盐碱土秸秆添加量对玉米种子萌发及幼苗生长特性的影响

探索盐碱土中添加最佳玉米秸秆量,以‘农华101’玉米种子、收获期玉米秸秆和通辽地区典型的盐碱土为材料,用盐碱土:蒸馏水(1:5)的土壤浸出液制备0、30、40、50、60 g/L秸秆粉培养液,作为5个处理,水培玉米种子;培养期间测定培养液pH、电导率、微生物数量及玉米幼苗根系内生菌数量,统计种子发芽率,4叶期测定幼苗农艺性状及其叶片和根系生理特性指标。结果表明：盐碱土添加玉米秸秆降低pH,降低玉米种子发芽率,但极显著增加幼苗根长、根数和株高;其中40 g/L处理对根长、根数的增加幅度最大,0 g/L处理2叶期死亡。添加秸秆极显著增加盐碱土细菌数量,除了30 g/L处理,其余处理极显著增加真菌和放线菌数量。根内生真菌和放线菌各处理无显著差异,30 g/L与40 g/L根内生细菌数显著大于50 g/L与60 g/L处理。40 g/L处理叶片POD活性极显著大于50、60 g/L处理,分别是它们的2.22倍和3.15倍;叶片MDA含量排序为60 g/L>50 g/L>30 g/L>40 g/L,处理间差异极显著;叶片SOD活性和根系活力为40 g/L>50 g/L>60 g/L>30 g/L,处理间差异极显著;根系MDA含量排序为60 g/L>30 g/L>50 g/L>40 g/L,处理间差异极显著;各处理根系POD活性规律与根系活力一致。盐碱土添加玉米秸秆可增加玉米幼苗抗盐碱胁迫能力,其中40 g/L处理最为显著。     

玉米种质苗期耐冷性状的遗传分析

摘要：早春低温冷害是黑龙江省主要的自然灾害之一,已成为影响本区域玉米产量水平提高的重要因素。本研究选择不同耐冷玉米种质8份,按Griffing Ⅱ的设计组配,分析低温逆境下玉米出苗及幼苗期性状的遗传规律。相关分析表明,相对出苗指数、相对出苗率、相对苗干重、相对根干重两两相关,相对出苗率与相对根总长相关,上述性状适合作为玉米幼苗耐冷性鉴定的指标。不同亲本的GCA方差、不同组合的SCA方差在相对出苗率、相对发芽指数、相对苗干重、相对根干重、相对根总长等性状上的差异显著。非加性基因效应在相对出苗率、相对发芽指数、相对苗干重、相对根干重、相对根总长中起到重要作用,且狭义遗传力普遍较低,各性状均低于50%,高低次序为相对发芽指数>相对出苗率>相对根干重>相对苗干重>相对根总长,上述性状选择适宜在中晚代进行选择。     

大田苗期耐盐碱鉴定指标筛选及玉米自交系盐碱耐性分析

分析31份玉米杂交种的大田苗期候选形态指标和相对减产率的相关性,确立适宜的盐碱耐性形态鉴定指标;基于上述已确立的鉴定指标,对69份玉米自交系进行盐碱耐性综合评价.结果表明:(1)株高、茎粗是大田条件下玉米苗期适宜的耐盐碱形态鉴定指标;(2)应用已确定适宜的鉴定指标对69份玉米自交系进行盐碱耐性分析,筛选出高耐盐碱自交系4份,耐盐碱自交系10份,中度耐盐碱自交系27份,敏感自交系14份,高度敏感自交系14份.研究结果将为耐盐碱玉米种质资源鉴定提供试验依据.     

Screening for Drought Tolerance: Evaluation of Seed Germination and Seedling Growth for Drought Resistance in Legume Plants

Experiments were performed to evaluate seed germination and seedling growth in simulated drought as screening techniques for drought tolerance raring. Several laboratory screening tests were evaluated for ability to estimate drought resistance in 18 cultivars of legume plants (field bean, soybean, field pea, lupine). Drought was simulated by a water solution of mannitol of chemical water potential ψ= -0.3 and -0.6 MPa. Both solutions significantly affected seed germination (final germination and promptness index) and seedling growth parameters (seedling height, dry matter of shoot and root as well as leaf injury by drought and high temperature). The tested cultivars could be grouped as drought resistant and drought susceptible plants. Drought tolerance ratings of legume plants in the laboratory tests were, on the whole, consistent with the ratings based on estimation of direct effects of soil drought on seed yield in field experiments. Measurements of electroconductivity of leaf diffusate to evaluate invisible injury caused by drought or high temperature were found to be an adequate criterion for drought tolerance rating. It is concluded that tolerance to drought stress in growing seedlings can be screened for by using mannitol containing nutrient solution. According to the results collected in this research, varieties differences in seed germination, seedling growth and leaf injury affected by drought or heat temperature were evident, however, not all treatments appeared to be equally useful for screening of legume species cultivars.     

