Nitrogen Retention in Japanese Cedar Stands in Northern Honshu, with High Nitrogen Deposition

High nitrogen, especially ammonium, input has been observed in Schichinohe, Aomori Prefecture, northeastern Japan. A monitoring study on precipitation, throughfall, and stream water has been carried out to estimate the stage of nitrogen saturation since 1996. Fifty-two to 70% of nitrogen input in throughfall was retained in forest ecosystems. Nitrate concentration in stream water tended to decrease throughout the study. There was no symptom of nitrogen saturation at Japanese cedar stands in Shichinohe, although high nitrogen input in open bulk has been observed. Ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) was retained in the canopy. The ratio of NH₄ ⁺ input in throughfall to that by open bulk was 0.40 – 0.47. Total inorganic nitrogen input under the canopy amounted 0.68 – 0.72 kmolc ha^?1 yr^?1 (9.6 – 10.0 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1). Our results suggests that atmospheric nitrogen input has benefitted the three growth.     

模拟氮沉降对温带不同森林类型土壤氮矿化速率的影响

通过室内模拟不同氮形态(NH4+-N、NO3--N、NH4+-N+NO3--N)沉降实验,研究不同氮形态沉降对温带不同森林类型(椴树红松混交林、白桦天然次生林、红松人工林和落叶松人工林)土壤氮矿化速率的影响。结果表明:在整个培养期间,与对照相比,经过氮沉降土壤净氨化速率、净硝化速率及净矿化速率都呈现出增长趋势,而其增加的程度又取决于森林类型、土层、氮处理类型和处理时间。不同林型土壤净氨化速率、净硝化速率及净矿化速率受氮沉降影响不同,混交林对氮沉降的响应要弱于阔叶林,高于针叶人工纯林;土壤A层比土壤B层对氮沉降敏感;以铵态氮形态沉降时对铵态氮含量、净氨化速率影响较大,以硝态氮形态沉降时对硝态氮含量、净硝化速率影响较大,混合形态的氮沉降要比单种形态的氮沉降使土壤净氨化速率、净硝化速率及净矿化速率增加幅度更高;氮沉降时间越长,土壤净氨化速率、净硝化速率及净矿化速率与对照差距越大,说明氮沉降对土壤的影响存在累加效应。     

模拟降水氮沉降对藏北高寒草甸土壤呼吸的影响

全球范围内大气氮沉降量的升高,增加了陆地生态系统的氮输入,从而影响土壤CO₂的排放。2014年采用生长季（6-8月）喷洒添加定量NH4NO3液体的方式模拟降水氮沉降,参照中国氮沉降分布格局决定氮素添加剂量为40kgN·hm^-2·a^-1（N40）,以喷洒等量清水为对照（CK）。生长季内定期测定植物群落生物量,并利用LI-8100土壤碳通量测量系统,选两个典型晴天进行土壤呼吸速率日动态变化过程测定,同时在6月下旬-9月初定期测定土壤呼吸速率,以探究氮沉降增加对藏北高寒草甸土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明：（1）氮沉降使高寒草甸地上生物量显著增加（P<0.05）。（2）高寒草甸生长季土壤呼吸具有明显的典型日动态变化和生长季变化。典型日动态呈双峰曲线,土壤呼吸速率最大值出现在13：00-14：00和16：00;生长季变化呈单峰曲线,最大值出现在8月,生长季初期和末期土壤呼吸速率较低。（3）氮沉降极显著促进了高寒草甸的土壤呼吸,与对照相比,生长季平均土壤呼吸速率增加66.1%（P<0.001）。（4）土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度、土壤湿度和地上生物量呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.001）。（5）氮沉降对土壤呼吸的温度敏感性无显著影响。研究结果说明在高寒草甸,由于氮沉降导致地上地下生物量增加,从而导致土壤呼吸速率的增加。     

Effect of Chronic Nitrogen Additions on Soil Nitrogen Fractions in Red Spruce Stands

