Atmospheric Emission Inventory for Natural and Anthropogenic Sources and Spatial Emission Mapping for the Greater Athens Area

A spatially, temporally and chemically resolved emission inventory for particulate matter and gaseous species from anthropogenic and natural sources was created for the Greater Athens Area (GAA; base year, 2007). Anthropogenic sources considered in this study include combustion (industrial, non-industrial, commercial and residential), industrial production, transportation, agriculture, waste treatment and solvent use. The annual gaseous pollutants (????x, SOx, non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), CO and ????₃) and particulate matter (PM_2.5 and PM_2.5?C10) emissions were derived from the UNECE/EMEP database for most source sectors (SNAP 1?C9; 50?×?50 km²) and their spatial resolution was increased using surrogate spatial datasets (land cover, population density, location and emissions of large point sources, emission weighting factors for the GAA; 1?×?1 km²). The emissions were then temporally disaggregated in order to provide hourly emissions for atmospheric pollution modelling using monthly, daily and hourly disintegration coefficients, and additionally the chemical speciation of size-segregated particles and NMVOCs emissions was performed. Emissions from agriculture (SNAP 10) and natural emissions of particulate matter from the soil (by wind erosion) and the sea surface and of biogenic gaseous pollutants from vegetation were also estimated. During 2007 the anthropogenic emissions of CO, SOx, NOx, NMVOCs, NH₃, PM_2.5 and PM_2.5?C10 from the GAA were 151,150, 57,086, 68,008, 38,270, 2,219, 9,026 and 3,896 Mg, respectively. It was found that road transport was the major source for CO (73.3%), NMVOCs (31.6%) and NOx (35.3%) emissions in the area. Another important source for NOx emissions was other mobile sources and machinery (23.1%). Combustion for energy production and transformation industries was the major source for SOx (38.5%), industrial combustion for anthropogenic PM_2.5?C10 emissions (59.5%), whereas non-industrial combustion was the major source of PM_2.5 emissions (49.6%). Agriculture was the primary NH₃ source in the area (72.1%). Natural vegetation was found to be an important source of VOCs in the area which accounted for approximately the 5% of total VOCs emitted from GAA on a typical winter day. The contribution of sea-salt particles to the emissions of PM_2.5 was rather small, whereas the emissions of resuspended dust particles exceeded by far the emissions of PM_2.5 and PM_2.5?C10 from all anthropogenic sources.     

Development of a Multi-Resolution Emission Inventory and Its Impact on Sulfur Distribution for Northeast Asia

Emissions in East Asia for 1993 by administrative units and source types are estimated to support regional emission assessments and transport modeling studies. Total emission of SO_x, NO_x, soil NO_x, N₂O, and NH₃ are 24 150, 12 610, 1963, 908, and 8263 kton yr^-1, respectively.China's emission contribution is the highest for every species.The area sources are the most significant source type for SO_x and NO_x, but the fraction due to mobile source is highest for NO_x. Major LPSs are located from the middle to the east part of China, south and middle-west part of South Korea, and the east part of Japan. The area sources of SO_x show a pattern similar to population density, whereas NH₃ shows a strong landuse dependency. Detail emissions analysis reveals higher SO_x emission `cores' within each province. The estimated emissions are used to estimate sulfur deposition in the regions. The seasonal average sulfur distribution amounts are estimated from the ATMOS2 chemical transport model. The results showed anti-correlation with temperature for sulfur (SO₂ + SO₄ ^-2) concentrations and a positive correlation with rainfall for deposition.     

A Computational Approach Based on GIS Technology for the Development of an Anthropogenic Emission Inventory of Gaseous Pollutants in Greece

This paper describes a computational system developed for the compilation of an anthropogenic emission inventory of gaseous pollutants for Greece. The inventory was developed using a geographical information system integrated with SQL programming language to provide high temporal gridded emission fields for CO, NO₂, NO, SO₂, NH₃ and 23 non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) species for the reference year 2003. Activity and statistical data from national sources were used for the quantification of emissions from the road transport, the other mobile sources and machinery sectors and from range activities using top-down or bottom-up methodologies. Annual emission data from existing national and European emission databases were also used. The emission data were spatially and temporally disaggregated using source-specific spatiotemporal indicators. On national scale, the road transport sector produces about 60% of the annual CO and NMVOC total emissions, with gasoline vehicles being the main CO and NMVOC emissions source. The road transport is responsible for approximately half of the higher alkanes and for more than half of the ethene and toluene emissions. The maritime sector accounts for about 40% of the annual total NO_x emissions, most of which are emitted by the international shipping subsector, whilst SO₂ is emitted mainly by the energy sector. The evaluation of the emissions inventory suggests that it provides a good representation of the amounts of gaseous pollutants emitted on national scale and a good characterisation of the relative composition of CO and NO_x emission in the large urban centres.     