土壤机械压实及其对作物生长的影响

在生产中农业机械替代人畜力从事农业生产劳动是必然的趋势。随着农业机械化水平的快速提高,土壤机械压实问题越来越突出。通过分析土壤机械压应力传递模型,以及土壤压实后土壤容重、坚实度增加,孔隙度、含水量降低,土壤的渗透性变差等土壤质量恶化现象,发现土壤压实可导致土壤质量下降,抑制作物的根系生长发育,对作物吸收土壤中的水分、养分产生不利影响。可造成玉米减产9.5%～14.4%,小麦减产4.0%～20.0%,大豆减产3.8%～13.4%,甜菜根产量降低5.81%～24.13%,含糖率降低0.49～0.81oZ。因此,在农业生产中必须要重视土壤压实问题,采取切实可行的技术措施,减轻农业机械化作业对土壤造成的负面影响,促进作物生长,提高农艺综合效益。     

喀斯特特有植物地枫皮种子萌发及幼苗生长发育特性研究

通过观测试验对地枫皮种子萌发及幼苗生长特性进行研究.结果表明,地枫皮种子于3月中旬,气温20℃左右时开始萌发,发芽率高,发芽势和发芽指数低,平均发芽天数长.地枫皮幼苗子叶期约2个月,之后每2个月左右萌生一次枝梢,一年萌生3次梢;幼苗适宜在20℃以上的气温条件下生长,当气温为10～20℃时幼苗生长缓慢,10℃以下则几乎停...     

Screening for Drought Tolerance: Soybean Germination and its Relationship to Seedling Responses

Seventeen determinate soybean ( Glycine max L.) cultivars from maturity groups V through VIII were screened for drought tolerance during germination and seedling stages. Germinating seeds and hydroponically-grown seedlings were subjected to osmotic stresses of -0.3 and -0.5 MPa using polyethylene glycol M.W. 8000. Genotypic variability was found among the cultivars for all the parameters analyzed in both germination and seedling tests. Germination stress index was lower for seeds exposed to -0.5 MPa than for -0.3 MPa osmotic stress. Lower osmotic potential in the treatment medium was also correlated with lower leaf water potential in seedlings subjected to it. A significant relationship was found between fresh weight and height stress indices. The cultivars that grew taller under drought stress conditions had greater dry matter accumulation and higher germination stress indices indicating the reliability of height to predict cultivar performance under such conditions. The cultivars Lee-74 and Wright had higher dry matter accumulation, greater height, and better germination under stress conditions than the other cultivars tested. Conversely, the cultivars Ra 401 and Bay performed poorly in the drought tests at both levels. In the seedling tests, there was no strong relationship between the leaf water potential and the overall performance of the plant suggesting no clear osmoregulatory mechanism. Based on results from germination and seedling tests, the cultivars Lee-74, Wright , and Ra 401 were selected for further studies in greenhouse and field trials.     

不同生物炭浸提液对水稻发芽及幼苗发育的影响

使用不同生物炭浸提液对水稻种子进行培养,研究生物炭种类对水稻萌发和幼苗发育的潜在影响。3 种生物炭为竹炭、烟杆炭和稻杆炭,生物炭浸提液梯度为原液（1:5）、10 倍稀释液和50 倍稀释液,处理培养后观察水稻种子发芽率和幼苗生长情况。烟杆炭原液处理培养后第3 天水稻种子发芽率只有8.7%,远低于对照的43.3%,芽根长度、干鲜重等指标也均显著低于对照（p<0.05）。所有低浓度的生物炭浸提液对水稻萌发具有一定促进作用。竹炭10 倍浸提稀释液的发芽率比对照高9.3%,烟杆炭和稻杆炭50 倍浸提稀释液的发芽率比对照高11.3%,但芽根长度、干鲜重等指标大部分与对照无显著差异。本结果初步证明高浓度烟杆炭对水稻生长具有抑制作用,而适当的生物炭用量则有益于水稻生长。     

