitable to diagnose N status of the short-season japonica rice in Northeast China. A new N_c dilution curve was developed and can be described by the equation N_c = 27.7 W~(-0.34) if W ≥ 1 Mg dry matter(DM) ha~(-1) or N_c = 27.7 g kg~(-1) DM if W 1 Mg DM ha~(-1), where W is the aboveground biomass. This new curve was lower than the previous curves. It was validated using a separate dataset, and it could discriminate non-N-limiting and N-limiting nutritional conditions. Additional studies are needed to further evaluate it for diagnosing N status of different rice cultivars in Northeast China and develop efficient non-destructive methods to estimate NNI for practical applications.     

Deposition and Critical Loads of Nitrogen in Switzerland

Many ecosystems in Switzerland suffer from eutrophication due to increased atmospheric nitrogen (N) input. In order to get an overview of the problem, critical loads for nutrient N were mapped with a resolution of 1×1 km applying two methods recommended by the UN/ECE: the steady state mass balance method for productive forests, and the empirical method for semi-natural vegetation, such as natural forests, (sub-)alpine or species-rich grassland and raised bogs. The national forest inventory and a detailed atlas of vegetation types were used to identify the areas sensitive to N input. The total N input was calculated as the sum of NO₃ ^?, NH₄ ⁺, NH₃, NO₂ and HNO₃ wet and dry deposition. Wet deposition was determined on the basis of a precipitation map and concentration measurements. Dry deposition was calculated with inferential methods including land-use specific deposition velocities. The concentration fields for NH₃ and NO₂ were obtained from emission inventories combined with dispersion models. Reduced N compounds account for 63% of total deposition in Switzerland. As indicated by exceeded critical loads, the highest risk for harmful effects of N deposition (decrease of ecosystem stability, species shift and losses) is expected on forests and raised bogs in the lowlands, where local emissions are intense. At high altitudes and in dry inner-alpine valleys, deposition rates are significantly lower.     

Absorption Kinetics of Nitrogen Oxides using Sodium Chlorite Solutions in Twin Spray Columns

NO _X is a major pollutant that causes acid deposition and photochemical smog. A large amount of NO _X is emitted from combustion sources such as power plants. As some articles have indicated, NO _X removal with NaClO₂ solution in an absorption column is an effective control approach. In this approach, first insoluble NO is oxidized into water-soluble NO₂ under acidic conditions, then NO₂ is removed in alkaline NaClO₂ solutions. The results indicate that the reaction rate constant is 9.1×10⁴ (L)^4.4/cm⁶/s/mol^2.4 in the first absorption column with acidic conditions, and the reaction orders with respect to NO and NaClO₂ are 1.4 and 2, respectively. In the second absorption column with alkaline conditions, the reaction rate constant is 3.2×10⁷ (L)^5.2/cm⁶/s/mol^3.2 and the reaction orders with respect to NO and NaClO₂ are 1.6 and 2.5, respectively. The activation energies in the first and second absorption column are 71.8 and 139.6 kJ/mol, respectively.     

不同水分条件下葡萄临界氮稀释曲线模型的建立及氮素营养诊断

以1a生葡萄植株“红提”为试材,在Venlo型试验温室内进行土壤水分和施氮量双因素区组试验。试验设置4个灌水水平,分别为正常灌溉量W1（田间最大持水量的70%～80%）、轻度水分胁迫W2（60%～70%）、中度水分胁迫W3（50%～60%）和重度水分胁迫W4（30%～40%）;设置4个施氮水平,分别为1.5倍推荐施氮量（N1,25.5g plant-1）、正常推荐施氮量（N2,17g plant-1）、0.5倍推荐施氮量（N3,8.5g plant-1）和不施用氮肥（N4,0g plant-1）。每10d观测一次植株体内氮浓度和植株地上部生物量,利用不同水分条件下葡萄植株在一定生长时期内所获最大生物量时对应的最小氮浓度值即临界氮浓度（Nc）构建葡萄临界氮浓度稀释曲线模型,并在此基础上建立氮素吸收模型（Nupt）和氮素营养指数模型（NNI）,对不同水分条件下葡萄氮营养状况进行定量诊断。结果表明：设施葡萄植株临界氮浓度与地上部生物量存在幂函数关系,随着灌水量的增加,葡萄植株临界氮浓度值增大,氮素吸收量及地上部生物量也呈增加趋势;在W1、W2水分条件下,葡萄植株生物量随施氮量增加而增加,而W3和W4处理葡萄生物量随施氮量增加呈先增后降的趋势;在相同水分条件下,氮浓度随施氮量增加而增加,随葡萄生长进程而降低;利用Nupt和NNI模型可对植株体内氮营养元素亏缺与否进行有效诊断。     

