崇左金花茶花粉萌发及在不同贮藏条件下活力变化的研究

2015年7月,采集崇左金花茶Camellia chuangtsoensis S.Y.Liang et L.D.Huang花粉,分别置于室温25℃,4℃,-20℃和-80℃保存。采用离体液体培养基法筛选出最佳崇左金花茶花粉的萌发条件,在此基础上试验不同贮藏温度和不同贮藏时间对花粉萌发率的影响。结果表明,崇左金花茶花粉萌发的最适培养基为12%蔗糖+0.12%H3BO3。花粉-20℃条件下贮藏5个月时,花粉萌发率仍可达原来的(68.93%)25%;在-80℃条件下贮藏5个月时,花粉萌发率可达原来的32%,-80℃条件下保存的花粉其萌发率略高于-20℃。     

小黑杨花粉离体萌发和细胞学分析

采用花粉离体培养法,研究不同的液体培养基组分、温度、pH值对小黑杨花粉萌发的影响。结果表明:在单因子试验中,蔗糖、H3BO3和CaCl2在一定的浓度范围内对小黑杨花粉萌发及花粉管生长起促进作用,但超过一定浓度时则起抑制作用,温度和pH值也是如此。在正交试验中,蔗糖、H3BO3、CaCl2、温度和pH值对小黑杨花粉萌发均有极显著的影响,小黑杨花粉萌发最适的培养基为150g·L-1蔗糖+20mg·L-1H3BO3+40mg·L-1CaCl2,在21℃和pH6.0条件下,花粉的萌发率可以达到46.23%,花粉管生长状态良好。细胞学观察结果表明:小黑杨成熟花粉为2-细胞型,随着培养时间的延长,花粉萌发率逐渐提高,花粉管不断伸长。     

江南油杉花粉离体萌发的适宜条件与萌发特征

以江南油杉(Keteleeria fortunei var. cyclolepis)花粉为研究对象,采用液体培养法,通过单因素试验设计研究不同培养基组分、pH值和温度对花粉萌发的影响。结果表明,江南油杉花粉在无蔗糖、无H_3BO_3及无CaCl_2的培养基中均能萌发,但萌发率较低。添加蔗糖、H_3BO_3和CaCl_2均可显著促进花粉萌发和花粉管生长,但高浓度的蔗糖、H_3BO_3和CaCl_2均会抑制花粉萌发和花粉管生长。pH值和培养温度均对江南油杉花粉的萌发影响显著,培养基最适pH值为6.5,花粉萌发的最适温度为25℃,过高或过低均会抑制花粉萌发。综合萌发率和花粉管长度,江南油杉花粉萌发的最适培养基为250 g/L蔗糖+200 mg/L H_3BO_3+100 mg/L CaCl_2,pH值为6.5,置于25℃光照培养96 h,萌发率为42.4%。     

3种槭属植物花粉离体萌发适宜条件及活力检测方法

该文以红花槭、元宝枫、糖槭为试验材料,蕾期采集花粉,通过不同培养温度、不同蔗糖和硼酸质量浓度处理后进行花粉离体萌发,筛选其最佳萌发条件。采用TTC法、I2-IK法、过氧化物酶法、亚甲基蓝法以及离体萌发法对3种槭属植物进行活力测定,探讨其有效的活力测定方法。结果表明:红花槭花粉在培养温度28℃,蔗糖75 g/L+硼酸150 mg/L的培养基中萌发率最高为81.95%;元宝枫花粉在培养温度25℃,蔗糖100 g/L+硼酸250 mg/L的培养基中萌发率最高为66.7%;糖槭花粉在培养温度28℃,蔗糖25 g/L+硼酸350 mg/L的培养基中萌发率最高为88.37%。过氧化物酶法与亚甲基蓝法活力测定效果较好,与离体萌发相比差异显著,其余2种染色剂不适合3种槭属植物花粉染色。     

