Simulation of Increased Nitrogen Deposition to a Montane Forest Ecosystem: Partitioning of the Added 15N

Nitrogen (N) was added over two years to a spruce-dominated (Picea abies) montane forest at Alptal, central Switzerland. A solution of ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₂) was frequently sprinkled on the forest floor (1500 m²) to simulate an additional input of 30 kg N ha^-1 yr^-1 over the ambient 12 kg bulk inorganic N deposition. The added nitrogen was labelled with ¹⁵NH₄ ¹⁵NO₃ during the first year. Results are compared to a control plot. Neither the trees nor the ground vegetation showed any increase in their N content. Only 4.1% of N in the ground vegetation came from the N addition. Current-year needles contained 11 mg N g^-1 dry weight, of which only 2% was from labelled N; older needles had approximately half as much ¹⁵N. The uptake from the treatment was therefore very small. Redistribution of N also took place in the trunks: 1 to 2-year-old wood contained 0.7% labelled N, tree rings dating back 3 to 14 years contained 0.4%. Altogether, the above-ground vegetation took up 12% of the labelled N. Most ¹⁵N was recovered in the soil: 13% in litter and roots, 63% in the sieved soil. Nitrate leaching accounted for 10%. Factors thought to be influencing N uptake are discussed in relation to plant use of N and soil conditions.     

Retention and Leaching of Elevated N Deposition in a Forest Ecosystem with Gleysols

The responses of nitrogen transformations and nitrate (NO_{_3} ^-) leaching to experimentally increased N deposition were studied in forested sub-catchments (1500 m²) with Gleysols in Central Switzerland. The aim was toinvestigate whether the increase in NO₃ ^- leaching,due to elevated N deposition, was hydrologically driven orresulted from N saturation of the forest ecosystem.Three years of continuous N addition at a rate of 30 kgNH₄NO₃-N ha^-1 yr^-1 had no effects on bulksoil N, on microbial biomass N, on K₂SO₄-extractableN concentrations in the soil, and on net nitrification rates.In contrast, N losses from the ecosystem through denitrification and NO₃ ^- leaching increased significantly. Nitrate leaching was 4 kg N ha^-1yr^-1at an ambient N deposition of 18 kg N ha^-1 yr^-1.Leaching of NO₃ ^- at elevated N deposition was 8 kg Nha^-1 yr^-1. Highest NO₃ ^- leaching occurredduring snowmelt. Ammonium was effectively retained within theuppermost centimetres of the soil as shown by the absence ofNH₄ ⁺ in the soil solution collected with microsuction cups. Quantifying the N fluxes indicated that 80% ofthe added N were retained in the forest ecosystem.Discharge and NO₃ ^- concentrations of the outflow from the sub-catchments responded to rainfall within 30 min. The water chemistry of the sub-catchment outflow showed thatduring storms, a large part of the runoff from this Gleysol derived from precipitation and from water which had interactedonly with the topsoil. This suggests a dominance of near-surface flow and/or preferential transport through this soil. The contact time of the water with the soil matrix wassufficient to retain NH₄ ⁺, but insufficient for a complete retention of NO₃ ^-. At this site with soilsclose to water saturation, the increase in NO₃ ^- leaching by 4 kg N ha^-1 yr^-1 through elevated N inputsappeared to be due to the bypassing of the soil and the rootsystem rather than to a soil-internal N surplus.     

Atmospheric Mercury Fluxes in a Southern Boreal Forest and Wetland

Total gaseous mercury (TGM) fluxes from the forest floor and a boreal wetland were measured by a flux chamber technique coupled with an automatic mercury vapour analyser. The fluxes were measured at three sampling sites in southern Finland, 61°14′ N, 25°04′ E in summer 2007, with additionally in situ TGM concentrations in the air at one of the sites and mercury bulk deposition at another. Most of the flux data were collected during the daytime. At one of the sites, diurnal flux behaviour was studied, and a clear cycle with an afternoon maximum and a night minimum was observed. The highest emissions (up to 3.5 ng m⁻² h⁻¹) were observed at the forest floor site having a moss and grass cover. At the wetland and litter-rich forest floor sites, the emissions were below 1 ng m⁻² h⁻¹ and sometimes negative (down to −1.0 ng m⁻² h⁻¹), indicating mercury uptake. The measured average fluxes in August were 0.9 ± 1.1 and 0.2 ± 0.3 ng m⁻² h⁻¹ for the forest floor sites and wetland sites, respectively. The flux data were compared with the mercury bulk deposition, which proved to be of the same magnitude, but opposite in sign. At the mossy forest floor site, the extrapolated TGM emissions were 130% of the Hg deposition in August 2007. Comparison with other studies showed that the fluxes in background areas are relatively uniform, regardless of measurement site location and method used. Airborne TGM remained at the background level during the study, with an average value of 1.3 ± 0.2 ng m⁻³; it frequently showed a diurnal cycle pattern.     

