On-line Analysis of Stack Gas Composition by a Low Resolution FT-IR Gas Analyzer

Stack gases of wood and oil burning boilers were analyzed by a low resolution FT-IR gas analyzer. Concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), nitrous oxide (N₂O), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), methane (CH₄), and water vapor (H₂O) were predicted in real time by multicomponent analysis. Detection limits, linearity, analysis accuracy and long time repeatability were experimentally determined for selected gas components. Applicability of the measurement method was demonstrated by analysis of stack gas mixtures of known concentrations. The results indicate that all the primary stack gas components can be measured by the low resolution FT-IR gas analyzer with comparable results to single component measurement methods.     

脱硫废弃物和专用改良剂在碱化土壤改良中的效果

通过大田试验,研究了添加燃煤脱硫废弃物和几种专用改良剂对碱化土壤性质的变化及其对油葵(Helianthusannuus)生长的影响。结果表明:二者配合施用提高了土壤有机质和养分含量,一定程度上降低了碱化度、pH和全盐含量,使油葵出苗率、株高和产量分别提高了116.7%、19.2%和140.7%以上;3种专用改良剂间,改良剂Ⅲ在提高土壤养分含量和降低碱化度和全盐含量等方面的效果最佳,其增产幅度也最高;改良剂Ⅰ的两个施用时期间,秋施显著提高了有机质、全N和碱解N含量,降低了全盐含量,提高了油葵出苗率和产量;改良剂Ⅰ的3个施用水平间,7.50 t hm-2和11.25 t hm-2的施用量下具有较高的全N和碱解N含量、较低的全盐含量和碱化度以及较高的出苗率、株高和产量。以上结果表明脱硫废弃物和改良剂及其配合施用改善了土壤物理化学性质,且有利于油葵的生长和发育。其中,改良剂Ⅲ的改良效果最佳,但其施用技术有待于进一步的研究。     

施加脱硫石膏对盐碱土固碳的影响

增加陆地生态系统碳固定能力能有效缓解大气CO2升高引起的温室效应.以干旱区典型盐土和碱土为研究对象,通过室内土柱模拟试验,研究不同施用量脱硫石膏(0,10,20,21.78,30,40 t/hm2)对盐土和碱土生态系统碳储量(包括土壤碳储量和生物量碳储量)的影响.结果表明:与对照相比,施加脱硫石膏盐土总碳储量(C)降低...     

Macrophyte Sorption and Bioconcentration of Elements in a Pilot Constructed Wetland for Flue Gas Desulfurization Wastewater Treatment

The sorption and bioconcentration of Hg, Se, and As were measured in Schoenoplectus californicus and Typha angustifolia in a pilot constructed wetland receiving wastewater inflows containing these elements at potentially hazardous levels. Results indicated that these species bioconcentrated Hg, Se, and As at factors of up to 1,911, 10,981, and 4,927, respectively. Plant tissue concentrations decreased as Hg, Se, and As were translocated from the roots to the aerial portions of the plant. Greatest element concentrations in S. californicus were found in roots, indicating that an exclusion mechanism may be responsible for element tolerance by this plant species. Greater root:shoot transfer of Hg, Se, and As was observed with T. angustifolia than with S. californicus, suggesting that element tolerance was more likely due to an internal detoxification mechanism. To completely assess ecological risks associated with the use of constructed wetlands, contaminant bioavailability for plant uptake, translocation, and bioconcentration must be considered.     

Role of Equalization Basins of Constructed Wetland Systems for Treatment of Particulate-Associated Elements in Flue Gas Desulfurization Waters

Industrial wastes generated from tanneries located in the southwestern part of Dhaka, pose serious threat to the environment. Surface accumulation of trivalent chromium reaching as high as 28,000 mg/kg have been encountered at 1 km distance from the waste lagoon. In contrast, maximum concentration of hexavalent chromium is about 1 mg/kg, and is very irregularly distributed all over the area. Although soil pH is alkaline in general, a sharp drop of pH down to 3.4 has been observed at some locations. Furthermore, high chloride (Cl) and lead (Pb) concentrations pose risk for city’s groundwater quality, of which Pb is vulnerable for any chelate-assisted phytoremediation as it can enhance its mobility. Scanning electron microscope study showed chromium within the structure of clay minerals, mainly illite–smectite, and also as chlorite–chromian. Presence of lepidocrocite indicates a rather reactive phase which can undergo reductive dissolution and release Cr in the environment.     