Projections of SO2, NOx,NH3 and VOC Emissions in East Asia Up to 2030

Starting from an inventory of SO₂, NO_x, VOC and NH₃ emissions for the years 1990 and 1995 in East Asia (Japan, South and North Korea, China, Mongolia and Taiwan), the temporal development of the emissions of the four air pollutants is projected to the year 2030 based on scenarios of economic development. The projections are prepared at a regional level (prefectures or provinces of individual countries) and distinguish more than 100 source categories for each region. The emission estimates are presented with a spatial resolution of 1×1 degree longitude/latitude. First results suggest that, due to the emission control legislation taken in the region, SO₂ emissions would only grow by about 46 percent until 2030. Emissions of NO_x and VOC may increase by 95 and 65 percent, respectively, mainly driven by the expected increase in road traffic volume. Ammonia, mainly emitted from agriculture, is projected to double by 2030.     

A Mixed-Integer Optimization Technique for Developing a Sulfur Emission Control Strategy for China

The economical development and increasing population of China and other East Asian countries is expected to be accompanied by an increase in the emission of air pollutants. The objective of this study is to develop an effective and economical emission control strategy for sulfur in East Asia. There are existing methods for controlling sulfur emission, such as changing to lower sulfur content fuel, introducing desulfurization devices for emission sources, and promoting efficient energy use. The applicability of such measures is restricted by both energy supply and control cost, amongst other concerns. As a case study, an optimal control strategy based on the estimated sulfur emission for China in 2010, is simulated using a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming technique with several restrictions that satisfies, among other constraints, the atmospheric environment requirements for SO₂ and the soil load limit for SO₄ deposition.     

Emission Inventories,Emission Control Options and Control Strategies: An Overview of Recent Developments

Accurate emission inventories are crucial for informed decisions about emission control strategies. Emission inventory activities are now well established throughout the world and a large body of resources is available to assist in estimating emissions at the global, regional and local scale. Work is ongoing to refine methodologies and to address additional sources and pollutants such as fine particulate matter. During the last decade innovative concepts for emission control legislation were developed. Market based instruments can achieve envisaged emission reductions at lower costs than conventional approaches. Air quality management is now understood as a multi-pollutant, multi-effect task, which offers a significant cost saving potential if synergistic effects are fully utilized. Integrated assessment models proved useful in managing the vast volume of relevant information needed for the design of cost-effective emission control strategies. Europe and North America have embarked on ambitious control strategies that will lead to significant reductions in the emissions of some of the conventional pollutants (e.g., SO₂, NO_x, VOC). There are also first indications of a structural break that could reverse the long-term growth trend of SO₂ emissions also in the fast developing nations of Asia.     

Forecast of Sulfur Deposition in Japan for Various Energy Supply and Emission Control Scenarios

In order to contribute to the analysis and solution of regional scale environmental problems in East Asia, we developed a tool for the comprehensive assessment of alternative policy options to improve air quality. This tool projects the future regional energy supply, calculates the emission levels of sulfur dioxide and estimates the geographical pattern of sulfur deposition resulting from emissions. Sulfur deposition in Japan through 2030 was forecasted for various energy supply and emission control scenarios using the analysis tool. Future sulfur depositions were calculated from the source-receptor matrix for 1995 and the growth rate of emission for the source subregion. In the case of the current legislation scenario, anthropogenic SO₂ emissions in East Asia would grow by 34 percent and sulfur deposition in Japan would increase by approximately 20 percent between 1995 and 2030. This increase in sulfur deposition over these 35 years is sligthly less than the contribution from volcanic emission to sulfur deposition in Japan. In the case of the hypothetical dirty scenario for China, sulfur deposition in several grids which face the Sea of Japan would double by 2030.     