近30年乌伦古河流域土地利用与生态系统服务价值变化研究

[目的]识别新疆乌伦古河流域近30 a土地利用/覆被变化及生态系统服务价值响应,为指导该区水土资源优化配置提供科学依据。[方法]选取研究区1989,1998,2006和2017年4期Landsat系列遥感影像,综合利用3S技术,监测并分析研究区近30 a LUCC时空演变特征,采用修正后的生态系统服务价值当量因子,计算并分析生态系统服务价值响应。[结果]①近30 a乌伦古河流域耕地和建设用地面积呈持续增加扩张趋势,水体和湿地面积呈微增加趋势,未利用地呈显著减少趋势,林地面积呈波动增加趋势,草地面积1989—2006年呈减少趋势,2006—2017年呈微弱增加趋势。其中,耕地净增加量最大(847 km~2),未利用地净减少量最大(744 km~2),各土地利用类型转移显著区域主要位于福海县、杜热乡和齐干吉迭乡;②乌伦古河流域土地利用综合指数由1989年的146.75增加至2017年的168.29,生态系统服务价值(ESV)由1989年的2.635亿元增加至2017年的2.915亿元,净增加0.28亿元。[结论]近30 a乌伦古河流域各土地利用类型面积均发生不同程度变化及相互转换,研究区土地资源总体处于高强度发展期,生态系统服务价值做出相应响应,总生态系统服务价值增加。     

中国森林生态系统水源涵养功能

森林是巨大的绿色宝库,是全球维持生态平衡的主体和人类赖以生存的重要自然资源,对调解生物圈、地圈和大气圈平衡具有重要的不可替代的作用。森林以其高耸的树干和繁茂的枝叶组成的林冠层,林下茂密的灌草植物形成的灌、草层和林地上富集的枯枝落叶层截持和蓄积大气降水,从而对大气降水进行重新分配和有效调节,发挥着森林生态系统特有的水文功能。该项研究根据森林水源涵养的机理、森林的水文效应,对我国森林生态系统水文涵养功能及其价值进行了分析及评价。     

Sulfate and Nitrate Loads on a Forest Ecosystem in Kochi in Southwest of Japan

To assess the influence of acidic deposition on the forest ecosystem, it is necessary to evaluate the gross amount of acidic deposition. In this paper, we discuss the variation of sulfate (SO₄ ^2?) and nitrate (NO₃ ^?) loads as well as related concentration from 1991 to 1999 in the Hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) plantation in Kochi, southwest Japan. The annual precipitation varied significantly from 1,700 to 3,900 mm during the study period. The annual sulfate concentration of rainfall was about 15 µmol L^?1, including about 80% non sea salt sulfate, while the annual nitrate concentration of rainfall was increased. The sulfate and nitrate concentrations of the through fall and the nitrate concentration of the stem flow were equal to or slightly higher than those of rainfall. However, the sulfate concentration of the stem flow was higher than that of rainfall, 21 to 55 µmol L^?1. The sulfate and nitrate loads of rainfall were measured to be 27 to 46 and 14 to 43 mmol m^?2 y^?1, respectively. The sulfate and nitrate loads of the through fall were the same or slightly higher than those of rainfall. In contrast, the sulfate and nitrate loads of the stem flow were less than those of rainfall. Combined sulfate loads of the through fall and the stem flow reached about 1.5 times that of the sulfate load of rainfall.     

Forest Floor Quality and N Transformations in a Temperate Forest Affected by Avian-Derived N Deposition

To evaluate the effects of avian-derived N deposition on forest C and N status, we investigated quantity and quality of litterfall, and chemical quality and N transformations in the forest floor from five sites that had been exposed to waterbird breeding colonies to differing degrees. The highest litterfall input of 2.6 t ha^?1 month^?1 was observed in the forest stand (Site 2) where intense bird breeding activity had been observed. Litterfall C/N was highest at the control site (no breeding activity) and decreased as the colonization stages advanced. Nitrogen concentration in litterfall and the forest floor was higher at those sites (Sites 3 and 4) where bird breeding had ceased and which represented the 'post-colony' situation, and consequently C/N and lignin/N of forest floor decreased. NH₄-N pool size in the forest floor was higher at Site 2, probably due to ongoing input and mineralization of bird excreta. Nitrification rate and percent nitrification were highest at Sites 3 and 4. From these results we conclude that study sites exposed to bird colonies show signs of N excess even after colonies are abandoned.     

