辽宁杨雄花序发育及花粉萌发特征

【目的】对辽宁杨雄花序及花粉萌发过程进行观测与分析,为更好地利用辽宁杨进行良种选育提供依据。【方法】以辽宁杨雄花序为对象,通过花枝水培、花粉体外萌发和花粉贮藏等手段,借助模式图绘制、图表解析等方法,系统研究辽宁杨雄花序发育及散粉规律、花粉体外萌发规律,并探讨不同贮藏条件对花粉萌发及花粉管生长的影响。【结果】1)辽宁杨雄花序从花芽膨大到散粉可分为花蕾期、伸展期、盛花期和开花末期4个阶段,历时12天,花药大多数于第4阶段成熟,此时轻微触动即可导致花粉从花药散落。2)花粉体外萌发的适宜条件为210 g·L-1蔗糖+30 mg·L-1H3BO3+10 mg·L-1Ca Cl2,21℃,其萌发率最高,达到58.57%;150 g·L-1蔗糖+40 mg·L-1H3BO3+10 mg·L-1Ca Cl2,23℃组合中的花粉管最长,达到753.20μm。蔗糖、H3BO3、Ca Cl2、温度对辽宁杨花粉萌发及花粉管生长影响均达到显著水平(P0.05)。3)暗培养7 h时,花粉管不再伸长。4)-20℃下贮藏的花粉,其萌发率高于另外2个温度条件下的萌发率,且贮藏温度越低花粉管越长;同一贮藏温度下,花粉萌发率随贮藏时间的延长而降低,花粉管随贮藏时间的延长而变短。【结论】为避免花粉损失,花粉的采集应考虑在雄花序发育的第3阶段进行;对花粉管长度和花粉萌发率的统计分析表明二者不存在相关关系;贮藏温度越低,花粉生活力降低的速度越慢,花粉管萌发到相同长度所需的时间越短;与新鲜花粉相比,若是利用贮藏的花粉进行杂交试验,为保证授粉效果,此时的授粉次数应增加而授粉的时间间隔应延长。     

聚石斛花粉生活力及贮藏的研究

以聚石斛花粉为试材,研究了其花粉生活力的检测方法及贮藏方法。结果表明:(1)检测聚石斛花粉萌发适宜的培养基为100 g·L-1蔗糖+100 mg·L-1H3BO3+80 mg·L-1Ca Cl2,TTC染色法不适用于聚石斛花粉生活力的检测;(2)聚石斛开花第0 8天的花粉生活力高于65%,作为父本,授粉结实率高于85%,显著高于蕾期和衰败期。(3)不同贮藏方法对聚石斛花粉生活力的影响较大,4℃冷藏干燥贮藏80 d后,花粉生活力下降为0,而4℃冷藏湿润贮藏、-20℃冷冻湿润贮藏和干燥贮藏90 d后,花粉生活力分别为1.4%、21.7%、6.4%。经-20℃冷冻湿润贮藏90 d后的花粉经杂交授粉后仍然能够正常结实,其他处理的结实率明显降低。     

小黑杨花粉离体萌发和细胞学分析

采用花粉离体培养法,研究不同的液体培养基组分、温度、pH值对小黑杨花粉萌发的影响。结果表明:在单因子试验中,蔗糖、H3BO3和CaCl2在一定的浓度范围内对小黑杨花粉萌发及花粉管生长起促进作用,但超过一定浓度时则起抑制作用,温度和pH值也是如此。在正交试验中,蔗糖、H3BO3、CaCl2、温度和pH值对小黑杨花粉萌发均有极显著的影响,小黑杨花粉萌发最适的培养基为150g·L-1蔗糖+20mg·L-1H3BO3+40mg·L-1CaCl2,在21℃和pH6.0条件下,花粉的萌发率可以达到46.23%,花粉管生长状态良好。细胞学观察结果表明:小黑杨成熟花粉为2-细胞型,随着培养时间的延长,花粉萌发率逐渐提高,花粉管不断伸长。     

耐冬山茶花粉储藏条件及其活力的动态变化

以山东青岛耐冬山茶花粉为试验材料,采用离体培养基法研究了花粉的萌发特性,并探讨了不同贮藏温度与贮藏时间对花粉萌发率和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响.结果表明:耐冬山茶花粉萌发的最适宜培养基为:150 g·L-1蔗糖+0.05 g·L-1硼酸+100 mg·L-1GA3+ 900 g·L-1Ca(NO3)2;花粉最佳贮藏温度为-80℃;-80℃贮藏360 d后,花粉萌发率仍达到原来的58.19％,3种保护酶活性较高,花粉抗氧化、衰老能力较强;贮藏过程中,3种保护酶活性出现最高峰值前后花粉萌发率出现大幅度下降;不同贮藏温度下,3种保护酶的作用不同,室温下POD、CAT为敏感性保护酶,4℃下SOD为敏感性保护酶,-20℃、-80℃下CAT为敏感性保护酶;3种保护酶活性对花粉萌发率的影响依次为:SOD＞ POD＞ CAT.     

