梨枣幼树生长发育对底施氮肥反应的研究初报

对不施氮肥、根围无氮肥和混匀施氮肥三种情况下盆栽梨枣幼树地上部和根系的生长状况、土壤速效氮含量以及氨挥发速率进行了测定,探讨梨枣幼树生长发育对氮肥的反应及其原因.结果表明:不施肥时,梨枣幼树地上部生长量及根系数目与鲜重显著大于其他两个处理,生长状况良好;根围无肥的梨枣幼树在栽植早期阶段生长状况良好,后期长势缓慢甚至出现...     

杉木幼林地选点设堆投放诱杀包防治白蚁试验

峡江县巴邱镇2006年春造的27 hm2杉木幼林受到白蚁严重危害.经调查,苗木保存率减少13%,平均株高下降9%,平均胸径减低18%,白蚁对杉木幼树生长影响很大.通过选点设堆投放诱杀包进行防治试验,结果表明:4个试验小区内白蚁危害率分别下降38%、54%、46%、33%,杉木幼树致死率为零,防治效果明显,值得推广.     

兰州市南北两山造林树种的生长过程解析

兰州市南北两山的绿化是为当地居民营造良好居住环境的重要工作,该地区造林树种生长规律更是植被恢复中树种选择和抚育管理的依据。以2005年在兰州市甲子坪1号和2号试验地以及2006年在皋兰山试验地栽植的侧柏和山杏为对象,通过树高和胸径调查以及树干解析,对其生长特性进行研究。结果表明:在2014年调查时,甲子坪1号和2号试验地以及皋兰山试验地的侧柏平均树高分别为3.0 m、3.7 m和3.0 m,平均胸径分别为3.5 cm、5.2 cm和3.0 cm,侧柏的存活率为80%~88%,山杏的存活率达到80%以上。2008—2014年的3次调查结果表明,侧柏的树高平均增长量为0.15~0.18 m·a~(-1),山杏的树高平均增长量为0.17~0.20 m·a~(-1)。对侧柏优势木(树高4.5 m)、平均木(树高3.5 m)和劣势木(树高2.8 m)的树干解析得出,侧柏苗期(栽植后3 a)的高生长速率为0.3~0.4 m·a~(-1),个体间没有显著差异,但造林3 a后优势木的高生长速率为0.2~0.4 m·a~(-1)、平均木为0.2 m·a~(-1)、劣势木为0.1~0.2 m·a~(-1),个体间差异显著。     

环割法模拟萧氏松茎象危害对湿地松幼树生长的影响

本文用环割法模拟萧氏松茎象危害幼树，连续观测幼树的生长状况。结果表明，模拟环割对湿地松树高生长的影响较大，环割90％相对生长百分率最小，仅有17％，显著小于对照的28％。对胸径和地径生长均有一定的影响；但差异不显著。环割90％的湿地松胸径和地径相对生长百分率最小，分别为22％和34％，小于对照的25％和43％。连续危害对湿地松生长影响更大。地径第1年的相对生长百分率平均达到了40％，第2年的约25％左右。树高第1年相对生长百分率平均大于16％，第2年的相对生长百分率不足10％。     

甘肃北砸山沙冬青种群的空间分布格局

在甘肃省的北砸(音)山区选择不同坡向,在不同坡位上采用样方和样线相结合的方法,调查沙冬青群落和种群的数量特征.结果表明:该区域的沙冬青种群稳定,山地阳坡中部的种群稳定增长,人为干扰较频繁的山坡下部为下降型种群.在山地阳坡和阴坡的上部,中龄个体比例最大,幼龄次之,老龄最少,在未来一段时期内该部位的种群将较稳定.阳坡沙冬青的密度和生长势均大于阴坡,在同一坡向上,山坡中部的种群密度最大,绝对密度约为5 000株/hm~2.在阴坡,沙冬青个体的总平均高度略大于阳坡,但阴坡植株基部的分枝数小于阳坡.不同龄级沙冬青植株的差异主要表现为冠幅.所观测年的沙冬青植株间的生长量差异较小,但同株的生长具有年际差异.不同坡向的沙冬青种群分布格局相似,山坡上部和中部的种群呈均匀分布;在坡体下部,种群则以母株为中心,形成集群分布.北砸山沙冬青种群分布位置特殊,有可能成为沙冬青种群未来存在和扩展的重要源地,应加强保护.     