大型秸秆沼气集中供气工程温室气体减排估算

发展秸秆沼气工程可有效地减少农业温室气体排放,科学核算温室气体减排量为管理和监督温室气体排放状况提供数据支撑。该文以河北省沧州市耿官屯大型秸秆沼气集中供气工程为研究对象,参考和借鉴了自愿减排项目方法学、CDM方法学,构建了大型秸秆沼气集中供气工程温室气体减排计量方法,包括项目边界、基准线排放量、项目排放量、泄漏量、减排量5个方面,计算了2014年耿官屯大型秸秆沼气集中供气工程温室气体减排量。研究结果表明:项目基准排放量包括秸秆处理产生的温室气体排放、未建秸秆沼气工程情况下农村居民生活用能及农田施用化肥生产耗能产生的温室气体排放。项目排放量包括秸秆与沼肥运输过程耗能排放、工程运行过程耗能排放及沼气处理温室气体排放,项目泄漏量即沼气生产、储存、管网供气和利用过程中产生的因物理泄漏所造成的排放。2014年耿官屯大型秸秆沼气集中供气工程基准线CO2排放量为5 776.15 t,项目排放量为57.53 t,泄漏量为136.59 t,减排量为5 582.03 t,约相当于2 100 t标准煤CO2排放量,每消耗1 t(干质量)秸秆可净减排3.56 t,每利用1 m3沼气可净减排11.50 kg。同时,在工程设计、管道设计、工程管理、工艺技术改良升级等方面提出了提升大型秸秆沼气工程温室气体减排能力的策略。     

Gridded ammonia emission fluxes in Japan

In order to fully understand the acidification of precipitation, it is essential to determine ammonia emissions. Detailed gridded emission fluxes of NH₃ have been compiled in Europe. In East Asia they have been determined on a national basis(Zhao and Wang, 1994). In Japan we have calculated NH₃ emission fluxes on a 1° latitude × 1° longitude basis for livestock and the application of fertilizer. Livestock emission factors developed by W.A.H. Asman(Asman, 1992) for Europe were used 23.04 and 5.36 kg NH₃/animal/yr. for cattle (dairy cows and beef), and pigs, respectively. Domestic animal population data was collected by prefecture and apportioned to grid cells based on the prefectural area in each grid cell. For fertilizer emissions, NH₃ emission were calculated assuming a 10% ammonium nitrogen evaporation rate for ammonium sulfate, urea, and other nitrogen-containing fertilizers. Since prefectural fertilizer data were not available, total fertilizer usage for Japan was distributed to prefectures based on cultivated area. The maximum calculated NH₃ emission fluxes for each of the three animal categories were as follows: Dairy cows, 4730 (Hokkaido), beef cattle, 4540 (Kyushu) and pigs, 3480 (Kanto) tonnes NH₃/grid/yr. The total NH₃ emissions due to livestock in Japan were 4.6, 6.0 and 4.4 × 10⁴ tonnes NH₃/yr. from dairy cows, beef cattle and pigs, respectively. The overall total NH₃ emission from livestock and the application of fertilizer was 2.0 × 10⁵ tonnes NH₃/yr. The NH₃ emission by Japan is small compared to those of most European countries.     

Assessment of N2O, NOx and NH3 emissions from a typical rural catchment in Eastern China

To evaluate the atmospheric load of reactive gaseous nitrogen in the fast-developing Eastern China region, we compiled inventories of nitrous oxide (N₂O), nitrogen oxide (NO_x) and ammonia (NH₃) emissions from a typical rural catchment in Jiangsu province, China, situated at the lower reach of the Yangtze River. We considered emissions from synthetic N fertilizer, human and livestock excreta, decomposition of crop residue returned to cropland and residue burning, soil background and household energy consumption. The results showed that, for the 45.5 km² catchment, the annual reactive gaseous emission was 279 ton N, of which 7% was N₂O, 16% was NO_x and 77% was NH₃. Synthetic N fertilizer application was the dominant source of N₂O and NH₃ emissions and crop residue burning was the dominant source of NO_x emission. Sixty-seven percent of the total reactive gaseous N was emitted from croplands, but on a per unit area basis, NO_x and NH₃ emissions in residential areas were higher than in croplands, probably as a result of household crop residue burning and extensive human and livestock excreta management systems. Emission per capita was estimated to be 18.2 kg N year⁻¹ in the rural catchment, and emission per unit area was 56.9 kg N ha⁻¹year⁻¹ for NH₃ + NO_x, which supports the observed high atmospheric N deposition in the catchment. Apparently, efficient use of N fertilizer and biological utilization of crop straw are important measures to reduce reactive gases emissions in this rural catchment.     

