干旱胁迫下3个甜角品种幼苗的生理生化响应及抗旱性评价

在大棚模拟持续干旱条件下,测定了3个甜角品种PRAKAYTONG(闪金)、SRITONG(金色)、SRITONGBAO (轻金色)幼苗叶片的细胞质膜透性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、渗透调节物质含量、保护酶活性、叶片含水量和叶绿素含量,研究甜角对干旱胁迫的生理生化响应,并用抗旱系数法和隶属函数法进行抗旱性综合评价.结果表明:随着干旱胁迫时间的延长及胁迫程度的加重,幼苗叶片的细胞质膜透性、MDA含量、脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量都呈增加趋势;SOD和POD活性则呈先上升后下降趋势;叶片水分含量和叶绿素呈减少趋势.经抗旱指数法和隶属函数法分析,3个品种的抗旱性从强到弱依次表现为PRAKAYTONG＞ SRITONGBAO＞ SRITONG.     

8个平欧杂种榛品种抗旱性评价

【目的】为了筛选适宜陕西榛子产区种植的优良抗旱品种,对8个平欧杂种榛品种幼苗进行抗旱性评价。【方法】以8个平欧杂种榛品种的1年生盆栽苗为试材,测定自然干旱胁迫40 d时各品种的苗高,并测定聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱条件下各品种叶片的相对含水量、可溶性糖含量和脯氨酸含量等指标,研究干旱条件下各指标的变化情况。使用隶属函数法对各平欧杂种榛品种的抗旱性进行综合评价。【结果】在干旱胁迫条件下,与对照相比,8个品种的苗高及叶片叶绿素含量、相对含水量、可溶性蛋白质含量均显著下降,叶片游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖和丙二醛含量显著升高,但8个品种的各指标变化幅度均不同。其中,‘辽榛7号’和‘玉坠’的叶片脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量增幅较大,‘辽榛7号’叶片的脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量分别比对照高47.13%和52.06%。‘玉坠’叶片的脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量分别比对照高69.58%、29.94%。二者叶片的可溶性蛋白质含量下降幅度较小,‘辽榛7号’仅比对照低8.63%;二者的苗高和叶片丙二醛含量增幅较小。与其他品种相比,‘辽榛1号’和‘平欧15号’的叶片丙二醛含量增幅较大,‘平欧15号’比对照高70.80%;可溶性...     

干旱复水对胡杨(Populus euphratica)幼苗生理特性的影响

以2a生胡杨实生苗为材料,采用盆栽称重法研究轻度(持续干旱6d)、中度(持续干旱12d)和重度(持续干旱18d)干旱及旱后复水过程中幼苗光合气体交换、叶绿素荧光参数及光合色素、可溶性糖、丙二醛(MDA)等含量的变化,探讨不同程度干旱及复水过程中胡杨幼苗生理生化响应与旱后恢复能力的关系。结果表明:(1)持续干旱,幼苗叶片光合速率(Pn)、有效光化学量子效率(Fv/Fm)、PSII反应中心光捕获效率(Fv'/Fm')、实际光化学量子效率(ΦPSII)及光合色素含量均随干旱时间的延长和土壤含水量的减小逐渐下降;轻度和中度胁迫幼苗Pn分别下降了25%和60%,但Fv/Fm、Fv'/Fm'、ΦPSII与对照无显著差异(p0.05),较短期的缺水条件下幼苗光合系统稳定;重度胁迫,幼苗Pn接近零,光合几乎完全受抑,Fv/Fm下降17%,长期缺水致使幼苗光合器官受损。(2)中度和重度干旱胁迫,幼苗叶片丙二醛含量显著,细胞膜遭到破坏;幼苗可溶性糖、Chl a/b、非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)增大,其通过渗透调节提高抗旱性,减少光捕获及热耗散以避免过剩光对光合机构造成更大损伤;(3)轻度和中度胁迫后复水,幼苗光合、荧光参数均在短期内快速恢复,重度胁迫也在复水8d完全恢复,反映了幼苗较强的旱后修复能力;轻度胁迫幼苗叶片Pn和叶绿素含量均显著高于对照,表现出补偿效应,表明适度干旱诱导了幼苗的抗旱适应性。研究发现,干旱胁迫对胡杨幼苗光合生理具有显著抑制作用,但胡杨通过一些列光保护、光适应机制以及渗透调节等使其在干旱胁迫环境下生存,并能够在复水后完全恢复。     