玉米苗期生长发育对钾浓度的响应

为探讨钾用量和留苗株数对玉米苗期生长发育相关指标的影响,在水培条件下,以‘粒收1号’为材料,设置不同钾浓度梯度(K₁：1.35 mmol/L、K₂：1.85 mmol/L、K₃：2.35 mmol/L、K₄：2.85 mmol/L)和不同留苗株数（D₁：4株/盆、D₂：8株/盆）,研究玉米苗期株高、茎粗、植株鲜重、根冠比、叶面积以及叶绿素含量对钾浓度和留苗株数的响应。结果表明：施用钾肥对玉米生长有促进作用,在D₁处理条件下,植株间竞争小,养分充足,玉米生长更旺盛,所测指标均显著高于D₂。随着钾浓度的增加,D₁处理条件下,株高、茎粗、叶面积和植株总鲜重均表现为K₄最大,K₁最小。D₂处理条件下,玉米的株高、总绿叶面积和SPAD值表现为K₂处理最大,均显著大于其他处理。茎粗、单株生物量、总绿叶面积和SPAD值呈先增加后降低的趋势,K₂、K₃、K₄处理间无显著性差异。分析2处理在不同浓度下的根冠比显示D₁处理在K₁浓度下根冠比较大,D₂处理在中高浓度下较大。     

苏打碱胁迫对玉米种子萌发的影响

为分析苏打碱胁迫对玉米种子萌发的影响,建立耐盐碱玉米种质资源筛选体系,对9份玉米自交系种子进行盐碱胁迫发芽试验.碱浓度分别为50,100,150,200mmol/L和250mmol/L,蒸馏水为对照,测定种子萌发期发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、胚根长和胚芽长6个指标.结果表明,活力指数和胚根长在自交系间表现不显著,而其他各项萌发指标和生长指标在自交系间、浓度间以及二者互作间均存在极显著差异,并且随着胁迫浓度的升高而降低,品种间对苏打碱的敏感程度不同,发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、胚根长和胚芽长在150mmol/L碱浓度下供试材料平均表现差异显著,回归分析结果表明,发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数可作为玉米萌发期种质资源筛选鉴定指标,170mmol/L的碱浓度为适宜的筛选浓度.     

用3种方法定位玉米萌发期和苗期的耐盐和耐碱相关性状QTL

以耐盐碱郑58和盐碱敏感昌7-2为亲本,构建包含151份F2:5重组自交系(RILs)群体。基于3K芯片对郑58、昌7-2及其F2:5家系进行基因型分析,构建了包含1407个SNP分子标记的高密度遗传连锁图谱。该图谱的各染色体标记数在84～191之间,标记间的平均距离为0.81 cM。胁迫液为200 mmol L–1 NaCl和100 mmol L–1 Na2CO3,对照液为蒸馏水或霍格兰营养液,对盐、碱胁迫和自然条件下玉米的发芽率(GP)、株高(PH)、植株干、鲜重(FW、DW)、幼苗组织含水量(TWS)、植株地上部分钠含量(SNC)、钾含量(SKC)、钠/钾含量比(NKR)、苗期耐盐率(STR)、耐碱率(ATR)10项指标,采用3种不同的作图方法同时定位研究,对加性QTL定位采用复合区间作图法(CIM)和完备区间作图法(ICIM),对加性QTL与环境互作联合分析采用混合线性模型的复合区间作图法(MCIM)。结果表明,(1)与对照条件下各性状表型值相比,耐碱相关性状的降低较耐盐相关性状明显,说明玉米对碱胁迫更加敏感和碱胁迫对玉米的伤害更严重。碱与盐胁迫下SKC相当而SNC差异较大,表明Na+、K+的吸收和运输是相互独立的两个过程,玉米盐、碱胁迫可能是两种性质不同的胁迫。(2)在自然、盐和碱胁迫条件下,运用CIM分别检测到27、28、40个加性QTL;运用ICIM分别检测到28、23、17个加性QTL;运用MCIM共检测到11个耐盐加性QTL、4个环境互作QTL以及11个耐碱加性QTL、3个环境互作QTL。(3)盐胁迫条件下的qPH-9、qSTR-8、qNKR-6、qNKR-7和碱胁迫条件下的qPH-9、qATR-3能被3种作图方法重复检测到。与前人结果比较, qPH-9、qSTR-8、qNKR-6、q-ATR-3定位在相同或邻近区域,qNKR-7尚未见报道。本研究结果为精细定位玉米耐盐碱主效基因、挖掘候选基因和开发用于标记辅助选择的实用功能标记奠定基础。     

5种禾本科牧草种子萌发及幼苗耐盐性鉴定

采用培养皿纸上发芽法,在NaCl和Na2SO4复盐溶液7个盐浓度梯度下(0.4％～1.6％),比较分析了5种禾本科牧草种子耐盐指数和根长的变化;在NaCl和Na2SO4复盐溶液5个盐浓度梯度下(0.3％～1.5％)进行盆栽幼苗培育,比较分析了5种禾本科牧草幼苗的可溶性蛋白含量(SP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力的变化情况.结果表明,随着盐胁迫程度的加剧,牧草种子的耐盐指数和根长呈现下降趋势;牧草幼苗的可溶性蛋白呈现上升趋势,而SOD、POD和CAT则呈先上升后下降的变化趋势.通过隶属函数进行综合评价得出,5种禾本科牧草在萌发期和苗期耐盐能力排序依次为:垂穗披碱草＞细茎冰草＞无芒雀麦＞扁穗冰草＞老芒麦.     