协调水稻产量和品质的植株临界氮浓度的确定

根据植株氮营养状况指导优质米生产具有重要意义。试验以五优稻4号为供试材料,以密度为主区(密度分别为每平方米18穴和25穴),氮量为副区(氮量分别为0、75、105、135 kg hm^-2),测定水稻植株全氮、籽粒无机氮含量、水稻产量和品质等指标,以期为实现水稻丰产优质提供理论依据。结果表明:施氮量和水稻产量呈2次曲线关系,最高产量施氮量为113～126kg hm^-2,经济合理施氮量为110～125 kg hm^-2;随着施氮量增加,各个时期水稻植株含氮量,收获期籽粒铵态氮和硝态氮含量显著提高,N105处理与N0处理间上述指标差异均显著(P <0.05),而N105和N135处理间只有籽粒无机氮含量差异显著;施氮后籽粒蛋白质含量有增加趋势,随着施氮量增加稻米食味值下降,N135处理食味降低超过10%(P <0.05),其他处理间差异不显著。密度增加,水稻氮素积累量增加,产量提高了11.4%;稀植有利于提高地上部含氮量、籽粒铵态氮和硝态氮含量;稀植出米率提高了4.77个百分点(P <0.05),食味值有降低趋...     

Bisphenol A Adsorption Onto Metals Oxides and Organic Materials in the Natural Surface Coatings Samples (NSCSs) and Surficial Sediments (SSs): Inhibition for the Importance of Mn Oxides

Selective extraction techniques followed by batch adsorption experiments and statistical analyses were employed to investigate the adsorption behavior of bisphenol A (BPA) onto the natural surface coatings samples (NSCSs) and surficial sediments (SSs) and estimate the relative contribution of components (i.e. Fe oxides, Mn oxides, organic materials and residues) to the total BPA adsorption. The results indicate that nonlinear Langmuir model can describe the adsorption behavior of BPA on the NSCSs and SSs before and after extraction treatments. The removal of Mn oxides from the NSCSs and SSs caused a significant increase in BPA adsorption, which implied that Mn oxides inhibited BPA adsorption onto solid matrix, and Fe oxides played a positive role in BPA adsorption onto the NSCSs and SSs. However, the removal of organic materials (OMs) led to a dramatic decrease in BPA adsorption, suggesting considerable amounts of BPA adsorbed onto OMs in the NSCSs and SSs. This study may provide important insights into the understanding of the transport and ultimate fate of BPA in the aquatic environments.     

黄土高原侵蚀产沙的地貌临界

从地貌学的角度,较为深入地研究了黄土高原侵蚀产沙的几个临界问题:坡地系统的产沙临界、河道系统的产沙临界、以及地貌发育阶段的临界问题等,对地貌临界在黄土高原侵蚀产沙中应用作了进一步的探讨。结果表明,在黄土高原地貌发育阶段的不同临界范围内,其产沙量是不同的,因此,研究地貌临界不仅蕴涵着比较深刻的哲学和科学理论意义,而且具有一定的实践意义。     