大果沙棘根围AM真菌提高宿主抗旱性研究初探

接种AM真菌的苗木不论是否干旱胁迫平均株高、平均根长和叶绿素含量都显著增加,丙二醛含量、游离脯氨酸和电解质透出率则显著降低。对4种抗旱指标的测定结果显示,接种处理后各种叶绿素含量高于对照,脯氨酸含量升高,丙二醛含量下降,膜透性降低,这说明接种菌根真菌可以增强宿主植物的抗旱性,促进渗透调节物质脯氨酸的合成,使得膜质过氧化产物丙二醛含量降低,对细胞膜损伤减轻,膜透性降低,维持干旱下植物正常的生理生化活动。     

丛枝菌根化香椿、秋枫幼苗对干旱胁迫生理响应

以香椿（Toona sinensis）、秋枫（Bischofia javanica）实生种子苗为试验材料,研究干旱胁迫下丛枝菌根化香椿、秋枫幼苗叶片质膜透性、游离脯氨酸含量及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性的变化.结果表明：随着干旱胁迫程度加重及胁迫时间延长,香椿、秋枫幼苗叶片质膜透性、游离脯氨酸含量呈增加趋势,SOD活性在胁迫处理4天时明显增加,之后随着胁迫时间延长无明显变化趋势.中度干旱胁迫（田间持水量40％）处理20天时,菌根化香椿、秋枫幼苗叶片质膜透性、游离脯氨酸含量及SOD活性均高于非菌根化苗.这说明,接种丛枝菌根能有效促进香椿、秋枫幼苗生理抗旱性,且干旱胁迫程度越重效果越显著.     

干旱胁迫对药用绿化植物千里光和密蒙花生长的影响研究

为筛选利用抗旱性较高的乡土植物用于边坡生态修复,通过盆栽试验研究滇中地区常见的密蒙花和千里光在干旱胁迫条件下的抗旱性,对干旱胁迫下植株的生长状况及各种酶活性、丙二醛和脯氨酸含量等有关生理指标进行研究。结果表明,在断水干旱胁迫下,千里光幼苗忍耐干旱环境的能力强;密蒙花幼苗在断水干旱胁迫前期调节能力较好,在后期抗旱能力减弱,植株生长受到严重抑制。     

接种丛枝菌根真菌对毛红椿幼苗生长及抗旱性的影响

为探究接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)促进毛红椿幼苗抗旱性机制,以毛红椿幼苗为材料,探究接种AMF对毛红椿幼苗在正常浇水(NW)、轻度干旱胁迫(LS)、中度干旱胁迫(MS)和重度干旱胁迫(SS)处理下的生长和光合生理影响。结果表明:在干旱胁迫下,毛红椿幼苗生长和生理均受到不同程度抑制,但接种AMF可缓解干旱胁迫对苗木生长的抑制,显著促进毛红椿幼苗苗高和地径的生长(P<0.05)。接种AMF与对照(CK)的毛红椿幼苗叶片除气孔导度(G_s)在中度干旱胁迫下差异不显著外,G_s在另外3个干旱胁迫处理下及蒸腾速率(T r)、胞间二氧化碳浓度(C_i)、净光合速率(P_n)在4个干旱胁迫处理下均达到显著差异(P<0.05)。在重度干旱胁迫下,接种AMF毛红椿幼苗叶片的脯氨酸(Pro)含量较CK提高了26.45%,其可溶性蛋白(Sp)含量与CK存在显著差异(P<0.05)。干旱胁迫下,与CK相比,接种AMF毛红椿幼苗叶片的丙二醛(MDA)含量较低,而超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢...     