滇池流域群落演替对森林水源涵养能力的影响

利用"空间代替时间"的方法对滇池流域4个主要天然森林群落(灌木林、针叶林、针阔混交林、常绿阔叶林)的物种多样性和森林水源涵养能力进行分析,旨在了解群落演替对森林林冠层、枯落物层和土壤层水文效应的影响。结果表明,(1)随着灌木林→针叶林→针阔混交林→常绿阔叶林的演替顺序,物种数和丰富度逐渐降低,Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数和Pielou指数呈"U"型趋势,并以常绿阔叶林最大,分别为1.61,0.68,0.36。(2)群落演替能增加林冠郁闭度,并显著增加林冠降雨截留率;林冠截留率与降雨量存在指数关系,即y=aebx;4种群落类型中,常绿阔叶林林冠郁闭度最大,为0.86,降雨截留率达到100%时的临界降雨量最高,为5.90mm。(3)群落演替能增加森林枯落物总蓄积量和有效拦蓄量,并以常绿阔叶林(顶级群落)最高,分别为11.35,8.37t/hm2;枯落物未分解层和半分解层在分别浸水8h和6h时达到饱和状态,且持水量与浸水时间的关系为Q=aln(t)+b。(4)0-20cm森林土壤容重随着群落演替过程逐渐降低,以常绿阔叶林最低(0.89g/cm3),灌木林最高(1.40g/cm3);自然含水率、总孔隙度和持水力逐渐增加,并以常绿阔叶林最高,分别为25.31%,49.79%,148.40t/hm2,灌木林最低,分别为19.91%,38.63%,42.20t/hm2。(5)随着群落演替的进行,森林优势种逐渐明显,均匀程度逐渐增加,群落逐渐趋于稳定,且森林林冠层、枯落物层和土壤层水源涵养能力逐渐增加。     

重庆主城区近30年土地利用变化的生态环境效应评价

以1978年、1993年和2007年三期landsat MSS/TM影像解译数据为依据,分析重庆主城区近30年来的土地利用变化,参考Costanza以及谢高地等提出的生态系统服务价值系数,制定出符合重庆主城区的生态系统服务价值系数,并对重庆主城区的生态系统服务价值进行了估算.结果表明:重庆主城区在1978-2007年近30 a间,耕地呈持续减少趋势,重庆成为直辖市后,林地、耕地大量向建设用地转换,生态系统服务价值急剧降低,ESV在1978-1993年间增加了7.84亿元后由1993年的22.58亿元减少到了2007年的18.56亿元,年减少率为1.27%.林地的变化对重庆主城区生态系统服务价值的影响明显.生态服务价值系数的变化对重庆主城区生态系统总服务价值的影响缺乏弹性,说明研究结果可信.     

封禁措施对云南金沙江流域主要林分的生态功能影响

通过封禁措施对林分的生态功能影响分析,认为：封禁后的云南松林和常绿阔叶林,在胸径或树高上都表现出明显的优势,且乔木上层盖度较大而均匀,优势种优势度明显,各优势种种群的年龄组成亦处于稳定状态,乔木树种多数更新良好,在垂直分布上呈连续分布,使整个群落在结构上处于稳定的状态;实施封禁措施的林分物种丰富度和多样性指数都明显高于未封禁的林分,且封禁时间越长,多样性指数越高。封禁后物种多样性指数总体上表现为常绿阔叶林〉针阔混交林〉针叶林〉灌丛;实施封禁措施,土壤得到改良,通透性能较好,封禁后的腐殖质层厚度、土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度比未封禁的高。在有机质、有效氮、有效磷方面,封禁的比未封禁的高,封禁的阔叶林比封禁的针叶林高。这体现了封禁后群落土壤具有较高的肥力,有利于群落生物生产力的提高,使群落生物生产力始终维持在较高水平,封禁后土壤疏松,持水能力增强,枯落物层多,对封禁前后的群落土壤最大持水量、枯落物最大持水量进行分析,得出封禁后林分的土壤最大持水量、枯落物最大持水量都高于未封禁的林分。     