The responses of temperate and boreal forest ecosystems to increased nitrogen (N) inputs have been varied, and the responses of soil N pools have been difficult to measure. In this study, fractions and pool sizes of N were determined in the forest floor of red spruce stands at four sites in the northeastern U.S. to evaluate the effect of increased N inputs on forest floor N. Two of the stands received 100 kg N ha^-1 yr^-1 for three years, one stand received 34 kg N ha^-1 yr^-1 for six years, and the remaining stand received only ambient N inputs. No differences in total N content or N fractions were measured in samples of the Oie and Oa horizons between treated and control plots in the three sites that received N amendments. The predominant N fraction in these samples was amino acid N (31-45% of total N), followed by hydrolyzable unidentified N (16-31% of total N), acid-soluble N (18-22% of total N), and NH₄ ⁺ (9^-13% of total N). Rates of atmospheric deposition varied greatly among the four stands. Ammonium N and amino acid N concentrations in the Oie horizon were positively related to wet N deposition, with respective r2 values of 0.92 and 0.94 (n = 4, p < 0.05). These relationships were somewhat stronger than that observed between atmospheric wet N deposition and total N content of the forest floor, suggesting that these pools retain atmospherically deposited N. The NH₄ ⁺ pool may represent atmospherically deposited N that is incorporated into organic matter, whereas the amino acid N pool could result from microbial immobilization of atmospheric N inputs. The response of forest floor N pools to applications of N may be masked, possibly by the large soil N pool, which has been increased by the long-term input of N from atmospheric deposition, thereby overwhelming the short-term treatments.     

Amino Acids, Total Organic and Inorganic Nitrogen in Forest Floor Soil Solution at Low and High Nitrogen Input

It is now widely accepted that many plants and mycorrhizal fungi have the ability to take up organic nitrogen (N) in the form of amino acids, although the importance of this uptake in the field is less clear. In the laboratory it has been shown that uptake affinity and uptake kinetics of ammonium and some amino acids are comparable. The relative uptake of either N form from the soil solution would thus be related to the relative concentration in the soil solution accessed by roots. We sampled soil solution from the F- and H-layers under a Spruce stand in a fertilisation experiment in Flakaliden, northern Sweden. Tension lysimeters were installed in plots receiving irrigation (I) or irrigation plus liquid fertilisation (IL). The soil solution samples were analysed for ammonium, nitrate, free amino acids, hydrolysable amino acids, total organic N and total organic C. In I plots the concentrations of both ammonium and free amino acids were very low with no obvious dominance of either form. In IL plots inorganic N concentrations were higher and amino acid concentrations were lower compared to I plots, and thus the inorganic N dominated over amino acids. There was no difference in H-layer ammonium concentration between I and IL plots despite the high N addition rate on the soil surface during nights of sampling. The lower amino acid concentrations in IL plots might be an effect of a decreased proteolytic activity due to the documented shift in mycorrhizal fungi species composition at the site.     

Soil Solution Chemistry in Forests with Granite Bedrock in Japan

Soil solutions were taken from three forest areas with granite bedrock in Japan (Abukuma, Tateyama and Hiroshima) to investigate pH values, forms of Al and the molar BC/Al ratios. In each area, 10 sites were chosen for study. At each site, a target tree was selected, and two soil solution samples were taken from 10 cm depth at points 10 cm and 100 cm from the trunk of the tree to evaluate the effects of stemflow and throughfall on soil solution chemistry. Values of pH of samples taken 10 cm from the trunks (referred to as S samples) and 100 cm from the trunks (referred to as T samples) ranged from 3.66 to 6.52 and from 4.55 to 6.48, respectively. For Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) and Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) trees, S samples showed lower pH than T samples, whereas the inverse relation was observed for broadleaf trees. In the Abukuma and Tateyama areas, the concentrations of monomeric Al (Al_m) were mostly below 30 µmol L^?1. In the Hiroshima area, however, extremely high Al_m concentrations (up to 293 µmol L^?1) were observed at some sites. The molar ratio of BC (= Ca + Mg + K) to inorganic monomeric Al was higher than 1 for all samples, except for an S sample from the Hiroshima area having a ratio of 0.72.     