巴东木莲幼苗对干旱胁迫的生长和生理响应

采用盆栽人工模拟控水法干旱胁迫,探讨巴东木莲Manglietia patungensis幼苗的生长和生理特性对干旱胁迫的响应情况,随着干旱胁迫的加剧,巴东木莲幼苗苗高、地径和生物量逐渐降低,可溶性蛋白含量逐渐升高,叶绿素含量在对照处理略高,在轻度胁迫处理和中度胁迫处理明显降低。随着胁迫时间的延长,巴东木莲幼苗叶片组织相对含水量降低,丙二醛含量先升后降再升,脯氨酸含量逐渐升高,保护酶SOD活性均呈先增加而后降低的变化趋势。研究表明:在不同程度的干旱胁迫条件下,巴东木莲幼苗的生长受到一定程度的抑制,但能够通过调节自身的保护酶系统活性和渗透调节物质含量来减轻干旱伤害,维持植物体的正常生理代谢功能,从而表现出一定的抗旱耐旱潜力。     

持续干旱对澳洲坚果幼苗渗透调节能力的影响

以澳洲坚果2年生幼苗为试验材料,采用盆栽方式模拟自然持续干旱,通过测定幼苗叶片的游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和丙二醛(MDA)含量等生理指标,并运用相关分析及隶属函数法对其抗旱性进行综合分析。结果表明,在持续干旱条件下,不同品种澳洲坚果幼苗受干旱胁迫后其叶片的渗透调节能力存在差异,其中,云澳7号对干旱胁迫的适应性最强,云澳32号次之,云澳29号对干旱胁迫的适应性最弱,在今后的品种推广及灌溉管护中应区别对待。     

干旱胁迫和复水后台湾相思、银合欢和火棘幼苗的生理变化

以台湾相思、银合欢和火棘幼苗为试验材料,人工模拟干旱胁迫环境,通过测定各树种幼苗叶片的生理指标,研究了干旱胁迫对这3种幼苗的影响,并用主成分法综合评定了各树种的抗旱性。结果表明,干旱胁迫期间3种幼苗的叶片组织含水量下降,复水处理后恢复到与对照相近水平;3种幼苗叶片的叶绿素含量上升,复水后下降;3种幼苗叶片的脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量上升或上升后下降,复水后一般恢复到对照水平;台湾相思和火棘幼苗的叶片SOD活性显著上升后小幅波动,而银合欢的幼苗叶片SOD活性持续增加;台湾相思和火棘幼苗的叶片丙二醛含量逐渐上升,银合欢上升后波动。3种幼苗叶片的SOD活性和丙二醛含量复水后均下降。对生理指标进行主成分分析表明,3种幼苗的抗旱性为台湾相思>银合欢>火棘。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ophiostoma</Emphasis> species associated with bark beetles infesting three <Emphasis Type="Italic">Abies</Emphasis> species in Nikko,Japan

Ophiostoma species were isolated from bark beetles and Abies mariesii, A. veitchii and A. homolepis attacked by the beetles in Nikko, Tochigi, central Honshu, Japan. One to two Ophiostoma species were frequently isolated from each species of bark beetle. Ophiostoma subalpinum was the most common associate of Cryphalus montanus. Ophiostoma sp. B as well as O. subalpinum was a common fungus associated with Polygraphus proximus. Ophiostoma europhioides was isolated from Dryocoetes hectographus and D. autographus as one of the common associates. Ophiostoma sp. J and Ophiostoma sp. S were frequently isolated from D. autographus and D. striatus, respectively. These fungi seem to have specific relationships with particular bark beetles. Ophiostoma sp. B, Ophiostoma sp. J and Ophiostoma sp. S have unique morphological characteristics and appear to be new species. Five trees of A. veitchii, approximately 43 years old, were inoculated with five Ophiostoma species to assess the relative virulence of the fungi. Ophiostoma subalpinum, Ophiostoma sp. B, and O. europhioides had relatively higher virulence than the other species studied.     