白花树花粉生活力检测方法与贮藏特性研究

以江西吉水种源的白花树花粉为研究材料,进行了扫描电子显微镜下的花粉形态结构观察以及采用离体培养基法、I2-KI和TTC染色等花粉生活力测定方法的比较研究,探讨了不同贮藏条件对花粉萌发的影响。研究结果表明:白花树花粉粒为长球型,具3孔沟,外壁面具细网状纹饰;花粉平均极轴长52.33±0.577μm,平均赤道轴长26.89±0.502μm;3种花粉生活力测定方法中以离体培养基法最有效,花粉萌发的最佳组合为:10%蔗糖+0.05 g·L-1硼酸+100 mg·L-1GA3+3 h;花粉最佳贮藏条件为-80℃密封保存,贮藏180 d后花粉的萌发率仍可达40.97%。     

不同贮藏方法对华顶杜鹃花粉活力的影响

研究了华顶杜鹃Rhododendron huadingense花粉活力水平及不同贮藏方法对其活力的影响。结果表明,新鲜华顶杜鹃花粉的萌发率高达98.1%;室温存放的新鲜花粉在3 d内可保持较高的活力,3 d后其活力下降迅速;4℃贮藏7 d后的花粉萌发率仍保持在85.5%的较高水平,贮藏15 d时的萌发率仍高于50%,可作为华顶杜鹃花粉的短期(15 d内)保存方法;-20℃贮藏40 d后的花粉萌发率仍能达到87.4%,基本可满足实际需求;-80℃下贮藏60 d后萌发率依旧维持在95.2%,可用于华顶杜鹃花粉的长期保存。本研究结果说明花粉活力不是导致华顶杜鹃濒危的生物学原因。     

油松花粉离体萌发培养基及花粉贮藏条件研究

花粉生活力对油松杂交育种至关重要.为筛选油松花粉离体萌发培养基,探讨不同温度贮藏下花粉的生活力,采用正交试验设计,研究不同水平蔗糖、硼酸和pH值对油松花粉离体萌发的影响;测定不同温度贮藏下油松花粉萌发率随时间的动态变化.结果表明:油松新鲜花粉在蔗糖100 g·L-1、硼酸0.10 g·L-1、琼脂8 g·L-1、pH值...     

翠竹花粉的活力及储藏效果研究

[目的]以南京林业大学竹种园内开花的翠竹花粉为试验材料,研究在不同条件下花粉的活力和储藏效果,为翠竹杂交育种的生产实践提供基础理论数据。[方法]利用花粉离体培养法研究花粉在不同培养基组分、不同采样时间、不同温度及储藏条件下的萌发特性。[结果]翠竹花粉在不同浓度配比的培养基中萌发率差异显著,以10%蔗糖+0.01%H3BO3+0.06%CaCl_2·2H_2O培养基上培养2.5 h花粉萌发率最高;一天之中以上午9:00的花粉萌发率最高;翠竹花粉离体萌发适合的温度范围较宽,在26 30℃内花粉都有较高的萌发率。随着储藏时间的延长,翠竹花粉萌发率逐渐下降;不同储藏方式对花粉的萌发率有较大的影响,在储藏过程中未经干燥处理的花药的花粉萌发效果好于干燥后的,4℃低温保存下花粉萌发率相对较好,可延长花粉的储藏寿命,96.0 h后仍保有活力。[结论]翠竹花粉在10%蔗糖、0.01%H3BO3、0.06%CaCl_2·2H_2O的培养基中萌发效果最好,萌发适宜的温度范围是2630℃,在储藏过程中低温不干燥的环境有利于延长花粉寿命。     

七子花花粉萌发的研究

设置8种不同的培养基进行七子花花粉萌发的研究.结果表明,不同培养基中七子花的花粉萌发率、花粉管破损率和花粉净萌发率有较大的差异.硼酸对七子花花粉萌发有明显的促进作用,但也会增加花粉管的破损率.以0.5mg/L 2,4-D、10%蔗糖、0.5%琼脂作为培养基,七子花花粉萌发率最高,达84.90%;以10mg/L H3BO3、0.5mg/LNAA、10%蔗糖、0.5%琼脂作为培养基,七子花花粉的净萌发率最高,达53.25%.硼酸与NAA或Ca(NO3)2配合使用,有利于七子花的花粉萌发和花粉管的发育.     