中国常年淹水稻田CH4排放量估算

A special kind of rice field exists in China that is flooded year-round. These rice fields have substantially large CH4 emissions during the rice-growing season and emit CH4 continuously in the non-rice growing season. CH4 emission factors were used to estimate the CH4 emissions from year-round flooded rice fields during the rice-growing season in China.The CH4 emissions for the year-round flooded rice fields in China for the rice growing season over a total area of 2.66 Mha were estimated to be 2.44 Tg CH4 year^-1. The uncertainties of these estimations are discussed as well. However,the emissions during the non-rice growing season could not be estimated because of limited available data. Nevertheless,methane emissions from rice fields that were flooded year-round could be several times higher than those from the rice fields drained in the non-rice-growing season. Thus, the classification of “continuously flooded rice fields”in the IPCC (International Panel on Climate Change) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories is suggested to be revised and divided into “continuously flooded rice fields during the rice growing season” and “year-round flooded rice fields”.     

生物质炉具现场测试污染物排放特征及减排效果评估

目前对于生物质成型燃料替代散煤减排效果的现场评估还非常缺乏,且均为基于短时间测试方法,无法反映炉具全天实际排放情况。该研究以黑龙江省某生物质成型燃料及配套炉具推广示范村为例,采用全天24 h实地测试的方法,研究了该地区的燃煤炉具以及推广的自动进料和手动进料生物质炉具的污染排放情况。结果表明:自动/手动进料生物质炉具相比燃煤炉具的PM_(2.5)、CO、SO_2排放因子分别降低41.2%、54.3%、40.0%和35.3%、22.1%、20.0%,NO_x的排放因子没有降低。对不同取暖方式的户均排放总量核算发现:自动/手动进料生物质炉具排放的PM_(2.5)、CO、SO_2分别减排39.79%、52.77%、41.35%和33.41%、19.38%、27.01%;NO_x分别升高46.14%和6.69%。此外,调研发现经济性和便利性是生物质炉具推广的重要影响因素。     

Sulfur Deposition in Asia: Seasonal Behavior and Contributions from Various Energy Sectors

Sulfur transport and deposition in Asia, on an annual andseasonal basis, is analyzed using the ATMOS model. Calculationsare performed for two complete years (1990 and 1995). Deposition amounts in excess of 0.5 g S m^-2 yr^-1 are estimated for large regions in Asia, with values as high as 10 g S m^-2 yr^-1 in southeastern China. Annual averaged SO₂ concentrations in excess of 20 μg SO₂ m^-3 are calculated for many urban and suburban areas ofeastern China and S. Korea, with an average of 5 μg SO₂ m^-3 over most of the emitter regions. Sulfur deposition by major source categories is also studied. Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore)receives ～25% of its sulfur deposition from shipping activities. Sulfur deposition from bio-fuel burning is significant for most of the underdeveloped regions in Asia. Volcanoes are a major source of sulfur emissions in the PacificOcean, Papua New Guinea, Philippines and Southern Japan. Sulfur deposition is shown to vary significantly throughout the year.The monsoons are found to be the largest factor controlling sulfur transport and deposition in the Indian sub-continent andSoutheast Asia. India receives over 35% of its total depositionduring the summer months. In East Asia, sulfur deposition isestimated to be 10% higher during summer and fall than winterand spring. Model results are compared with observations from a number of monitoring networks in Asia and are found to be generally consistent with the limited observations.     