Exceedance of EC Ozone Threshold Values in Europe in 1997

This paper summarises the annualinformation on ozone monitoring stations andexceedances of ozone threshold values during 1997transmitted by the Member States of the European Unionin the framework of Council Directive 92/72/EEC on airpollution by ozone. In August 1998 information for thecalendar year 1997 was received from all Member Statesand, on a voluntary basis, from 6 other Europeancountries (Switzerland, Czech Republic, Latvia,Norway, Poland and Slovakia).An evaluation of the exceedances and annual statisticsfor 1997 clearly shows that ozone is a severe,Pan-European problem. The threshold value set for theprotection of human health was exceeded substantiallyand in all reporting countries. The threshold value ofdaily average concentrations set for the protection ofvegetation was exceeded substantially (by up to afactor 3), widely (in all reporting countries) andfrequently (at several stations on more than 200days). The threshold value of hourly averageconcentrations set for the protection of vegetationwas exceeded largely and widely (reported by 10 EUMember States and in three out of the six otherEuropean countries) on a limited number of days.The threshold value for providing information to thepopulation was exceeded in 15 countries of which 12 EUMember States during a limited number of days.Exceedance of the threshold value for warning of thepopulation was reported from one station in Greece.     

高温胁迫下番茄临界氮模型的建立及氮素营养诊断

临界氮浓度（Nc）是在一定生长时期内获得最大生物量时的最小氮浓度,对实时了解作物氮素营养状况,提高作物品质与产量,避免肥料浪费具有重要意义。为了研究高温胁迫下设施番茄植株氮素运营规律,确定番茄临界氮浓度,以番茄品种“金粉一号”（Jinfen 1）为试材,在南京信息工程大学Venlo型温室开展高温和施氮量双因素全面试验。设置昼温/夜温4个温度水平,即T1（25℃/15℃,CK）、T2（30℃/20℃）、T3（35℃/25℃）和T4（40℃/30℃）,5个施氮量水平,即不施用氮肥N1、0.5倍推荐施肥N2（1.3g·株−1）、0.75倍推荐施肥N3（1.95g·株−1）、正常推荐施肥N4（2.6g·株−1,CK）、1.25倍推荐施肥N5（3.75g·株−1）。在盆栽番茄植株开始吸收肥料后于不同温度处理的气候箱内进行高温试验,高温处理7d后,移至常温下Venlo型试验温室内继续培养,第2日开始,通过定期破坏性取样,系统测定植株生物量和各器官含氮量。结果表明：各高温氮素处理下番茄植株的干物质量（DM）均随着生育期的发展而逐渐增大,设施番茄临界氮浓度与地上部生物量之间符合幂指数关系,即Nc=a·DM−b,其中,T1：Nc= 4.167DM−0.252;T2：Nc= 4.689DM−0.375;T3：Nc= 3.287DM−0.353;T4：Nc=3.812DM−0.403。随着高温胁迫程度加重,番茄临界氮浓度呈现先增大后减小的趋势,低氮处理下的干物质积累量高于高氮处理;随着施氮量的增加,各温度处理下的植株营养指数（NNI）增大,且随着处理时间延长植株营养指数大体呈现降低趋势。     

An Overview of Nitrogen Critical Loads for Policy Makers, Stakeholders, and Industries in the United States

Critical load values are calculated to determine ecosystem responses to deposition in a given area; these values may act as a tool to identify sensitive ecosystems in further need of protection. This overview provides an introduction to nitrogen critical loads for policy makers and parties involved in managing nitrogen deposition including electric utility generators, transportation managers and automobile manufacturers, and large-scale agricultural operators in the United States. It examines the use of the critical loads concept in European nations for establishing policy guidelines, current research on nitrogen critical loads in the U.S., and the development of nitrogen critical loads modeling and mapping.     