基于土地利用的三峡库区近30年生态系统服务价值时空变化特征

为了分析和探究三峡库区生态系统服务价值的时空变化特征,以Landsat TM/Landsat 8 OLI遥感影像为基础数据,运用RS和GIS技术提取了研究区1986年、1995年、2000年、2007年、2010年和2018年的土地利用数据,并运用土地利用动态指数模型和土地利用程度指数模型对其土地利用类型的变化趋势进行了分析。另一方面,核算了研究区相应年份的生态系统服务价值,并分析了其时空演变特征,同时对土地利用程度与ESV的相关关系进行了分析。结果表明:(1)1986-2018年,三峡库区耕地、林地和草地面积呈现减少的趋势;水域、建设用地和未利用地面积呈现增加的趋势;(2)不同土地利用类型的变化速度具有差异性,其中,建设用地和水域变化较快,耕地、林地、草地和未利用地变化较慢;(3)1986-2018年,三峡库区生态系统服务价值总量由1639.56亿元持续增长到1662.01亿元,整体增幅1.37%;(4)研究区ESV具有空间正向自相关性,其中高值区聚集明显,中低值区分区域相邻布局;(5)土地利用程度与ESV存在强烈的正相关关系。三峡库区近30年来的生态系统服务价值整体上有所提升,生态状况有所改善,但区域间差异较大,局部地区仍需特别关注,生态系统服务价值与土地利用之间存在着密切相关性。     

毛竹林生态系统地表径流及其氮素流失形态研究

通过在四岭水库流域代表性毛竹林地设置定位径流小区,研究了不同施肥条件下毛竹林生态系统地表径流及其氮素流失状况。该定位试验设有对照(CK,不施肥)、农民常规高产栽培(FFP)与适地养分科学管理(SS-NM)共3个施肥处理。结果表明,在2009年6-12月的观察期内,各处理(CK、SSNM、FFP)在各次自然降雨条件下产生的径流总量分别达到279,284,267m3/hm2,泥沙流失总量分别达到393,369,396kg/hm2,全氮流失量分别为0.87,0.92,0.82kg/hm2。径流量、泥沙流失量和全氮流失量都与降雨量之间呈极显著正相关。径流量的产生主要集中在8月份,泥沙流失量主要集中在6,7,8三个月。土壤氮素流失的主要形态是颗粒氮(PN)和水溶性总氮(DN),分别占全氮流失量的51%和49%。CK、SSNM、FFP处理在此期间的径流可溶性氮(DN)流失量分别为0.37,0.46,0.49kg/hm2。与农民常规施肥措施相比,适地养分科学管理(SSNM),不仅可以明显减少毛竹林地泥沙的流失量,而且可以减少径流可溶性氮的流失量。     

吉林省森林生态系统服务价值评价

[目的]对2009—2013年吉林省的森林生态系统服务价值进行评价,为森林生态系统的可持续经营和管理提供依据。[方法]以第8次森林资源清查和吉林省林业调查规划院编制的8个林业局森林经营方案等数据为基础,建立森林生态系统服务评估指标体系和定量方法,采用价格倒算法推演森林涵养水源价格公式。[结果](1)2013年吉林省森林生态系统服务总价值为13 801.35亿元。(2)森林生态系统各服务价值排序为净化大气环境(10 225.91亿元,占总服务价值的74.09%)生物多样性维护(1 063.27亿元,占7.70%)涵养水源(997.70亿元,占7.23%)保育土壤(941.61亿元,占6.82%)农田/草场防护(564.75亿元,占4.09%)固碳释氧(8.12亿元,占0.06%)。[结论]在吉林省森林生态系统服务价值中,以净化大气环境、生物多样性维护和涵养水源服务价值最高。倒算法推演得到的结果较以往研究更贴合实际,有力地提升了森林涵养水源价值核算的准确性和合理性,也使森林涵养水源价值研究评价方法更加科学。     

阿勒泰林区放牧前后草地生态系统健康评价

[目的]对阿勒泰林区放牧前后的草地生态系统进行健康评价,为该区退化草地恢复与管理提供科学依据.[方法]运用了VOR综合指数生态系统健康评价模型,并结合物种多样性测度中的Margalef丰富度指数、Simpson优势度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Alatalo均匀度指数,对阿勒泰林区草地生态系统整体状况...     

重庆市森林生态系统水源涵养功能研究

以重庆市为研究区域,根据该区自然地理环境条件的差别,利用2001—2010年重庆市MODIS植被类型数据,划分为针叶林、阔叶林、针阔混交林、灌木林、草地、湿地和5个森林生态系统类型区域,利用年降水量,林冠截留率数据,结合气象观测数据,计量和评述了该地区2001—2010年间森林生态系统水源涵养能力及其变化。结果表明:总体格局空间上,东部巫溪、城口、酉阳等地区由于植被状况良好,其森林生态系统水源涵养能力较强;中西部渝中区、沙坪坝区、大足县等地区由于植被状况较差,是森林生态系统水源涵养能力的薄弱环节;东部森林生态系统水源涵养能力强,西部弱,巫溪县最强,渝中区最弱;其中渝东北生态涵养发展区森林生态系统水源涵养能力最强,都市功能核心区森林生态系统水源涵养能力最弱;三峡库区森林生态系统水源涵养能力较强,平均为61亿m3;2001—2010年,重庆市森林生态系统水源涵养量呈逐渐上升的趋势,但受降水影响,各年差异明显,多年平均水源涵养量为103亿m3,2010年森林生态系统水源涵养量最高为129亿m3,2006年森林生态系统水源涵养量最低为73亿m3。     