生物炭施用下中国农田土壤N2O排放的Meta分析

为明确施加生物炭对中国农田土壤N_2O排放的影响和主要控制因素,以公开发表的试验数据为研究对象,采用Meta-analysis法定量分析了施加生物炭条件下,气候、土壤性质、田间管理方式、生物炭性质与施加量对土壤N_2O排放的影响,并对各影响因素进行通径分析。结果表明,当年降雨量≥600 mm时,生物炭显著降低土壤N_2O排放量(P0.05),且随年降雨量的增加而增强;当年日照时数大于1 000 h时,生物炭对土壤N_2O的减排效果随年日照时数的增加而减弱。当土壤p H≥6.5时,生物炭对土壤N_2O的减排效果随土壤p H的增加呈先增后减趋势;在壤土中施加生物炭对N_2O的减排效果显著(P0.05),而砂土和黏土不显著(P0.05)。生物炭对覆膜土壤N_2O的减排效果优于不覆膜土壤;生物炭对土壤N_2O的减排效果随施氮肥量增加而减弱,而随生物炭比表面积的增加而增强。当生物炭C/N处于30~500时,生物炭施用下土壤N_2O排放量显著降低(P0.05);当生物炭施加量处于20~160 t×hm-2时,生物炭对土壤N_2O的减排效果随施加量增加而增强。生物炭对土壤N_2O减排的影响存在显著的区域性特征,对华南、华东、华中和东北地区影响显著(P0.05),而对西北地区不显著(P0.05);施氮肥量、生物炭施加量、年均温和年降雨量是影响生物炭减排效果的最主要因素,这些因素的相互作用共同影响生物炭对土壤N_2O的减排效果。该研究可为生物炭在我国农区的推广应用和农田N_2O减排提供参考。     

土耳其东南部半干旱地区杏园变性土二氧化碳累积排放量的季节变化

Understanding the factors affecting the CO 2 emission from agricultural practices is crucial for global warming.A study was performed in an apricot orchard field in the experimental farm of the Harran University,Southeast Turkey,to i) quantify weekly and seasonal variations of the CO 2 emissions from a Vertisol under apricot orchard;ii) evaluate the difference in CO 2 emission between the area under trees and rows;and iii) assess the relationships between the amounts of CO 2 emissions and environmental parameters for better use and management of the soils from the view point of carbon balance and flux in a semi-arid environment under drip irrigation.Soil CO 2 emission measurements were performed during May 2008 and May 2010,from both under tree crowns (CO 2-UC) and between tree rows (CO 2-BR),on a weekly basis in southeast Turkey with a semi-arid climate.CO 2 emissions were statistically correlated with weather and soil parameters such as air temperature,relative humidity,rainfall,soil water content,and soil temperature at various depths from 5 to 100 cm.The weekly emissions ranged from 82 to 1 110 kg CO 2 ha 1 week 1 and from 96 to 782 kg CO 2 ha 1 week 1 in CO 2-UC and CO 2-BR,respectively.Increase in CO 2 emission in the second year was due to increases in mean air and soil temperatures.The weekly and monthly cumulative CO 2 emissions were positively correlated with the air and soil temperatures.Multiple linear regression analysis explained 35% and 83% variations in average weekly and monthly CO 2 emissions,by using meteorological data.Including the interaction effects of meteorological parameters in regression equations nearly doubled the variance explained by the regression models.According to stepwise regression analysis,soil and air temperatures were found to have the most significant impact on the temporal variability of the soil CO 2 emission.     

土壤氮氧化物排放及其对中国地区对流层光化学特性影响的数值模拟研究

利用Williams的模型估计中国地区土壤氮氧化物(NOX,包括NO和NO2)的排放,并运用中尺度气象模式MM5以及光化学模式Calgrid模拟不同季节和不同人为源情况下土壤NOX排放对中国地区光化学的影响。模拟结果表明,中国地区土壤NOX排放总量为225.8 Gg N,是人为源的7%,这一比例在夏季将达到23.4%;排放量有明显季节变化和空间变化。土壤源不仅使NOX、O3、HNO3和过氧乙酰硝酸酯(PeroxyacetylNitrate,PAN)的全国平均浓度增加,还显著改变了污染物的空间分布。4种污染物全国平均浓度的最大增量分别为2.37、26.08、9.79和0.43μg m-3,增量在夏季明显高于其他季节,在各地区的增减随排放源、气象条件和光化学特性的不同而不同。随着人为NOX排放的增加,土壤源在光化学中的作用会更加显著。土壤NOX排放在对流层光化学过程中的作用不容忽视。     

Characterization of Cement Plant Emissions in Turkey

In cement plants in Turkey CO, NO₂, SO₂ and particulate emissions were measured using standard measurement techniques and equipment. Emission factors are calculated by dividing the emission rates by capacity of production at the time of measurements for each plant. The results of this study show that the dominant emissions from cement production in Turkey is CO followed by NO₂, dust and SO₂ in decreasing order. National averages for the emission factors are calculated and compared to international emission factors. On average the Turkish dust emission factor is higher than the German factor, however NO₂ and SO₂ emission factors are lower in Turkey.     