玉米ZmNAOD基因的克隆与功能分析

玉米籽粒发育和光周期特性是影响产量的关键因素。本文通过RT-PCR方法, 从玉米骨干自交系昌7-2籽粒的cDNA中克隆得到一个乙酰鸟氨酸脱酰酶基因, 命名为ZmNAOD。ZmNAOD的CDS (coding DNA sequence)长1344 bp, 编码447个氨基酸。qRT-PCR分析表明, ZmNAOD基因在玉米雄穗中的表达量最高, 其次是在籽粒、叶、茎、根中; 该基因在授粉后不同天数籽粒中的表达趋势为, 0~15 d快速上升, 之后迅速下降。对该基因的过表达转基因拟南芥的研究表明, ZmNAOD基因在转基因拟南芥的根中表达量最高; 经暗处理10 d后, 转基因株系根的长度显著长于野生型; 转基因拟南芥的生育期明显提前, 其粒长和千粒重显著大于野生型拟南芥。这些结果表明, ZmNAOD基因的表达可能与籽粒发育和光周期调控有关。     

棉花苗期钾营养高效品种筛选

 在砂培条件下,对47个棉花品种进行了钾高效基因型品种筛选研究。结果表明,不同棉花品种的耐低钾能力不同,其中602、新陆早6、角棉、18 3、新海13号等品种的钾利用效率较高,具有低钾条件下钾积累能力强、钾利用指数高等特点;石K7、新陆早10号、新海14号为钾低效基因型品种,具有低钾下干物质积累较少、吸钾能力相对较弱等特点。     

新疆奇台不同海拔不同粒重春小麦种子的抗旱性研究

为了研究不同质量分数(5%、15%、25%)聚乙二醇(PEG)预处理对2种海拔下春小麦种子的萌发、幼苗生长和抗旱性的影响。以2种海拔(1523 m、795 m)的‘新春11号’品种为材料,按照千粒重的不同将种子划分为大、中、小粒。结果表明:随着PEG质量分数的增加,2种海拔下的大、中、小粒种子的活力指数、叶面积和根系长度均显著减小,发芽率也逐渐减小,但不显著;种子根长在5%的处理下高于对照。高海拔下,不同大小种子在5%与15%处理下其根系长度比对照显著增加,低海拔在5%与15%时也比对照长,但在15%时与对照无显著性差异;低海拔下25%的种子根长比对照显著减小。2种海拔下不同PEG处理下的种子,其活力指数与叶面积均表现为大粒中粒小粒,且各粒级间有显著性差异;根系长度表现为小粒中粒大粒。同一浓度同一粒级间,高海拔下的各指标都显著高于低海拔下的。说明不同质量分数的PEG胁迫抑制‘新春11号’种子的萌发,低质量分数的胁迫促进根系的生长。大粒种子抵抗干旱胁迫的能力强于其他粒级种子。高海拔种子具有较高的抗旱性。     

Influence of winter and spring wheat genetic backgrounds on haploid induction parameters and trait correlations in the wheat × maize system

The interactive influence of winter and/or spring wheat genetic background on haploid induction parameters and trait correlation was studied by hybridizing five elite and diverse genotypes each of winter and spring wheat and their F₁s (winter × winter, spring × spring, and winter × spring, generated in a diallel design excluding reciprocals) with a single genotype of maize. Data were recorded with respect to per cent seed formation, embryo formation, and regeneration. High genetic variability was present among the wheat genotypes (parents + F₁s) for the three haploid induction parameters. Significant differences were obtained within and between different groups viz., spring wheats, winter wheats, spring × spring wheats, winter × winter wheats, and winter × spring wheats with respect to the three haploid induction parameters based on ANOVA. The winter genotypes (winter parents and winter × winter wheat hybrids) responded better than the spring groups (spring wheat parents, spring × spring and winter × spring wheat hybrids) with respect to embryo formation and winter × spring wheat hybrids yielded significantly the highest numbers of regenerants. Correlation studies amongst the haploid induction parameters indicated that the genes controlling seed formation and haploid plantlet regeneration are negatively correlated when the genetic backgrounds of both ecotypes are combined in winter × spring hybrids. Haploid embryo formation had no association with seed formation and regeneration in all genetic backgrounds, suggesting independent inheritance.