贡嘎山森林生态系统降水分配的水化学特征研究

以贡嘎山海拔2 900～3 100 m的暗针叶林生态系统为研究对象,分析了大气降水在穿透雨、树干径流、苔藓、土壤和地下水各个过程中干湿季和年际间离子含量变化特点.结果表明:(1)树干径流和穿透雨pH值小于降水,苔藓层可以有效的吸附酸性物质,土壤层酸性较强,森林区河流可以有效的缓解酸性物质;(2)森林区阴离子含量最高的是HCO_3~-,阳离子含量最高的是Ca~(2+),离子含量在干湿季的大小顺序不同.降水经过林冠后,除Na~+外,离子含量值均呈现出明显的增大趋势,苔藓层对于K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)有较强的吸附能力,土壤对于HCO_3~-的吸附能力较强;(3)苔藓、土壤和林区河流的N/P值均大于16,地表植被的限制因子是P;N、P在大气降水、穿透雨、树干径流、苔藓、土壤、地表水中的变化曲线相似,苔藓层N、P含量较高.     

Carbon Control on Nitrogen Dynamics in the Forest Floor of an N-Enriched Deciduous Forest Ecosystem

Recent evidence from nitrogen (N) saturation studies indicates that forest floors in moderately impacted forests are the primary sink for atmospheric N inputs. Some researchers have suggested that the sink capacity of organic horizons is dependent on the amount of available carbon (C), which can be used for microbial N assimilation. To test the hypothesis that C limitation in forest floors exposed to chronic N deposition leads to an enhanced N leaching, a field C input manipulation experiment is under way in a deciduous forest. Since September 1999 aboveground C input has been doubled (by doubling litter input or by amending glucose) or excluded in replicated plots. Here we report the short-term response of concentrations of dissolved inorganic N (DIN: NO₃ ^?-N and NH₄ ⁺-N) in forest floor percolate to the C input manipulation. In autumn following the C input manipulation, DIN concentrations in forest floor percolate decreased in all plots except the No Litter plots compared to the pre-treatment summer concentrations. In contrast, the concentrations of DIN in the No Litter plots remained high. A different seasonal pattern of DIN leaching among treatments, along with measurements of microbial biomass C and potential nitrification rates of forest floor samples, indicates that seasonal N dynamics in the forest floor are largely regulated by C availability changes assoicated with litterfall C input.     

Modeling Effects of Changing Deposition and Forestry on Nitrogen Fluxes in a Northern River Basin

The application of a new, spatial nitrogen leaching/retention model N_EXRET to the Oulujoki river basin (22800 km²) in Finland is discussed. The model utilizes remote sensing-based land use and forest classification and evaluated export coefficients obtained from detailed small catchment studies. The present and future N depositions were estimated with the regional deposition model DAIQUIRI. Based on source apportionment, N deposition, forestry and agriculture each contribute 16–17% of the total export, with pronounced variation between the different sub-basins. The effect of changing forestry and deposition on N fluxes is assessed by using N deposition scenarios based on recent international emission reduction agreements.     

亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤溶解性有机碳和微生物量碳对氮磷添加的响应

以安徽省祁门县查湾林场常绿阔叶林为研究对象,研究土壤溶解性有机碳和微生物量碳的季节变化特征及其对氮磷添加的响应。结果表明,0~30 cm土层DOC平均含量在不同月份之间的变化范围为126~298 mg kg-1。中坡林分不同处理土壤DOC平均含量高低顺序为N(300 mg kg-1)N+P(257 mg kg-1)CK(241 mg kg-1),坡顶林分施N处理和N+P处理间的DOC含量接近,差异不显著。中坡和坡顶林分土壤MBC季节变化基本呈双峰趋势,其峰值均出现在2012年11月和2013年3月。中坡林分土壤MBC含量在2013年的1、5、7月施N和N+P处理都低于CK,而坡顶林分MBC含量在2012年7月和9月2013年5月与7月MBC含量都表现为N+PCKN。土壤微生物量碳与土壤溶解性有机碳及土壤有机碳之间呈极显著相关。