Broiler Litter Ash and Flue Gas Desulfurization Gypsum Effects on Peanut Yield and Uptake of Nutrients

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) requires calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P). Flue gas desulfurization gypsum (FGDG) and broiler litter ash (BLA) could be used as Ca and P fertilizer for peanuts. A pot study was conducted to determine the effects of BLA and FGDG on peanut yield and nutrient uptake compared to superphosphate (SP). Peanut kernel yields were 13.5 greater with BLA compared to SP. Kernel Ca concentration was 29% and P was 17% lower in in plants grown on the BLA compared to SP. Because of the high Ca content of the amended soil no significant difference was observed when FGDG was added. Micronutrients in kernel fertilized with BLA and FGDG were similar to superphosphate. The small difference in kernel Ca and P and the low levels of metals in the tissue between the BLA and SP demonstrate that BLA could be used as P source for peanuts.     

Sulfur Fertilization of Canola (Brassica napus) with Flue Gas Desulfurization Gypsum: An Assessment Study

Flue gas desulfurization gypsum, a coal combustion byproduct, may be a viable sulfur source for dryland canola. The objectives of the authors in this research were to evaluate the potential of using flue gas desulfurization gypsum as a sulfur fertilizer source, and also to determine the environmental impact of adding flue gas desulfurization gypsum to soil. Flue gas desulfurization gypsum and ammonium sulfate were applied at comparable rates to canola to two soils in 2008 and one soil in 2009. In 2008 both flue gas desulfurization gypsum and ammonium sulfate supplied adequate amounts of sulfur to the plants and in 2009, canola yields were more variable and depended significantly on sulfur rate, but not on sulfur source. Overall, soil quality was not negatively impacted by the addition of flue gas desulfurization gypsum and although none of the power plants in the northern Great Plains currently produces flue gas desulfurization gypsum, finding agricultural uses for this byproduct is an important step in determining its usefulness in this area.     

Land Application Effects of a High-Calcium,Dry Flue Gas Desulfurization By-Product on Trace Elements in Runoff from Natural Rainfall

Due to low cost and large abundance, coal continues to be one of the major energy sources for electricity generation in the USA. The dry desulfurization of flue gases during coal combustion produces a by-product that may be potentially useful as a soil amendment. However, the influence of dry flue gas desulfurization (DFGD) by-products on trace element losses with runoff from treated fields has not been well investigated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of land application of a high-Ca, DFGD by-product on trace elements lost in runoff from natural rainfall events. The by-product was applied once on May 18, 2015 at 9 Mg DFGD ha^?1 to small plots of a highly weathered Ultisol under managed-grassland land use in northwest Arkansas. Runoff was collected following each runoff-producing precipitation event for 1 year. Seasonal (i.e., summer (May to August), fall (August to November), winter (November to February), and spring (February to May)) runoff, annual runoff, runoff pH, and electrical conductivity did not differ significantly between DFGD treatments. Seasonal flow-weighted mean Ni concentrations and seasonal V loads were significantly greater in runoff when amended versus the unamended control when compared during at least one 3-month season by 44.5 and 86.9% for Ni and V, respectively. Based on the results of this study, it appears that land application of a high-Ca DFGD by-product at rates ≤?9 Mg ha^?1 has minimal effects on trace elements in runoff.     