沙质海滩海水连续灌溉对芦荟生长发育的影响

海南海涂沙滩(非耕地)库拉索芦荟从苗期至叶片采摘期连续3 a的海水小区灌溉试验结果表明:①不同生长发育期海水灌溉对芦荟地上部产量影响不同,2000年11月至2003年3月(苗期),10%、25%海水两处理地上部产量(干物质,下同)同淡水灌溉处理(CK,下同)没有显著差异,从50%海水处理开始,随着海水比例的增加,库拉索芦荟地上部产量显著下降;随着灌溉时间的延长,至芦荟叶片采收期(2004年5月),10%、25%、50%三个处理与CK比地上部产量没有显著差异,而从75%海水处理起,其地上部产量开始显著下降。②海水灌溉芦荟幼苗始期(2000年11月初至2001年1月底),与CK比较,所有比例的海水处理芦荟根的生长量(干重,下同)均显著下降,随着灌溉时间的延长(至2003年3月),从75%海水灌溉处理起,其根生长量开始显著下降,而且25%海水处理芦荟根的生长量显著高于CK,至2004年5月的叶片采收期,75%、100%比例海水处理芦荟根的生长量显著低于CK,而其它处理与CK没有差异。③土壤各层次含盐量在2000年11月至2003年3月的灌溉处理期间内,无规律性的变化,而至2004年5月,无论是耕层土,还是底层土,随着海水比例的增加,盐分含量呈显著增加的趋势。但即使全海水灌溉,土壤含盐量仍在0.2%以下。④土壤各灌溉处理速效磷变化差异不显著,总体上速效磷水平较低;海水灌溉显著提高了耕层土的速效钾含量,而CK处理中,耕层土速效钾含量在20 mg/kg以下。     

品种杨W_(46)引种试验初报

从北京大兴县引种的Ｗ４６杨是欧美杨良种无性系,在包头地区经４年的育苗、造林引种试验,表现出生长快,适应性广,抗逆性强的特点。在含盐量０．４３％,有机质０．４８％的造林地上能够正常生长,与当地主栽的杨树小美旱、新疆杨相比,具有明显的优势。对６龄的树木调查,Ｗ４６比同龄的小美旱树高高出２６．６％,地径大６１．３％,胸径大７５．９％。经检验,差异达到极显著水平（Ｐ＝０．０１）。造林后调查,造林成活率达８８％。与原产地Ｗ４６的生长量比较,高、径生长及单株材积相差很小。     

祁连山圆柏大痣小蜂成虫产卵特性

圆柏大痣小蜂Megastigmus sabinae Xu et He以幼虫在祁连圆柏健康球果内蛀食胚乳,并随球果同步发育,导致球果成熟后有果无仁,造成种子质量严重下降,严重影响祁连圆柏种子生产。为准确掌握圆柏大痣小蜂产卵特性,为其监测与防控提供基础信息,通过室内观察和室外布设样地,进行了圆柏大痣小蜂产卵特性研究。结果表明:圆柏大痣小蜂产卵行为包括交尾、产卵球果选择、穿刺及产卵4个阶段;圆柏大痣小蜂在球果不同部位的产卵量差异显著,在球果近柄部1/3处平均产卵率为70.34%、球果中部26.26%、球果脐部3.40%;在不同大小的祁连圆柏球果间其产卵量具显著差异,在纵径10.13～12.67 mm,横径9.18～10.38 mm的球果上产卵率最高(95.67%);在祁连圆柏树冠中部产卵量高于树冠上部和下部,在树冠中部的产卵数占总产卵数的53.43%,产卵量在树冠东、南、西、北方位上所占的比例分别为25.57%、34.10%、21.62%、18.71%;祁连圆柏幼龄林和成熟林与中龄林、混交林及林缘球果受害程度差异显著,(P0.05);不同坡位祁连圆柏林分球果受害程度差异显著(P0.05);祁连圆柏球果受害程度随着海拔升高呈逐渐减小趋势。圆柏大痣小蜂产卵行为分为4个阶段,产卵时对产卵位点、球果大小及树冠不同方位具有明显的选择性,不同林龄、坡位、海拔间祁连圆柏林分球果受害程度明显不同。     

不同种源油桐苗期生长性状变异及其地理种源模式研究

【目的】为提升上饶油桐树种质量,试验筛选适宜上饶信州区生长的油桐优良品种。【方法】2019年10月于赣东的抚州,赣南的龙南,赣西的丰城和分宜,赣北的上饶朝阳、上饶广丰、上饶德兴和上饶万年,赣中的吉安9个区域采集不同种源的种子,于2020年3月播种于上饶市信州区苗木基地,4月中旬将幼苗移栽入容器袋内,5月上旬每个种源随机选取30株苗木挂牌标记,每隔10 d对苗高和地径进行测定至10月底。【结果】不同油桐种源生长情况存在差异,分宜县油桐种源一年生苗木生长最高,平均高达186.8 cm,上饶万年县种源一年生苗木生长速度最慢,平均高为92 cm;不同种源一年生油桐苗木地径生长中,上饶广丰区的油桐地径最粗壮,达1.86 cm,而吉安地径生长最小为1.19 cm;不同种源苗高和地径都存在显著差异,但与地理-气候因子相关性不显著,该地理种源变异模式为随机变异,苗高净增长量出现的最高峰时间段以及净增长量与经度和纬度成显著负相关性。【意义】通过苗高和地径综合分析,分宜、抚州、龙南和上饶广丰4个种源较适合在上饶信州地区种植。试验所得结论为上饶市信州区量产油桐选育优良品种提供数据参考。     