连蕊茶花粉发芽适宜培养基的探讨

采用不同培养基来测定连蕊茶花粉发芽率,以便了解连蕊茶花粉发芽所需的适宜培养基。结果表明:在培养基KNO3+MgSO4上,其花粉发芽率仅为9.60%,而加有Ca2+、B5+、蔗糖的培养基,连蕊茶花粉的发芽率有大幅度地提高,其中以培养基10%蔗糖+150mg·L-1硼+0.05%钙为最佳,花粉发芽率可达94.9%。同时,对连蕊茶花粉萌发的起始时间及花粉管的生长速度进行了观测。     

Effect of low temperature on pollen vitality ofLarix olgensis

After the treatment of pollen oflarix olgensis at the different low temperature, the pollen vitality was observed by using fluorescent staining method. Several conclusions were obtained: 1) 0°C–3°C is the best temperature range for storing pollen ofLarix olgensis. 2) At the same temperature, humidity is the key factor influencing the pollen vitality. 3) Different clones shows different resistance to low temperature. Among the ten clones 2# clone shows the highest resistance.     

松花粉工艺处理对防控印度谷螟的效果

印度谷螟是松花粉的重要仓储害虫,为有效控制仓储害虫,确保产品质量安全,进行了干燥、过筛、灭菌及破壁等松花粉产品主要工艺过程防控印度谷螟的试验。结果表明:在松花粉产品加工流程中,采用180目以上筛网过筛,49 ℃、120 min加温干燥,12 kGy ⁶⁰Coγ辐照灭菌,机械破壁或压片成型,7 g·m^-3、6.5 h硫酰氟熏蒸或-8 ℃、24 h冷冻贮藏等任一工艺处理,都能防杀印度谷螟卵或幼虫。各措施组合应用能有效防控印度谷螟侵入或危害,且经济、实用和安全。     

6个蓝莓品种花粉特性和花粉育性的比较

为了探究湖南蓝莓引种区不同品种的花器形体特征及花粉生活力,从而为南方地区蓝莓引种栽培和授粉树的配置提供参考依据,采用纤维素酶溶解法、联苯胺染色法和离体培养等技术,对‘莱格西’、‘布里吉塔’、‘夏普蓝’、‘密斯梯’、‘粉蓝’、‘梯芙蓝’等6个蓝莓品种的花粉特性、花粉量、花粉生活力、花粉萌发率等进行了比较研究。测定结果表明:1蓝莓花粉量在各品种间存在差异,‘莱格西’、‘布里吉塔’、‘夏普蓝’、‘密斯梯’、‘粉蓝’、‘梯芙蓝’的花粉数依次为162、250、178、166、141、170粒/花药,其中‘布里吉塔’的花粉数量最多,‘夏普蓝’次之,‘粉蓝’最少;2蓝莓花粉生活力在各品种中存在差异,‘莱格西’、‘布里吉塔’、‘夏普蓝’、‘密斯梯’、‘粉蓝’、‘梯芙蓝’的花粉生活力依次为30.87%、26.79%、31.34%、23.83%,18.80%、24.83%,其中‘夏普蓝’的花粉活力最大,‘莱格西’次之,‘粉蓝’最小;3 6个蓝莓品种花粉萌发所需的最适蔗糖浓度不尽相同,‘莱格西’、‘布里吉塔’、‘密斯梯’在蔗糖浓度为10%时其花粉萌发率均最高,依次为25.60%、9.10%、27.20%;当蔗糖浓度为15%时,‘夏普蓝’、‘粉蓝’、‘梯芙蓝’3个蓝莓品种的萌发率均达到最高值,依次为26.20%、21.20%、61.40%;4 6个蓝莓品种中,‘夏普蓝’花粉萌发所需的最适硼酸浓度为300μg·L-1,而其他5个品种花粉萌发的最佳硼酸浓度均为200μg·L-1;5 6个蓝莓品种花粉萌发所需的最适培养温度均为25℃。研究结果表明:6个蓝莓品种中,‘莱格西’和‘夏普蓝’均较适合用作授粉植株,其花粉量和花粉萌发率均较高。     