海水倒灌农田土壤盐分空间变异特征

以海南省海口市三江农场为研究区域,采集并化验海水倒灌后土壤样品191份,利用地统计学方法和空间插值法对区域土壤盐分空间变异特征进行了研究。结果表明:14个土层中土壤盐分的均值最大的为0~5 cm土层,土壤盐分平均含量达到9.63 g/kg,最小的是20~40 cm土层,盐分平均含量仅为4.36 g/kg;24个土层中第一层(0~5 cm)土壤盐分含量属弱相关性,第四层(20~40 cm)土层属于剧烈空间自相关性;3各土层土壤盐分分布格局差异明显,含盐量1 g/kg的各土层均没有分布;含盐量1~3和3~5 g/kg两个级别随着土层深度的增加面积逐渐增大,9 g/kg的级别则面积逐渐减少。不同深度土壤层土壤盐分含量差异明显,空间变异特征各不相同,总体呈现土壤盐分表聚特征。     

半干旱区海水灌溉农田土壤盐分运移规律的研究

对在海侵灾害最严重的莱州湾地区,在油葵生育期内利用不同浓度的海水直接灌溉两次,研究0～40cm土层土壤盐分及Na^ 、CI^-、Ca^2 、Mg^2 、K^ 含量的分布、迁移规律,为确定合适的灌溉定额和灌溉次数提供最基础的技术参数。结果表明：①60％以上浓度海水灌溉,5～40cm土层土壤盐分呈积累趋势,次生盐渍化明显;40％海水灌溉后轻微积盐．若无充沛的雨水淋洗,则须结合一定的农业措施以防造成次生盐害;20％海水浓度在灌溉定额为800m^3／hm^2时能保持土壤盐分的盈亏平衡。②Na^ 和CI^-主要分布在5～20cm土层,而Ca^2 和Mg^2 主要在20∽40cm土层,K^ 则极易被淋洗而迁移到40cm以下土层。③0～5cm土层盐分变化剧烈,在油葵整个生育期降雨量为171．7mm的情况下,至收获期时,各处理均能降至灌海水前的水平。     

螺旋藻对不同COD浓度养虾用水氮磷去除特点及其机理分析

本文研究了螺旋藻在不同盐度养虾用水和不同螺旋藻投入量对不同ＣＯＤ浓度污水中的Ｎ、Ｐ去除特点和原因。     

上海地区不同施肥方式氮磷随地表径流流失研究

选择上海宝山罗店镇具有代表性的旱地蔬菜农田生态系统,在从2004年3月到8月的近半年时间里,通过对径流及径流中侵蚀泥沙的氮磷流失情况的连续监测与实验分析,研究了旱地农田施肥与氮磷流失污染之间的关系,探讨了农田氮磷的迁移特征及环境效应,主要结果表明:随地表径流流失的总氮、总磷,流失形态以沉积相为主,大部分是当季施用的化肥,随径流排出农田的氮素中有37.7%是当季施用的氮素化肥,磷素中有26.9%是当季施用的磷素化肥。     

西气东输工程水保防治措施效益分析

在分析该项目区水土流失特点及其防治措施布设的基础上,对水土保持防治措施的基础效益、生态效益、社会效益和经济效益进行了分析计算.结果表明:水土保持总治理面积达7 766.118 hm2,占建设中开挖、扰动、埋压等毁坏原地貌面积8 453.377 hm2的91.9%;整治土地1 638.33 hm2,复垦417.5 hm2,土地利用率由原来的42.0%提高到48.6%;各类工程措施拦渣量占总弃渣量的97.6%;控制新增水土流失量占预测流失量的91.6%.     

土壤中硝化抑制剂DMPP含量的气相色谱测定法

建立了一种检测土壤中吡唑类硝化抑制剂DMPP含量的气相色谱法。DMPP在NaOH溶液中可定量转化为DMP,从5种有机溶剂中选择氯仿作为DMP的萃取剂。本文采用吡啶做为内标物,内标校正因子fDMP和fDMPP分别为1.6775和3.3884。通过DB-1701气相色谱柱,氢火焰离子化检测器(FID)定量检测氯仿溶液萃取相中的DMP。本法添加回收率为97.4%～98.8%;RSD为0.70%～2.09%;土壤中DMPP的检出限为0.4mgkg-1。应用本法测定在潮棕壤中10℃、20℃和30℃时DMPP的降解半衰期分别为大于28d、14d和7d。     