Stability Studies of Waste Produced in Pilot-Plant Testing using Ferrous-EDTA and Magnesium-Enhanced Lime for Combined Sulfur-Dioxide/Nitrogen Oxides Removal

A pilot-plant-scale study of combined sulfur dioxide/nitrogen oxides (SO₂/NO_x) removal has been performed by the Dravo Lime Company at the Cincinnati Gas and Electric Company's Miami Fort Station in North Bend, Ohio. This study used Dravo's patented Thiosorbic® lime process along with Argonne National Laboratory's (ANL's) patented process for combined SO₂/NO_x removal using the chelate ferrous·ethylenediaminetetraacetate (Fe·EDTA). For approximately nine months, scrubbing tests were carried out, and waste samples were collected. Waste testing at ANL involved two types of long-term chemical stability experiments. In one test, the gas-phase composition above several different samples was studied by mass spectrometry over 22 months. Unexpectedly, production of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide was observed in some of the samples. The other experiment involved solid-phase leaching. Samples were stored for up to 14 months before leaching. Each leachate was tested for total Kjeldahl nitrogen and for the nitrogen-containing ions nitrite, nitrate, and ammonium. Significant amounts of ammonium ions were found in two of the samples. Total leachable nitrogen was found to stabilize after about the first 7 months of storage.     

Critical Nitrogen Deposition Loads in High-elevation Lakes of the Western US Inferred from Paleolimnological Records

Critical loads of nitrogen (N) from atmospheric deposition were determined for alpine lake ecosystems in the western US using fossil diatom assemblages in lake sediment cores. Changes in diatom species over the last century were indicative of N enrichment in two areas, the eastern Sierra Nevada, starting between 1960 and 1965, and the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, starting in 1980. In contrast, no changes in diatom community structure were apparent in lakes of Glacier National Park. To determine critical N loads that elicited these community changes, we modeled wet nitrogen deposition rates for the period in which diatom shifts first occurred in each area using deposition data spanning from 1980 to 2007. We determined a critical load of 1.4 kg N ha^?1 year^?1 wet N deposition to elicit key nutrient enrichment effects on diatom communities in both the eastern Sierra Nevada and the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem.     

主要人为排放源中氮氧化物~(15)N自然丰度的测定

氮氧化物(NO_x=NO+NO_2)因其对环境和人类健康的威胁,成为大气中需要严格控制的一种痕量组分。首次运用化学转化法,通过将主要人为排放源废气中的氮氧化物(NO_x)转化为氧化亚氮(N_2O),测定气体中NO_x的15N自然丰度,即氮稳定同位素比值(δ15N-NO_x)。利用酸性氧化剂将NO_x氧化为硝酸(NO_3~-),并通过三氯化钒(VCl_3)和叠氮钠(NaN_3)的共同作用将其转化为N_2O,利用带有自动预浓缩装置的稳定同位素比值质谱计(PT-IRMS)测定δ15N-NO_x。该方法的测量精度可达0.09‰,所需样品量仅为7μg(以氮计),对火力发电站、机动交通工具等人为排放源均适用,测量精度和准确度可满足NOx相关研究的需求。     

Changes in Mass Element Fluxes and their Importance for Critical Loads: Geomon Network,Czech Republic

Three years (1994-1996) of runoff, bulk deposition, and throughfall S and N data obtained from GEOMON, a network of 14 small forest catchments in the Czech Republic, are presented. In this paper, we assess regional differences and temporal trends in S and N fluxes under changing regional burdens. Decreases in S deposition have occurred in the emission-burdened northern and western parts of the Czech Republic, where remedial measures have been applied. For example, at the Uhlí?ská catchment (Jizerské hory Mtns., northern Czech Republic), throughfall S fluxes decreased from 72.7 to 48.5 kg ha-1 yr-1. In contrast, the relatively clean central and southern parts of the Czech Republic showed an increase in S deposition; for example at the Na lizu catchment (?umava Mtns., southern Czech Republic) throughfall S fluxes increased from 9.0 to 18.8 kg ha-1 yr-1. In burdened catchments with damaged forests, high runoff of N was observed. Using fluxes of S and N measured at the GEOMON sites, we calculated critical loads and exceedances for both S and N in the catchments. The critical loads of S ranged from 505 to 3,631 mol L-1 yr-1 during 1994-1996; in about 80% of the catchments the critical loads were exceeded by atmospheric deposition; half of the catchments showed an exceedance for N.