Long-Term Evaluation of Acidic Atmospheric Deposition on Soils and Soil Solution Chemistry in the Daniel Boone National Forest,USA

Combustion of fossil fuels has contributed to many environmental problems including acid deposition. The Clean Air Act (CAA) was created to reduce ecological problems by cutting emissions of sulfur and nitrogen. Reduced emissions and rainfall concentrations of acidic ions have been observed since the enactment of the CAA, but soils continue to receive some acid inputs. Many soils sensitive to acid deposition are found to have low pH, a loss of base cations, and a shift in the mineral phase controlling the activity of Al³⁺ and/or SO₄ ^2?. If inputs continue, soil may be depleted of base cations and saturated with Al and could cause low forest productivity. Soil samples and soil solutions from pan lysimeters were taken on ridge-tops in the Daniel Boone National Forest to evaluate potential impacts of acid deposition recently and in the future. Sample results were compared to historical data from identical locations. Physicochemical characteristics of the soils revealed that sites were very low in base saturation and pH and high in exchangeable acidity, illustrating change since previously sampled. Soil solution data indicated that sites periodically received high acid inputs leading to saturation of Al in soils and the formation of Al-hydroxy-sulfate minerals. Given these conditions, long-term changes in soil chemistry from acid deposition are acknowledged.     

Comparison of Nitrogen Dry Deposition on Cedar and Oak Leaves in the Tama Hills Using Foliar Rinsing Method

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - Heavy metals and organochlorine residues were determined in water, sediment, fish muscle, and freshwater shrimps from aquatic environments in urban and peri-urban...     

我国红壤区大气氮沉降及其农田生态环境效应

大气氮沉降作为营养源和酸源,沉降数量的急速增加,将严重影响生态系统的生产力和稳定性,对农田生态系统的影响日益显现。本文简要介绍了大气氮沉降的概念、来源和研究方法,梳理了近年来我国红壤区大气氮沉降的形态、数量及其对农田生态系统的影响,提出了红壤农田生态系统大气氮沉降当前存在的问题及今后的发展趋势。     

模拟氮沉降对小兴安岭地区人工红松林土壤氮转化的影响

以我国小兴安岭地区凉水国家级自然保护区30年林龄的人工红松林为研究对象,建立对照(0 kg hm~(-2)a~(-1))、低氮(20 kg hm~(-2)a~(-1))、中氮(40 kg hm~(-2)a~(-1))和高氮(80 kg hm~(-2)a~(-1))四种模拟氮沉降水平的样地;采用室内培养试验,研究了短期模拟氮沉降对人工红松林土壤氮净矿化、净硝化速率和氧化亚氮排放的影响。结果表明,与对照处理相比,经过2年的模拟氮沉降处理,土壤的净矿化、净硝化速率都有降低趋势。与对照相比,低氮、中氮、高氮土壤净矿化速率分别降低了16.9%、20.6%和25.2%,土壤净硝化速率分别降低了16.7%、20.9%和25.5%,但是处理间差异没有达到显著水平。净硝化速率与净矿化速率呈显著正相关关系(P0.05),表明净矿化速率降低减少铵态氮供应量可能是氮沉降处理降低净硝化速率重要原因。另外,模拟氮沉降处理导致土壤p H降低也不利于硝化作用。中氮和高氮处理土壤氧化亚氮累积排放量分别比对照高84%和40%,但是差异不显著。高的氮沉降量使硝化过程中氧化亚氮的排放比例增加,可能是中氮和高氮处理下净硝化速率下降而土壤氧化亚氮排放量却增加主要原因。研究结果表明,氮沉降会影响我国小兴安岭地区森林土壤氮矿化和硝化过程,但是由于实验开展观测时间较短,其影响规律还需长期实验验证。     