3种悬钩子属植物花粉离体萌发培养基成分筛选

为了探究悬钩子属植物花粉离体萌发的最适培养基成分,选择3种悬钩子属植物:山莓、蓬藟、掌叶覆盆子,采用离体培养法,研究了不同培养基组分对悬钩子属花粉萌发率、萌发优秀率与花粉管长度的影响。结果表明:山莓花粉萌发率最高的培养基组合:琼脂1%+蔗糖17%+H_3BO_3 0.03%+CaCl_2 0.001%;山莓花粉萌发优秀率最高的培养基组合:琼脂1%+蔗糖17%+H_3BO_3 0.05%+CaCl_2 0.001%;山莓花粉管长度最长的培养基组合:琼脂1%+蔗糖15%+H_3BO_3 0.03%+CaCl_2 0.001%;蓬藟花粉萌发率与萌发优秀率最高的培养基组合:琼脂1%+蔗糖5%+H_3BO_3 0.01%+CaCl_2 0.000%,此条件下花粉管亦最长。掌叶覆盆子花粉萌发率与萌发优秀率最高的培养基组合:琼脂1%+蔗糖10%+H_3BO_3 0.01%+CaCl_2 0.000%;掌叶覆盆子花粉管长度最长的培养基组合:琼脂1%+蔗糖15%+H_3BO_3 0.01%+CaCl_2 0.000%。     

笔竹(Pseudosasa viridula)花粉活力及柱头可授性研究

通过研究不同条件下笔竹的花粉活力以及柱头可授性,为笔竹的有性繁育及杂交育种工作提供理论参考依据,并为竹类植物生殖生物学积累相关资料。采用I_2-KI染色法、花粉离体培养基法测定笔竹花粉活力变化;采用联苯胺-过氧化氢法对不同开花阶段的柱头可授性进行测定。结果显示:笔竹新鲜花粉活性最强;1 d中笔竹花粉活性在3∶00 pm左右达到最高;不同浓度的蔗糖、硼酸配比对花粉萌发具有显著影响,笔竹花粉在10%蔗糖+0.01%硼酸浓度的培养基上培养3 h,萌发率最高;不同储藏条件对笔竹花粉萌发具有显著影响,而4℃湿藏条件下保存短时间内可延长花粉活力至120 h;柱头具可授性,可授期仅2～3 h,成熟期(散粉时期)柱头可授性最强。结论:笔竹花粉在10%蔗糖+0.01%硼酸的培养基内培养3 h萌发效果最好;1 d内尽量采集3∶00 pm左右的新鲜笔竹花粉对散粉时期的柱头进行人工授粉效果最好;新鲜花粉易失活,低温不干燥的储藏处理可以短时间内延长花粉寿命。     

西南桦花粉离体萌发的适宜条件与萌发特征

应用各种浓度蔗糖、蔗糖 硼酸培养基于系列温度下开展西南桦花粉萌发对比试验,研究了蔗糖、硼酸浓度对西南桦花粉离体萌发的影响,筛选出适合西南桦花粉萌发培养基的适宜组分和适宜培养温度,并应用4个单株的花粉对其萌发特征进行了初步研究.结果表明:蔗糖基本培养基上添加硼酸能够显著促进西南桦花粉萌发;西南桦花粉离体萌发的合适培养基为15%蔗糖 200 mg·kg-1硼酸,适宜培养温度为30℃;在此条件下培养3 h后花粉萌发率基本稳定,培养7 h后花粉管长度也趋于稳定.     

大叶相思花粉离体萌发适宜条件及活力检测方法

【目的】对大叶相思花粉离体萌发适宜条件以及花粉活力不同检测方法进行研究,为今后进一步开展人工控制授粉、选育优良的马大杂交新品种提供基础。【方法】采回花穗的次日10:00之后,使用毛笔刷法收集大叶相思花粉;通过不同培养温度、不同蔗糖浓度和不同硼酸浓度处理后进行花粉离体萌发,筛选适宜大叶相思花粉离体萌发的条件;采用过氧化物酶法、I_2-KI法以及花粉管离体萌发法对大叶相思花粉进行活力测定,探讨大叶相思花粉有效的活力测定方法。【结果】大叶相思花粉在28℃下培养,其花粉平均萌发率为71.99%,花粉管平均长度为5.3 D(1 D=1倍的花粉粒长度),花粉管平均条数为6.2条,显著高于其他培养温度的处理。当培养基中含有200 g·L~(-1)蔗糖时,大叶相思花粉萌发率为84.96%,其花粉管平均长度为5.8 D,花粉管平均条数为6.2条,显著高于含有其他蔗糖浓度的处理。在含有300 mg·L~(-1)硼酸的培养基中培养大叶相思花粉,其平均萌发率为75.32%,花粉管平均长度可达4.8 D,平均花粉管条数为5.4条,显著高于在其他硼酸浓度下的处理。大叶相思花粉在培养温度30℃、200 g·L~(-1)蔗糖、300 mg·L~(-1)硼酸的培养基中萌发率为98.26%,花粉管长度均可达到10倍复合花粉粒的长度,最多可萌发出10条花粉管,显著高于其他处理。培养3 h的大叶相思花粉,萌发率为65.74%;培养6 h时,其萌发率为90.55%;培养24 h后,其萌发率趋于稳定,达到最高值98.26%。过氧化物酶法检测的花粉活力为99.67%,I_2-KI法检测的花粉活力为99.00%,花粉管离体培养法检测的花粉活力为98.15%,3种方法检测的花粉活力无显著差异。【结论】大叶相思花粉在不同的离体培养处理下,其萌发情况均不相同且差异显著,最佳离体萌发条件为200 g·L~(-1)蔗糖+300 mg·L~(-1)硼酸,培养温度为30℃,萌发率为98.26%。过氧化物酶法、I_2-KI法以及花粉管离体培养法检测的花粉活力无显著差异。研究结果可为今后开展大叶相思的花粉收集、贮藏及活力测定等研究,以及开展人工控制授粉选育优良马大杂种相思新品种等研究提供重要依据。     