气相色谱法测定水产品中三氯杀螨醇残留量

为拓展食品中农药残留监控范围,本文建立了水产品中三氯杀螨醇的气相色谱测定方法。试验基质为鳗鲡、罗非鱼、对虾、玻纹巴菲蛤,取其可食用组织的均匀试样1g,用正己烷超声萃取,用浓硫酸和弗罗里硅土净化,二氯甲烷／正己烷混合液淋洗层析柱。洗脱液收集和旋转蒸发浓缩后,用气相色谱法测定其中的三氯杀螨醇,外标法定量。测定仪器为HP6890N型气相色谱仪,配HP7683B型自动进样器、HP-5型毛细管气相色谱柱（30m×0．32mm×0．25μm）和。Ni微电子捕获检测器。三氯杀螨醇浓度线性范围是0．0025-0．4μg·mL-1（r=0．9998,P〈0．001）,方法定量检测下限为0．01μg·g-1。用未检出三氯杀螨醇的鳗鲡等4种试样,添加3个水平的三氯杀螨醇,分别为0．01、0．10、O．50μg·g-1,每种试样每个添加量测定6份。结果显示,加标回收率在71％-111％范围内,批内变异系数为3．2％～8．5％（n=6）,批间变异系数为2．5％～7．1％（n=4）。定量限点加标试样的回收率为73％～94％,批内变异系数为5．9％-7．7％,峰高信噪比〉10。本方法试样用量少,前处理简便,可操作性强,适合测定水产品可食部分的三氯杀螨醇残留量。     

鲜猪肉中邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯含量的气相色谱检测方法初探

该文采用气相色谱仪对鲜猪肉中邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯(DEHP)的含量进行测定。采用提取、皂化工艺,使DEHP分解为邻苯二甲酸和异辛醇,用水蒸气蒸馏出异辛醇,萃取浓缩进样测定异辛醇的含量,并进一步换算出DEHP含量。结果显示：提取溶剂选用乙醚,提取时间6 h,皂化时间3h,在蒸馏液pH 7条件下,异辛醇萃取率为81.8％～88.0％,方法加标回收率为75.12％～84.95％,检出限为1.07×10^-3 mg/kg。该方法降低了对仪器设备的要求,为制定相关标准、保障食品与包装材料的安全提供了依据。     

气相色谱–质谱法测定含油污泥污染土壤中的多环芳烃

按照实验室测定油泥污染土壤等复杂介质样品中的多环芳烃分析要求,从消除背景干扰、提高测定数据质量出发,对样品前处理和仪器分析的各环节进行了系统的试验研究,建立了该类污染土壤中多环芳烃的气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)测定方法,并对该方法进行了质量控制研究.结果表明:针对含油污泥污染土壤中的多环芳烃,该方法对16种多环芳烃的相关系数为0.999 3 ～ 0.999 7,各化合物线性关系良好;最低检出限为0.11 ～ 2.54 ng/ml;回收率为70.5％～107.0％;相对标准偏差为0.09％ ～ 3.15％.本方法能够满足油泥污染土壤等复杂介质样品中的多环芳烃分析要求.     

AB-DTPA浸提法研究上海中心城区绿地土壤有效态养分特征

采用AB-DTPA浸提剂联合电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法研究上海9个中心城区的509个绿地土壤的10种有效态养分含量。结果表明:上海中心城区绿地土壤有效态钾、钙、镁、锰和铁含量丰富;有效态磷、硫和钼普遍缺乏,部分土样有效磷、硫的含量超标与大量施用有机改良材料有关;有效态锌和铜均发生不同程度的累积,有些土样超标。不同时空的绿地土壤有效态养分含量与成土因素和人为活动有关。随着绿地建成年限延长,土壤有效锌和有效铜含量显著增加,但其他养分变化不显著。就上海不同区域而言,杨浦区、闸北区、浦东新区和徐汇区有效态养分含量相对较低;长宁区、静安区和黄浦区有效态养分含量较高;虹口区和杨浦区锌、铜累积程度高。公共绿地与公园土壤养分含量相当;道路绿地的有效态钾、硫、镁显著高于前两者,但有效态锌、铜和铁含量显著低于前两者。随着土壤剖面加深,土壤有效态硫、镁和钼含量呈增加趋势,而有效态磷、钾、锰、锌含量稍许降低。AB-DTPA浸提法适用于土壤中大部分有效态养分的快速分析,建议在全国推广应用。