川西南常绿阔叶林土壤呼吸及其对氮沉降的响应

通过原位进行低氮(LN,50 kg N/hm2.a)、中氮(MN,100 kg N/hm2.a)和高氮(HN,150 kg N/hm2.a)处理,研究了川西南天然常绿阔叶林土壤呼吸及其对模拟N沉降的响应。结果表明:(1)该森林土壤呼吸速率最大值612.21±77.82 mg CO2/m2.h出现在7月份,最小值108.95±17.01 mg CO2/m2.h出现在2月,年均土壤呼吸速率为348.00±157.83 mg CO2/m2.h,年均土壤呼吸通量为8.31±3.77 t C/hm2.a。采用双因素关系模型(Rs=aebTWc),土壤温度和土壤湿度共同解释了该常绿阔叶林2005年10月~2006年7月土壤呼吸速率季节变化的68.6%~73.9%,其拟合结果优于以土壤湿度或温度为参数的单因素关系模型。影响土壤呼吸速率的主导因子是温度,其地表温度变化响应的敏感程度Q10值为2.12,以土壤5 cm深处的温度为参数时,Q10值为2.51。(2)N沉降处理3个月后,该森林中HN和MN处理的土壤呼吸速率(309.43±17.24 mg CO2/m2.h,303.82±11.50 mgCO2/m2.h)均显著高于CK(269.28±13.78 mg CO2/m2.h)(P<0.05);处理4个月后,HN的土壤呼吸速率(272.42±13.25 mg CO2/m2.h)均显著高于MN(239.65±10.33 mg CO2/m2.h)、LN(229.10±9.90 mg CO2/m2.h)和CK(234.51±12.77 mg CO2/m2.h)(P<0.05);但处理7~10个月时,各处理之间无显著差异。研究表明,N沉降初期明显促进了常绿阔叶林土壤呼吸,后期无明显影响。     

Nitrification and Methane Oxidation in Forest Soil: Acid Deposition, Nitrogen Input and Plant Effects

In a laboratory incubation experiment, nitrification potential, methane oxidation, N₂O and CO₂ release were studied in the organic soil layer (0–10 cm) of field lysimeters containing re-established soil profiles from a 100-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) forest of Norway. The experiment was designed as a full factorial (3 factors; N fertilisation rates, soil acidification, and plants), with three replicates. The more acidic irrigation (pH 3) significantly reduced nitrification potential and N₂O fluxes, methane oxidation and CO₂ release. We concluded that the reduction in soil N₂O release by severe acid deposition is partly due to reduction in nitrification potential. The highest N₂O fluxes were observed in the combination of fertilised planted and less acidic pH treatment. N fertilisation (90 kg N ha^?1 y^?1 with NH₄NO₃) increased soil N₂O release by a factor of 8 and decreased CH₄ oxidation by 60–80%. Plant effects on soil nitrification potential and methane oxidation rates are discussed.     

模拟氮沉降对草甸草原中小型土壤节肢动物群落的影响

为了解析氮沉降对草甸草原中小型土壤节肢动物群落结构的影响,于2010年在内蒙古呼伦贝尔市鄂温克旗贝加尔草甸草原设计了模拟氮沉降试验,研究了在8个氮沉降梯度N0(对照)、N15、N30、N50、N100、N150、N200和N300下土壤动物群落结构和多样性的变化以及与环境因子之间的关系。土壤动物于2019年牧草返青期(5月)、生长期(8月)和枯黄期(9月末)分别采集。结果表明,中小型土壤节肢动物具有明显的表聚特征,但随着施氮量的增加土壤动物群落有向深层土壤迁移的趋势。试验区植被生长期良好的水热条件更适合中小型土壤节肢动物群落发展。N200和N300处理下的土壤动物个体数、类群数及多样性指数均显著高于对照与氮沉降较低处理(P<0.05)。依据土壤动物优势类群和常见类群分布情况,采用主成分分析(PCA)将氮梯度划分为3组,N0～N150处理一组,N200和N300各为一组,研究表明N200分布类群最多。冗余分析(RDA)表明,速效钾、全氮、NO–3–N、p H、有机质和含水量是影响土壤动物群落分布的主要环境因子。总体而言,氮沉降对土壤动物群落发展有促进作用,但是存在阈值,本研究中氮沉...     

Modeling Effects of Changing Deposition and Forestry on Nitrogen Fluxes in a Northern River Basin

The application of a new, spatial nitrogen leaching/retention model N_EXRET to the Oulujoki river basin (22800 km²) in Finland is discussed. The model utilizes remote sensing-based land use and forest classification and evaluated export coefficients obtained from detailed small catchment studies. The present and future N depositions were estimated with the regional deposition model DAIQUIRI. Based on source apportionment, N deposition, forestry and agriculture each contribute 16–17% of the total export, with pronounced variation between the different sub-basins. The effect of changing forestry and deposition on N fluxes is assessed by using N deposition scenarios based on recent international emission reduction agreements.     