北京地区畜禽温室气体排放的时空变化分析

运用IPCC估算农业温室气体排放指南, 对1978-2009年期间畜禽存栏统计数据进行分析, 研究北京地区畜禽养殖温室气体排放的时空分布。结果表明, 北京地区畜禽温室气体排放自20世纪90年代初逐步增长, 到2004年达到顶峰, 之后有所回落。在3类排放的温室气体中, 牲畜肠道发酵产生的甲烷比重最大, 年平均排放量为0.4 Tg CO2-eq, 排放贡献最大的是牛, 占肠道发酵甲烷排放总量的54%; 牲畜粪便排放的甲烷平均值为0.2 Tg CO2-eq, 牲畜粪便排放的氧化亚氮平均值为0.3 Tg CO2-eq, 畜禽粪便管理排放的甲烷和氧化亚氮主要来自猪的排放, 其贡献率分别为73%和46%。从1978-2009年北京畜禽温室气体排放CR4指数(产业集中度指数)逐步增高可以看出, 北京市畜禽产业集约化水平不断提高, 其中顺义、大兴、密云和通州是北京畜禽温室气体排放的主要区域。同时, 对历年畜禽温室气体排放进行了线形回归预测, 结果显示, 北京地区的畜禽温室气体排放仍呈递增走势。结合北京地区畜禽产业温室气体排放的特点与存在问题, 笔者认为应尽快提出适合畜牧业可持续发展的温室气体减排策略及减排目标, 开展温室气体减排技术研发, 从而推进畜禽产业的可持续发展。     

南亚热带果园土壤二氧化碳释放变异性研究

Temporal variability in soil CO2 emission from an orchard was measured using a dynamic open-chamber system for measuring soil CO2 effiux in Heshan Guangdong Province, in the lower subtropical area of China. Intensive measurements were conducted for a period of 12 months. Soil CO2 emissions were also modeled by multiple regression analysis from daily air temperature, dry-bulb saturated vapor pressure, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, soil moisture, and soil temperature. Data was analyzed based on soil moisture levels and air temperature with annual data being grouped into either hot-humid season or relatively cool season based on the precipitation patterns. This was essential in order to acquire simplified exponential models for parameter estimation. Minimum and maximum daily mean soil CO2 effiux rates were observed in November and July, with respective rates of 1.98 ± 0.66 and 11.04 ± 0.96 μmol m^-2 s^-1 being recorded. Annual average soil CO2 emission （FCO2） was 5.92 μmol m^-2 s^-1. Including all the weather variables into the model helped to explain 73.9% of temporal variability in soil CO2 emission during the measurement period. Soil CO2 effiux increased with increasing soil temperature and soil moisture. Preliminary results showed that Q10, which is defined as the difference in respiration rates over a 10 ℃ interval, was partly explained by fine root biomass. Soil temperature and soil moisture were the dominant factors controlling soil CO2 effiux and were regarded as the driving variables for CO2 production in the soil. Including these two variables in regression models could provide a useful tool for predicting the variation of CO2 emission in the commercial forest Soils of South China .     

基于土地利用变化的东北地区碳排放效应研究

[目的]通过分析东北地区2000—2014年不同土地利用方式的碳排放效应,为东北地区土地利用结构的优化和碳减排提供参考。[方法]利用土地利用数据和能源消耗数据等,采用碳排放系数法,对东北地区2000—2014年不同土地利用方式的碳源/汇进行计算,并分析其区域差异和碳排放强度。[结果](1)建设用地是东北地区碳排放量的主要来源,对碳排放的贡献率超过88%,辽宁省的碳排放量最多。(2)东北地区森林碳汇资源丰富,黑龙江省是东北地区碳吸收的主要来源。(3)东北地区人均碳排放强度呈缓慢增长态势;地均碳排放强度先增长后降低;单位GDP碳排放强度在持续稳定下降,但是当前其下降程度还远远不足以使碳排放总量减少。(4)东北地区是一个不均衡的区域,黑龙江省对其他区域有贡献;吉林省碳排放造成的生态环境影响在内部区域已经自行承担;辽宁省则损害了其他地区的利益。[结论]黑龙江省和吉林省面临着一定的碳减排压力,辽宁省面临着较大的碳排放压力,综合来看东北地区面临着较大的碳排放压力。