Improving the evaluation of multiple-dowel-type connection strength

Our study focuses on predicting the ultimate short-term load carrying capacity of timber-to-timber connections with dowel-type fasteners. The wide range of possible configurations in practice makes the resolution of these values by tests unrealistic. Moreover, different current regulations do not consider some specific failure mechanisms. In many countries, the reduction of resistance involved by this phenomenon is taken into account by considering an effective number of dowels (n_ef) smaller than the actual number of dowels (n) in the connection. However, these different regulations disagree on the values of n_ef and on other points (spacing, partial coefficient of security, formulas). These discrepancies in design rules invite the fundamental research on this topic and, therefore, new methods are sought in order to estimate the load carrying capacities of the connections. In the light of these, our approach consists of predicting the load carrying capacity with the neural network numerical tool. The results obtained by this analysis tool are satisfactory, although the model remains complex. Subsequently, we focus on the simplification of this numerical model with classical regression techniques in order to implement it in a design code.     

Parasitic Ichneumonoidea on the horse chestnut leaf miner, Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Slovakia

Parasitic Hymenoptera from the suprafamily Ichneumonoidea attacking the horse chestnut leafminer Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimic (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) were studied in southwest Slovakia during 2000 and 2001. The search for such species resulted in the determination of eight ichneumonid species, Gelis agilis (Fabricius), Itoplectis alternans (Gravenhorst), I. clavicornis (Thompson), I. maculator (Fabricius), Scambus annulatus (Kiss), S. brevicornis (Gravenhorst), Zatypota percontatoria (Müller), Adelognathus sp. and a braconid Colastes braconius Haliday. The most abundant species was S. annulatus. All these species recorded are polyphagous and often facultative hyperparasitoids, except C. braconius, which departs from this norm in not being hyperparasitic. The presence of more diversified native parasitoids and hyperparasitoids from the Ichneumonoidea predicate a slow successive adaptation of the parasitoid fauna to the invasive host, Cameraria ohridella.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Insecticidal activity of certain medicinal plants

The methanol extracts of eight species of medicinal plants were tested for insecticidal activity in third instar larvae of Egyptian cottonworm (Spodoptera littoralis). All extracts showed a certain degree of larval toxicity. The extracts of Ocimum basilicum, Origanum majorana and Salvia officinalis appeared to be highly toxic. The extracts significantly affected the growth indexes [relative growth rate (RGR), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD)].     

A new norlignan from Taxodium ascendens

A new norlignan, (2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,4-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,5-dihydroxy-tetrahydropyran (1), together with 9 known compounds were isolated from the branches and leaves of Taxodium ascendens. Their structures were mainly determined on the basis of MS, IR, 1D and 2D NMR spectral evidences. Methanol extract showed inhibitory activity on carbonic anhydrase II with an IC₅₀ value of 4.27 µg/ml, acetone extract and methanol extract inhibited activity of cathepsin B with IC₅₀ values of 2.12 and 3.71 µg/ml, respectively.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Populations of adult fungus gnats and shore flies in British Columbia container nurseries as related to nursery environment,and incidence of fungi on the insects

Adult fungus gnat and shore fly populations were monitored in four container nurseries near Victoria, British Columbia. In general, populations of both insects were larger in summer than in winter. Also, both insects were more abundant in the nursery with a plastic-covered, soil floor, which favored moisture accumulation and build up of algae, liverworts and mosses, than in nurseries with other types of floors such as cement. Results of fungus isolations revealed that gnats and flies both harbor the seedling pathogens Botrytis cinerea and species of Fusarium and Phoma, plus several non-pathogenic fungi. The results are discussed in relation to nursery sanitation practices, their effects on gnat and fly populations, and some possible roles of these insects in seedling disease epidemiology.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bursaphelenchus mucronatus</Emphasis> (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) vectored by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Monochamus </Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">urussovi</Emphasis> (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Hokkaido,Japan

Bursaphelenchus mucronatus Mamiya et Enda has been recovered for the first time from adults of the cerambycid beetle, Monochamus urussovi (Fischer), in Hokkaido, Japan. The nematode was also recovered from the inner bark of Picea jezoensis (Siebold et Zuccarini) Carrière and Abies sachalinensis (Fr Schmidt) Masters infested with M. urussovi larvae. PCR–RFLP analysis indicated that B. mucronatus in Hokkaido is the European type.