亚热带米槠天然林土壤有机氮组分对模拟氮沉降的响应

随着人类活动向大气排放越来越多的氮化合物,生态系统中的氮含量逐渐呈现饱和状态,亚热带地区已成为全球氮沉降最严重的区域之一。土壤有机氮组分能直观反映土壤氮素有效性对氮沉降的响应。以福建三明格氏栲自然保护区内的米槠天然林为研究对象,探讨不同施氮水平对土壤有机氮组分的影响。结果表明:(1)高氮处理下土壤有机氮(SON)含量(1.23 g/kg)显著高于对照处理(0.89 g/kg),高氮处理的土壤活性氮组分(LP Ⅰ-N+LP Ⅱ-N)含量(0.28 g/kg)显著高于低氮(0.24 g/kg)和对照处理(0.22 g/kg),而土壤惰性氮组分(RP-N)含量在高氮(0.94 g/kg)和低氮(0.82 g/kg)处理中都显著高于对照处理(0.68 g/kg)。(2)与对照和低氮处理相比,高氮处理显著提高土壤全氮(TN)、微生物生物量氮 (MBN)、铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)含量和β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)活性(p<0.05),硝态氮(NO₃^--N)、可溶性有机氮(DON)含量和β-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)、纤维素水解酶(CBH)活性随着施氮量的增加均呈上升趋势。(3)冗余分析(RDA)表明,土壤TN、NAG酶与有机氮及其各组分呈显著正相关,而土壤MBN、NH₄⁺-N与土壤有机氮及其各组分的相关性也较强。可见该区域氮沉降提高土壤氮养分有效性和微生物活性,这有助于进一步了解全球气候变化背景下亚热带森林土壤养分转化与循环机制。     

Canopy and Soil Retention of Nitrogen Deposition in a Mixed Boreal Forest in Eastern Finland

Nitrogen deposition, leaching, and retention were monitored in a mature spruce (Picea abies Karsten) dominated mixed boreal forest in eastern Finland. Bulk precipitation, throughfall, stemflow, and percolation through the podzolic soil profile were monitored from 1993 to 1996. Mean annual bulk deposition of total N was 3.83 kg ha^-1, of which 33% was NH₄ ⁺, 26% was NO₃ ^- , and 41% was organic N. Throughfall+stemflow flux of total N was 2.93 kg ha^-1 yr^-1. Sixty-four % of NH₄ ⁺ and 38% of NO₃ ^- in bulk precipitation was retained by tre three canopy. Organic N was released (0.27 kg ha^-1 yr^-1) from the tree canopy. Nitrate-N was retained and organic N was leached as the water passed through the ground vegetation and soil O-horizon. Ammonium-N and organic N were retained mainly in the E-horizon. The output of total N from the E-horizon was only 5% of the total N deposition in the forest stand during the study period and it was mainly as organic N. The output of inorganic N forms from under B-horizon was seasonal and occurred mainly at spring snowmelt.     