牛角瓜花粉离体萌发研究

为了探讨牛角瓜花粉离体萌发的最适条件及培养基成分,以2年生牛角瓜新鲜花粉为试材,研究了不同溶液对牛角瓜花粉块壁解离效果的影响情况;还采用离体培养法,研究了不同培养温度和培养时间、不同培养基组分对牛角瓜花粉萌发率和花粉管生长的影响情况。结果显示:以10%的Na OH溶液将牛角瓜花粉块处理10 min的解离效果最好;牛角瓜花粉离体萌发的最适温度为30℃,在此温度条件下培养6 h后其花粉萌发率基本稳定,培养12 h后其花粉管生长最好;蔗糖对牛角瓜花粉萌发率及花粉管长度的影响均较大,硼酸对花粉萌发率及花粉管长度的影响均较小;牛角瓜花粉萌发和花粉管生长的最适培养基为20%蔗糖+0.1%硼酸+5 mg/L氯化钙+15 mg/L 6-BA,在此培养基上并在30℃的温度条件下培养6 h,其花粉萌发率达到94.77%,花粉管长度为11.07 mm。     

赤皮青冈离体花枝培养及花粉活力研究

赤皮青冈是重要的乡土珍贵树种,通过离体花枝培养获取花粉对其良种培育、储备林建设意义重大。以0.5%的蔗糖溶液、多元素营养液和自来水为培养液,在室内培养不同发育阶段的赤皮青冈离体花枝获得的花粉和野外自然散粉收集的花粉进行花粉活力测定。结果表明:用蔗糖溶液培养比野外自然散粉早15天采集的离体花枝,可收集到花粉;用多元素营养液和蔗糖溶液培养比野外自然散粉早10天采集的离体花枝,均可收集到花粉;用蔗糖溶液、多元素营养液和自来水培养比野外自然散粉早5天采集的离体花枝,均可获得花粉。室内培养收集的花粉与野外自然散粉收集的花粉活力无显著差异。室内离体花枝培养获得的花粉较野外自然散粉收集的花粉耐储藏,自然散粉花粉储藏10天萌发率为37.0%,离体花枝收集的花粉储藏10天萌发率为45.3%;两种花粉储藏2周萌发率均为0%。温度25℃、培养基中蔗糖浓度100 g/L和硼酸浓度300 mg/L是赤皮青冈花粉培养的适宜条件。提前采集赤皮青冈待散粉花枝,通过离体培养获得的花粉与自然散粉花粉的萌发率和花粉活力无显著差异,但离体花枝培养获得的花粉较耐贮藏。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ophiostoma</Emphasis> species associated with bark beetles infesting three <Emphasis Type="Italic">Abies</Emphasis> species in Nikko,Japan

Ophiostoma species were isolated from bark beetles and Abies mariesii, A. veitchii and A. homolepis attacked by the beetles in Nikko, Tochigi, central Honshu, Japan. One to two Ophiostoma species were frequently isolated from each species of bark beetle. Ophiostoma subalpinum was the most common associate of Cryphalus montanus. Ophiostoma sp. B as well as O. subalpinum was a common fungus associated with Polygraphus proximus. Ophiostoma europhioides was isolated from Dryocoetes hectographus and D. autographus as one of the common associates. Ophiostoma sp. J and Ophiostoma sp. S were frequently isolated from D. autographus and D. striatus, respectively. These fungi seem to have specific relationships with particular bark beetles. Ophiostoma sp. B, Ophiostoma sp. J and Ophiostoma sp. S have unique morphological characteristics and appear to be new species. Five trees of A. veitchii, approximately 43 years old, were inoculated with five Ophiostoma species to assess the relative virulence of the fungi. Ophiostoma subalpinum, Ophiostoma sp. B, and O. europhioides had relatively higher virulence than the other species studied.     