柠条林地土壤酶活性特征研究

对固原县上黄试区柠条林地土壤酶(脲酶,碱性磷酸酶,蔗糖酶) 的活性进行测试分析,分析比较不同坡向、不同坡位、不同林龄和不同剖面深度条件下酶活性的变化.结果表明:坡向对土壤酶活性的影响不显著;坡位对土壤酶的活性有明显的影响,坡上部酶活性普遍高于坡下部,坡中部酶活性波动较大;土壤酶活性随林龄的增大而提高,10年生柠条林地平均脲酶、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶的活性分别仅为20年生柠条林地相应酶活性的59.0%、41.1%和52.9%;土壤酶活性随土壤剖面深度的增加而降低,20年生柠条20～40 cm、40～60 cm和60～80 cm土层的脲酶活性分别比0～20 cm表层土脲酶活性下降25.7%、61.3%和81.4%;碱性磷酸酶与蔗糖酶在有机质腐殖化过程中具有协同反应,关系密切.     

Evolving understanding of the evolution of herbicide resistance

A greater number of, and more varied, modes of resistance have evolved in weeds than in other pests because the usage of herbicides is far more extensive than the usage of other pesticides, and because weed seed output is so great. The discovery and development of selective herbicides are more problematic than those of insecticides and fungicides, as these must only differentiate between plant and insect or pathogen. Herbicides are typically selective between plants, meaning that before deployment there are already some crops possessing natural herbicide resistance that weeds could evolve. The concepts of the evolution of resistance and the mechanisms of delaying resistance have evolved as nature has continually evolved new types of resistance. Major gene target‐site mutations were the first types to evolve, with initial consideration devoted mainly to them, but slowly ‘creeping’ resistance, gradually accruing increasing levels of resistance, has become a major force owing to an incremental accumulation of genetic changes in weed populations. Weeds have evolved mechanisms unknown even in antibiotic as well as other drug and pesticide resistances. It is even possible that cases of epigenetic ‘remembered’ resistances may have appeared. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

桔全爪螨对甲氰菊酯的抗性选育及交互抗性的研究

采集桔全爪螨敏感种群 ,在室内用甲氰菊酯处理 ,以选育其抗药性。结果显示 :选育至 12代 ,抗性达 17 11倍 ,且发展速度越来越快。交互抗性测定结果显示 ,甲氰菊酯抗性品系对功夫和哒螨灵有非常明显的交互抗性 ,对卡死克有非常明显的负交互抗性现象。     

西花蓟马抗药性研究进展

西花蓟马是世界范围内蔬菜和花卉上的重要害虫之一,使用化学药剂是防治西花蓟马的主要手段,目前西花蓟马已对有机氯、有机磷、氨基甲酸酯、拟除虫菊酯、阿维菌素和多杀菌素等多种杀虫剂产生了抗药性。本文从抗药性现状、抗性机制和抗性治理等几个方面介绍了国内外有关西花蓟马抗药性的研究进展。     

Changing the paradigm for pesticide resistance management

Collaborative action on the part of all stakeholders in pest management is essential to effectively address the challenges of pesticide resistance. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), through its Pesticide Program Dialogue Committee, recently posted a report on pesticide resistance management and the role the Agency can play in these efforts. In this Perspective, we commend the Agency for acknowledging these needs, and encourage implementation of the recommendations. We urge all stakeholders to follow the example set by the EPA to engage openly, listen to other stakeholders, and determine their role as part of the broader community that is needed to address the challenges of resistance. Our contention is that pesticide resistance will continue to escalate until all stakeholders evaluate their roles in resistance management and work together as a community to influence effective management. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

217份一粒系小麦苗期抗条锈病鉴定及抗病基因检测

小麦条锈病是影响小麦生产的重要病害之一。发掘新的抗病基因, 培育新的抗病品种是防治小麦条锈病最经济有效的措施。一粒系小麦作为普通小麦的二级基因源, 蕴含了丰富的抗病资源。为了从一粒系小麦中发掘新抗病基因, 促进其利用, 本文对217份一粒系小麦材料进行了苗期抗条锈病鉴定和A基因组的部分抗条锈病基因检测。结果表明, 共有55份材料在苗期对CYR32表现抗病, 占25.35%;抗病基因分子标记检测显示, 携带Yr1、Yr34/Yr48、Yr69、Yr76抗性基因的材料分别有26、22、16、34份。共有4份表现高抗或免疫的材料同时携带2个抗性基因:2份材料携带Yr69和Yr34, 2份携带Yr1和Yr34。所有供试材料中均未检测到Yr17。此外, 有23份抗病材料未检测到以上抗病基因, 其中7份表现高抗及免疫, 可能携带其他已知或新的抗条锈病基因。本研究为一粒系小麦的利用提供了参考信息。     