水氮调控对设施土壤有机氮组分、全氮和矿质氮的影响

为探讨水氮调控对设施土壤有机氮组分、全氮和矿质氮的影响,通过膜下滴灌设施番茄田间定位试验,采用灌水下限(W_1、W_2、W_3)和施氮量(N_1、N_2、N_3)的两因素三水平随机区组设计,研究水氮调控对休耕期0—30cm土层土壤有机氮组分、全氮和矿质氮的影响。结果表明,不同水氮调控下,设施土壤有机氮主要是以酸解态氮为主,总体表现酸解态氮大于非酸解态氮含量。土壤有机氮组分在酸解态氮和非酸解态氮中分配比例差异明显。土壤有机氮各组分含量及占全氮比例的大小顺序为氨基酸氮/氨态氮未知氮氨基糖氮。除氨基糖氮,其余酸解态氮各组分和酸解总氮含量及其占全氮比例均随着土层深度的增加而降低,不同土层含量差异显著(P0.05)。土壤全氮、矿质氮和总有机氮含量随土层深度的增加也呈降低趋势,且含量差异达到极显著水平(P0.01)。除氨基糖氮,全氮与其他有机氮各组分、酸解总氮间均达到极显著正相关(P0.01);矿质氮仅与酸解氨态氮及酸解总氮的影响达到极显著(P0.01)和显著正相关(P0.05)。灌水下限、施氮量及水氮交互对设施土壤全氮、矿质氮和总有机氮及有机氮组分影响均达到极显著水平(P0.01)。因此,设施土壤氮素含量的变化与水氮管理模式紧密相关。氨态氮和氨基酸氮是设施土壤中最主要的有机氮形态,是土壤活性氮中的主要组分,亦是土壤供氮潜力的表征。考虑土壤供氮潜力,灌水下限35kPa、施氮量300kg/hm~2为该设施生产下最优的水氮管理措施。     

Magic Modeling of Long-Term Lake Water and Soil Chemistry at Abborrträsket, Northern Sweden

The geochemical model MAGIC has been applied to the Abborrträsket lake catchment in northern Sweden for the period 1843-2000. The two objectives were to 1.) simulate historical biogeochemical fluxes and pools and 2.) test whether the MAGIC model of biogeochemical cycling contradicts the published diatom record of a relatively stable pH (around 6) during the last two centuries in this weakly buffered, acid sensitive lake. Abborrträsket has received elevated sulfur and nitrogen deposition in the second half of the 20th Century and had a large part of its catchment clearcut in 1975. The MAGIC simulation of very small pH decline from 6.1 to 5.9 between 1843 and 1987 was comparable to the published diatom reconstructions of almost stable lake water pH up until the lake was limed in 1988. MAGIC also simulated the modern soil and water chemistry, including lake liming. Thus the diatom indication of stable pH cannot be dismissed as necessarily incorrect.     

混交林地土壤物理性质与微生物数量及酶活性的研究

研究了枫香×樟树、楠木×尖叶杜英、木周木×海南红豆、格木×海南红豆、火力楠×阴香、枫香×米老排×降香黄檀、樟树×马占相思混交林林地的土壤物理性质与微生物数量及酶活性。各林地的容重、毛管孔隙、非毛管孔隙、自然含水量、毛管持水量的不同引起其保水性和通气性的差异。细菌是土壤微生物总量的主要组成者。各混交林地的细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量差异大。各混交林地的脲酶、过氧化氢酶和纤维素分解酶活性有一定的差异。放线菌与容重呈显著正相关,而与总孔隙呈显著负相关。脲酶与自然含水量、毛管持水量、毛管孔隙呈显著或极显著正相关。     

不同类型毛竹林土壤碳、氮特征及其耦合关系

以江西安福毛竹纯林(Ⅰ)、竹阔混交林(Ⅱ)、竹杉混交林(Ⅲ)为研究对象,并以木荷人工林(Ⅳ)、杉木纯林(Ⅴ)以及撂荒地(Ⅵ)为对照,对其土壤碳、氮特征进行研究.结果表明:不同林分和同一林分不同层次土壤有机碳含量、碳密度均存在很大差异.土壤有机碳含量排列顺序为Ⅰ>Ⅲ>Ⅱ>Ⅴ>Ⅳ>Ⅵ,分别为13.12,12.42,11.47,10.57,8.53,7.45 g/kg,其差异达到显著水平;剖面有机碳密度顺序依次为Ⅰ>Ⅴ>Ⅲ>Ⅳ>Ⅱ>Ⅴ,分别为8.81,7.69,7.51,7.38,5.94,5.70 kg/m2,其差异亦达到显著水平.在所调查林分类型中,土壤有机碳含量随深度的增加而呈现逐渐递减的趋势,0-40 cm土层存贮有机碳对土壤总有机碳贡献率均大于70%,贡献率明显.不同林分类型C/N差异性显著,混交林大于纯林,平均值都在11～15之间.线性分析表明,林区内土壤有机碳含量与全氮含量呈极显著相关,遵循三次多项式拟合模型.