Improving the evaluation of multiple-dowel-type connection strength

Our study focuses on predicting the ultimate short-term load carrying capacity of timber-to-timber connections with dowel-type fasteners. The wide range of possible configurations in practice makes the resolution of these values by tests unrealistic. Moreover, different current regulations do not consider some specific failure mechanisms. In many countries, the reduction of resistance involved by this phenomenon is taken into account by considering an effective number of dowels (n_ef) smaller than the actual number of dowels (n) in the connection. However, these different regulations disagree on the values of n_ef and on other points (spacing, partial coefficient of security, formulas). These discrepancies in design rules invite the fundamental research on this topic and, therefore, new methods are sought in order to estimate the load carrying capacities of the connections. In the light of these, our approach consists of predicting the load carrying capacity with the neural network numerical tool. The results obtained by this analysis tool are satisfactory, although the model remains complex. Subsequently, we focus on the simplification of this numerical model with classical regression techniques in order to implement it in a design code.     

Parasitic Ichneumonoidea on the horse chestnut leaf miner, Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Slovakia

Parasitic Hymenoptera from the suprafamily Ichneumonoidea attacking the horse chestnut leafminer Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimic (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) were studied in southwest Slovakia during 2000 and 2001. The search for such species resulted in the determination of eight ichneumonid species, Gelis agilis (Fabricius), Itoplectis alternans (Gravenhorst), I. clavicornis (Thompson), I. maculator (Fabricius), Scambus annulatus (Kiss), S. brevicornis (Gravenhorst), Zatypota percontatoria (Müller), Adelognathus sp. and a braconid Colastes braconius Haliday. The most abundant species was S. annulatus. All these species recorded are polyphagous and often facultative hyperparasitoids, except C. braconius, which departs from this norm in not being hyperparasitic. The presence of more diversified native parasitoids and hyperparasitoids from the Ichneumonoidea predicate a slow successive adaptation of the parasitoid fauna to the invasive host, Cameraria ohridella.     

Insecticidal activity of certain medicinal plants

The methanol extracts of eight species of medicinal plants were tested for insecticidal activity in third instar larvae of Egyptian cottonworm (Spodoptera littoralis). All extracts showed a certain degree of larval toxicity. The extracts of Ocimum basilicum, Origanum majorana and Salvia officinalis appeared to be highly toxic. The extracts significantly affected the growth indexes [relative growth rate (RGR), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD)].     

A new norlignan from Taxodium ascendens

A new norlignan, (2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,4-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,5-dihydroxy-tetrahydropyran (1), together with 9 known compounds were isolated from the branches and leaves of Taxodium ascendens. Their structures were mainly determined on the basis of MS, IR, 1D and 2D NMR spectral evidences. Methanol extract showed inhibitory activity on carbonic anhydrase II with an IC₅₀ value of 4.27 µg/ml, acetone extract and methanol extract inhibited activity of cathepsin B with IC₅₀ values of 2.12 and 3.71 µg/ml, respectively.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bursaphelenchus mucronatus</Emphasis> (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) vectored by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Monochamus </Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">urussovi</Emphasis> (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Hokkaido,Japan

Bursaphelenchus mucronatus Mamiya et Enda has been recovered for the first time from adults of the cerambycid beetle, Monochamus urussovi (Fischer), in Hokkaido, Japan. The nematode was also recovered from the inner bark of Picea jezoensis (Siebold et Zuccarini) Carrière and Abies sachalinensis (Fr Schmidt) Masters infested with M. urussovi larvae. PCR–RFLP analysis indicated that B. mucronatus in Hokkaido is the European type.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Trees and shrubs as sources of fodder in Australia

Experience with browse plants in Australia is briefly reviewed in terms of their forage value to animals, their economic value to the landholder and their ecological contribution to landscape stability. Of the cultivated species only two have achieved any degree of commercial acceptance (Leucaena leucocephala and Chamaecytisus palmensis). Both of these are of sufficiently high forage value to be used as the sole source of feed during seasonal periods of nutritional shortage. Both are also leguminous shrubs that establish readily from seed. It is suggested that a limitation in their present use is the reliance on stands of single species which leaves these grazing systems vulnerable to disease and insects. Grazing systems so far developed for high production and persistence of cultivated species involve short periods of intense grazing followed by long periods of recovery. Similar management may be necessary in the arid and semi-arid rangelands where palatable browse species are in decline.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.