Effects of stand density on the productivity ofCryptomeria japonica male flowers

We have studied male flower production and relative illumination in clonal sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) forests planted at densities of 1,500/ha, 3,000/ha, and 5,000/ha, to clarify the effects of forest management on male flower production. Both the relative illumination and male flower production decrease as the stand density increases. The lowest position at which male flowers are formed decreases as the density of the stand decreases. High thinning intensity promotes male flower production and light pruning is ineffective to reduce male flower production. Therefore, traditional management methods used in sugi forests (i.e. planting at high density, frequent light thinning, intensive pruning and short rotation) are ideal strategies for limiting male flower production.     

A contribution to the pollen morphology for arboreal type of caesalpinioideae in Korea

The pollen morphology of 7 taxa of three genera of the subfamily Caesalpinioideae in Korea was investigated by light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The pollen grains of this subfamily are monads, prolate spheroidal or subprolate, and trizonocolporate. Sculpture pattern is reticulate or perforate. Based on sculpture pattern, colpus width and grain shape at equatorial view, 4 major pollen types of the subfamily are discernible;Caesalpinia, Cercis, Gleditsia I, andGleditsia II. This study was supported by Korean Academic Promotion Foundation. During this study, Botanic Garden of Kyoto University, Japan, Anmyondo Arboretum and Dr. Byongsoo Kang at Dongkuk Univ., Korea provided materials and informations which are greatly appreciated.     

Pollen dispersal in a hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) seed orchard detected using a chloroplast DNA marker

Pollen dispersal was estimated in two test plots in a hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) seed orchard using a chloroplast DNA marker, the spacer region between thetrnD andtrnY genes, and SSCP (single strand conformation polymorphism). In Plot 1, 2,020 seeds from 40 trees within 30 m of the marker tree were analyzed using the PCR-SSCP method. In Plot 2, 1,850 seeds from 37 trees were analyzed in the same manner. The results revealed that the maximum pollen dispersal distance in the two plots exceeded 25 m. Pollen dispersal appeared to be inversely proportional to the distance from the marker tree. The effective pollen dispersal was suggested to be less than about 20 m in a mature hinoki seed orchard. Adjacent trees had an excessive influence when the pollen density was increased by artificial flower stimulation. Therefore, it was suggested that seed production better resembles ideal random mating when carried out as naturally as possible. In conclusion, the SSCP chloroplast DNA marker was a useful tool for amassing basic information on pollen management in seed orchards of coniferous species.     

Pollen development and floral morphology of Populus pseudo-simonii

Pollen development and floral morphology of Populus pseudo-simonii were investigated by stain-squashing and anatomical techniques. It took approximately 16 days for the pollen to develop from pollen mother cells to mature pollen in the greenhouse. Meiosis of pollen mother cells was regularly applied and completed by a process of simultaneous cytokinesis. Pollen development was considerably asynchronous. The meiotic division was initiated at the bulgy middle position of the flower bud and proceeded towards the tip and base of the bud. The number and size of the nucleoli varied during pollen development and at most eight nucleoli formed in each daughter nucleus at the meiotic telophase, suggesting a paleopolyploid origin of the genus Populus. An association between floral morphology and pollen development was found and the ratio of width to length of flower buds or catkins presented an S-shaped curve related to pollen development as a function of time. The investigation on the pollen development and floral morphology of P. pseudo-simonii is important for further cross breeding programs of the section Tacamahaca.     

不同核桃品种花粉生活力的比较研究

用TTC染色法和培养基法测定了香玲、上宋、中林1号、岱香4个核桃品种花粉生活力和萌发率。结果表明,核桃不同品种花粉生活力存在显著差异,岱香和上宋花粉生活力极显著高于香玲,显著高于中林1号;各品种花粉发芽率在同一种培养基上,以岱香最高,其次是上宋和中林1号,香玲最低;4个品种均以在低糖、高硼酸培养基中即“5%蔗糖 0.5%硼酸”上花粉发芽率最高,显著或极显著高于其他培养基上的发芽率;在“10%蔗糖 0.5%硼酸”和“15%蔗糖 0.5%硼酸”培养基上花粉发芽率均为0。     

木本植物花粉采集、贮藏与活力检测的研究进展

较为系统地论述了木本植物花粉采集、贮藏与活力检测的研究进展,为木本植物人工授粉或杂交育种研究提供参考。