Pyrethroid resistance and cross‐resistance in the German cockroach,Blattella germanica (L)

A German cockroach (Blatella germanica (L)) strain, Apyr‐R, was collected from Opelika, Alabama after control failures with pyrethroid insecticides. Levels of resistance to permethrin and deltamethrin in Apyr‐R (97‐ and 480‐fold, respectively, compared with a susceptible strain, ACY) were partially or mostly suppressed by piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and S,S,S,‐tributylphosphorotrithioate (DEF), suggesting that P450 monooxygenases and hydrolases are involved in resistance to these two pyrethroids in Apyr‐R. However, incomplete suppression of pyrethroid resistance with PBO and DEF implies that one or more additional mechanisms are involved in resistance. Injection, compared with topical application, resulted in 43‐ and 48‐fold increases in toxicity of permethrin in ACY and Apyr‐R, respectively. Similarly, injection increased the toxicity of deltamethrin 27‐fold in ACY and 28‐fold in Apyr‐R. These data indicate that cuticular penetration is one of the obstacles for the effectiveness of pyrethroids against German cockroaches. However, injection did not change the levels of resistance to either permethrin or deltamethrin, suggesting that a decrease in the rate of cuticular penetration may not play an important role in pyrethroid resistance in Apyr‐R. Apyr‐R showed cross‐resistance to imidacloprid, with a resistance ratio of 10. PBO treatment resulted in no significant change in the toxicity of imidacloprid, implying that P450 monooxygenase‐mediated detoxication is not the mechanism responsible for cross‐resistance. Apyr‐R showed no cross‐resistance to spinosad, although spinosad had relatively low toxicity to German cockroaches compared with other insecticides tested in this study. This result further confirmed that the mode of action of spinosad to insects is unique. Fipronil, a relatively new insecticide, was highly toxic to German cockroaches, and the multi‐resistance mechanisms in Apyr‐R did not confer significant cross‐resistance to this compound. Thus, we propose that fipronil could be a valuable tool in integrated resistance management of German cockroaches. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

A strategy to identify sources of quantitative resistance in pathosystems involving disease escape and physiological resistance: the case study of rice sheath blight

An epidemiology‐based strategy using rice sheath blight (ShB) as a biological model was developed that enables identification of sources of resistance. A set of 163 cultivated rice genotypes, including genotypes which had been reported to express partial resistance to ShB, and a few genotypes reported as very susceptible, were assessed using two complementary methods. First, microfield experiments allowed measurement of disease intensification at, and spread from, inoculated sources, along with morphological traits of each genotype. Secondly, detached tiller tests allowed measurement of the physiological resistance to the disease under conditions where morphology does not come into play. Multivariate analysis involving hierarchical cluster analysis, followed by multiple correspondence analysis, indicated that levels of physiological resistance, groups of plant morphology and disease levels in microfields were associated. Results from logistic regressions further indicated that a decreased number of lesions measured on detached tillers increased the odds of a rice genotype belonging to the group with low disease intensity in microfields. The combined results from microfield and detached tiller tests allowed identification of 23 genotypes with low level of disease intensity, which may be used as sources of resistance to ShB in breeding programmes. The results suggest that this strategy, which combines the crop stand and the individual tiller scales, may be applied to the identification of sources of resistance to a range of diseases with similar life cycle traits.     

Climate change and the genetics of insecticide resistance

Changes in global temperature and humidity as a result of climate change are producing rapid evolutionary changes in many animal species, including agricultural pests and disease vectors, leading to changes in allele frequencies of genes involved in thermotolerance and desiccation resistance. As some of these genes have pleiotropic effects on insecticide resistance, climate change is likely to affect insecticide resistance in the field. In this review, we discuss how the interactions between adaptation to climate change and resistance to insecticides can affect insecticide resistance in the field using examples in phytophagous and hematophagous pest insects, focusing on the effects of increased temperature and increased aridity. We then use detailed genetic and mechanistic studies in the model insect, Drosophila melanogaster, to explain the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. We suggest that tradeoffs or facilitation between adaptation to climate change and resistance to insecticides can alter insecticide resistance allele frequencies in the field. The dynamics of these interactions will need to be considered when managing agricultural pests and disease vectors in a changing climate. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry