Assessment of salinity tolerance based upon seedling root growth response functions in maize (Zea mays L.)

Root growth response of 10-days-oldseedlings of 100 maize accessions at, 0 mM, 60 mM, 80 mM and 150 mM NaCl concentration was assessed in solution culture. The non-linear least square method was used to quantify the salt tolerance of maize accessions. The estimated salinity threshold, Ct, the NaCl concentration at which root growth starts to decrease, C0, and C50, the concentrations at which roots stop growing and 50% of its control value revealed considerable differences between the accessions. No general consistency for tolerance was, however, found between the estimates of Ct and C50. Different genetic systems appeared to be involved in controlling the inheritance of Ct and C50.Both Ct and C50 appeared to quantify accession tolerance, and the expression of root growth as a function of NaCl concentrations provides a useful guideline for salt tolerance. Estimates of broad sense heritability for relative root length were moderate in size (0.62 to 0.82), suggesting the scope for enhancing salt tolerance in maize through selection and breeding. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Genotypic Variation for Cold Tolerance among Twelve Maize (Zea mays L.) Populations

The objectives of this study were (1) to ascertain the genetic differences for cold-tolerance traits in a series of diallel crosses among 12 maize populations grown in field experiments, and (2) to compare, in controlled environment rooms, the modification of various metabolic parameters of two sets of four F1 variety crosses which, according to the field experiments, differed largely in seedling early vigour (cold-tolerant [Ct] vs cold-sensitive [Cs] Fl sets). Under field conditions, cold-tolerance adaptability, as monitored by shoot dry matter accumulation, appeared genetically controlled; moreover, considerable differences existed among genotypes. Field data suggested that shoot dry weight was a good indicator of plant adaptability to periods of unfavorable cool conditions. The growth-chamber experiments showed that shoot dry weights of the two sets of hybrids (Ct vs Cs), were more uniform at the highest temperature regimes than under suboptimal temperatures. Moreover, the laboratory study indicated that the interval of time of attain a specific stage of development provided a meaningful and useful criterion for differentiating the capacity of maize plants to grow at low temperatures. Although a clear association between a particular metabolite and the capacity of plants to grow at low temperatures was not observed, it was of interest to note that the total N concentration in the shoot was significantly higher in the Ct plants compared to the Cs ones.     

渍涝胁迫对玉米生理生化的影响研究进展

渍涝胁迫是玉米生产中重要的非生物逆境之一,对玉米的生长发育造成危害,严重制约了玉米产量的提升。因此回顾了人们针对渍涝胁迫对玉米生理生化的影响及其适应机制的研究,介绍了人们从栽培耕作和遗传育种两个角度提高玉米抗渍涝能力的研究现状,并展望了未来玉米抗渍涝胁迫的重点研究方向。     

Effect of soil drought on growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids grown under compacted soil

In this study, we examined responses of maize hybrids differing in susceptibility to soil compaction and drought in the case of their separate or combined action. We ran field and greenhouse experiments and determined effects on grain yield, biomass, weight of 1000 grains, shoot and roots dry matter (DM), shoot-to-roots ratio, harvest index, plant height, emergence index, leaf area and greening and root number and length. Individual and combined effects of both stresses were observed in the field and greenhouse. Compared with plants growing in loose soil and optimal irrigation (LI), the resistant hybrids in treatments HI, LD and HD showed a smaller reduction in GY, BY, S, R, R_N and R_L than the sensitive. In both groups, stress influence on HA, W-1000, LA and SPAD was smaller and the differences were insignificant. Compared with LI treatment, the roots of LD, HI and HD increased their DM, number and length in the upper level of the soil profile and the number of roots developed at 0–30° and 30–60° in relation to the root main axis. Analysis of those traits in the hybrids resistant and sensitive to both stress factors enabled to explain a defence response. Our study demonstrated that soil compaction and soil drought, which usually occurs simultaneously, caused significant changes in components of plant yield and showed plant plasticity in response to environmental factors under natural conditions.     

Effects of Two Planting Systems on Soil Structure and Root Growth of Maize (Zea mays L.)

In 1994 two planting systems of maize—rotary hoe-sowing (RS) and plough (2 diskings) sowing (PDS)—were compared in the field with respect to their influence on the root growth of maize and on selected physical properties. Roots were sampled at the five-leaf stage (S:5) and the milk stage of the maize seeds (S:MS).
Generally, in the PDS planting system the roots were richer compared to the RS. At the S:5 stage the correlation coefficient between the physical properties and the toot system was considerably higher, while at the S:MS stage the corresponding correlation coefficient was much lower.
In the RS planting system, at 15 cm and 30 cm distances from the sowing rows, far fewer roots were observed than in the PDS one.     

玉米种子休眠性的数量遗传分析

运用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型多世代联合分析的方法,对普通玉米自交系R08与A318杂交组合的P₁、P₂、F₁、F_2:3、B_1:2和B_2:26个世代群体的种子休眠性进行了分析。结果表明,它们的遗传符合1对负向完全显性主基因+加性-显性多基因模型。在F_2:3、B_1:2和B_2:2三个家系世代,主基因方差分别为0.9260、1.4176和0.5863;多基因方差分别为0.1184、0.1022和0.4623。主基因加性效应值为1.2172,显性效应值为-1.2172;多基因加性效应值为1.5028,显性效应值为1.4334。主基因遗传率在F_2:3、B_1:2和B_2:2三个分离家系群体中为44.8%~79.65%,多基因遗传率为5.74%~35.33%。其中,主基因遗传率在B_1:2世代中最大,为79.65%。     

玉米幼苗不同部位的再生能力和某些影响因子

为建立以玉米幼苗为外植体的高效再生体系, 克服幼胚取材的限制, 本研究选取萌发3 d的玉米幼苗作为供体材料, 研究其不同部位的再生能力。分别研究了种子萌发时的光照条件, N6培养基中Ca²⁺浓度, 及6个不同基因型对芽尖和根尖愈伤组织诱导率和分化率的影响。结果显示, 黑暗条件下萌发的幼苗, 其芽尖和根尖更适合作为外植体, 诱导培养基中添加终浓度为5 mmol L^-1的CaCl₂ 时的愈伤组织诱导率最高, 不同基因型的玉米愈伤组织的诱导率和分化率存在差异, 但影响趋势相同, 且同一基因型的不同外植体形成的愈伤组织形态相似, 分化率也相似。最后结论是黑暗条件下萌发3 d的齐319和鲁原92的幼苗, 可以代替玉米幼胚作为外植体用于组织培养研究。     

普通玉米子粒性状四类效应的遗传分析

采用二倍体胚和三倍体胚乳种子遗传模型及其分析方法,以５个玉米自交系及其间配制的Ｆ１,Ｆ２,ＢＣ１,ＢＣ２为材料,研究了５个玉米种子性状的胚直接效应、胚乳直接效应、母体效应和细胞质效应。结果表明,除粒宽外,各性状的遗传同时由质效应和胚、胚乳、母体基因效应所控制,丰粒重主要受胚乳和母体效应的影响,粒长的遗传以母体效应为主,粒宽和粒厚以胚乳效应为主。各部位子粒百粒重的胚乳直接加性效应与母体加性效应的协方差达显著或极显著水平,其余性状的胚、胚乳直接效应与母体效应间的协方差均不显著,通过母体植株的遗传表现可对这些性状进行有效的选择。在提高丰粒重的玉米育种中,以任一部位子粒百粒重作为选择标准可起到相同的选择效果,直接选择粒宽的分离类型有利于获得大粒的遗传材料。Ｓ２２是改良百粒重的优良亲本。     

播期对雨养旱地春玉米生长发育及水分利用的影响

为了解决陕西渭北旱塬地区玉米播种期干旱缺水造成出苗不全、不整齐,导致产量低而不稳的问题,设置6个不同播期,研究对春玉米生长发育、干物质生产、产量形成、水分利用及环境因子的影响。结果表明,随着播期的推迟,玉米的生育期明显缩短,营养生长期、营养生长与生殖生长并进期变化范围为2~19 d,生殖生长阶段则相对稳定,变化范围仅为?3~5 d。在一定的时间范围内,不同播期处理间的单株干物质生产没有明显差异,但由于受播期调整后的土壤含水量变化影响,适宜播期的玉米花后雌穗干物质积累量、籽粒产量及水分利用效率分别较早播和晚播提高4.0%~23.6%、3.9%~24.5%和6.6%~14.5%。早播影响产量的主要因素是播种期土壤含水量低而造成的出苗差,实际收获穗数不足;晚播影响产量的主要因素是生殖生长期后移,有效积温和日照时数减少造成的花后干物质积累减少、千粒重下降。适期播种可以增加田间实际收获穗数,促进雌穗花后干物质积累,提高玉米的水分利用效率。结合该区生态因素,5月4日以前适墒播种是玉米高产的有效避旱播期。研究结果可为该区春玉米抗逆避旱高产栽培提供有效的技术参考。     

高油和普通玉米自交系类胡萝卜素和生育酚含量的比较分析

建立了利用高效液相色谱法同时测定玉米籽粒类胡萝卜素和生育酚各组分含量的技术体系,分析了112份黄色胚乳玉米自交系的类胡萝卜素和生育酚含量,其中包括32份高油自交系和80份在生产上广泛应用的普通玉米自交系。结果表明,不同自交系间存在广泛的变异,各组分含量变幅最大的是α-生育酚,含量相差达162倍;变幅最小的是δ-生育酚,含量相差也接近4倍。类胡萝卜素各组分含量在高油和普通玉米自交系之间并没有显著差异,但普通玉米的变异范围更为广泛;高油玉米生育酚各组分含量显著高于普通玉米,其中γ-生育酚、α-生育酚和总生育酚含量的均值分别是普通玉米均值的2.4、2.5和2.4倍。尽管供试的高油玉米材料仅32份,但其生育酚的某些组分比普通玉米具有更广泛的遗传变异。这为进一步的玉米高油、高维生素A原、高维生素E,即“三高”品质成分育种提供了有益参考。     

施氮对夏玉米顶部籽粒早期发育及产量的影响

以夏玉米杂交种郑单958为材料,对不同施氮水平下顶部籽粒的早期发育状况及产量进行了研究。结果表明,施氮明显促进关键酶活性的增强,促进顶部籽粒的早期发育。当施氮量为180 kg/hm²时,顶部籽粒的酸性蔗糖转化酶（AI）、中性蔗糖转化酶（NI）、蔗糖合成酶（SS）、腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（ADPGase）、淀粉     

Effect of Low Night Temperatures on Photosynthetic Activity of the Maize Seedlings (Zea mays L.)

Night chilling (5 °C) subsequently lowered photosynthetic intensity in the leaves of maize seedlings at 20 °C through an increase in leaf diffusive resistance brought on by lower tissue water content in morning hours. A more significant increase in leaf diffusion resistance was observed when soil temperature was lowered than in the case of lower air temperature.
The unfavorable effect of soil and air cooling temperature on photosynthesis was limited by air saturated with water vapour. However, as a result of lowering the night temperature from 5 °C to 1 °C, the efficiency of the protective influence of higher atmospheric humidity was decreased. This demonstrates that the participation of factors unrelated to plant water status in inhibiting photosynthesis increases with lower night temperatures.
An additional reason for inhibited photosynthesis following cool nights was a decrease in chlorophyll accumulation, below 50 μg per 1 cm² of leaf area.     

玉米淀粉含量的杂种优势与基因效应分析

以10个玉米自交系及按10×10完全双列杂交设计的90个F2杂交组合在两个地点的试验资料,研究玉米淀粉含量的杂种优势和基因效应。结果表明,淀粉含量表现正向的平均杂种优势,但变异幅度较小,最大值在10%左右,并在组合间、地点间存在极显著差异;淀粉含量的遗传符合加性-显性模型,不存在上位性效应。基因显性效应的作用远大     

夏玉米光合特性对氮素用量的反应

随氮素用量增加,植株下位叶、穗位叶和上位叶的光合速率（P_n）、叶绿素含量（Chl）、可溶蛋白含量（Pro）、Hill反应活性、Ca²⁺-ATPase活性、Mg²⁺-ATPase活性和PEPCase活性均不断增大。植株不同叶位Pn和Pro随生长进程均不断下降;不同叶位Chl的变化动态表现为下位叶在各测定时期之间差异较小、穗位叶和上位叶为单峰曲线。Hill反应活力、Ca²⁺-ATPase活性和Mg²⁺-ATPase活性的变化规律不同,随生长进程表现不断下降、单峰曲线和双峰曲线等不同形式。各叶位PEPCase活性均表现单峰曲线型变化。随氮素用量增加,叶源量、生物产量和籽粒产量不断增加。适量施氮具有全面改善玉米光合效率和内在生理、生化过程的作用。Ca²⁺-ATPase活性是影响光反应活力的重要因素;在叶片生长前中期,P_n受到PEPCase的影响较小,主要受到光反应活力和暗反应效率的调控。可采用叶源量作为玉米单株生产力的参考诊断指标。     

An Analysis of Seasonal Effects on Leaf Nitrate Reductase Activity and Nitrogen Accumulation in Maize (Zea mays L.)

The important enzyme in nitrogen (N) assimilation, nitrate reductase (NR), is an inducible enzyme influenced by many external (light, temperature, etc.) and internal (genotype) factors. The efficiency of the N assimilation system may vary with genotype and season. In the present study, the effects of season on NR activity in relation to N accumulation in maize plants were investigated. Six different cultivars of maize, namely Ganga-11, Deccan-103, Hi-starch (hybrids), Arun, Manjari and Vijay (composites), were sown during the monsoon (88-day crop duration) and in winter (150-day crop duration). In vivo NR activity in the last fully expanded leaf (LFEL), and the N contents of the whole plant and the LFEL were estimated at seven phenological growth stages. Three different states of N metabolism in maize, namely (i) low NR activity per unit leaf area per unit time coinciding with high accumulation of N, (ii) high NR activity coinciding with low N accumulation, and (iii) low NR activity coinciding with low N accumulation, were noted. These results clearly demonstrate that the relationships between N uptake and accumulation parameters change with the season and crop growth stage and are subject to a genotypic influence. Thus it is necessary to evaluate genotypes under similar environments to select a genotype with high N use efficiency. As these relationships are growth dependent, care must be taken to evaluate them at a particular phenological stage rather than on the basis of days after sowing.     

黄淮南部玉米产量对气候生态条件的响应

针对近年来黄淮南部气候条件和耕作制度变化, 2015—2016年在河南农业大学科教园区以该区主推品种郑单958为材料, 采用分期播种方法, 研究玉米产量对气候生态条件的响应, 探讨气候因子与玉米产量的关系。结果表明, 由于年际间、播期间气候因子的差异, 玉米产量差异显著, 大体表现为春播产量高于夏播, 且夏播产量随播种时间的推迟而显著降低。随着播期的推迟, 玉米苗期日均温逐渐升高, 粒期日均温逐渐降低, 有效积温减少, 生育期缩短。试验设定密度下, 百粒重对产量的贡献大于穗粒数, 而影响百粒重和穗粒数的主要气候因子是全生育期有效积温和粒期有效积温。影响玉米产量的主要气候因子是苗期气温日较差(r = 0.696^*)和日均温(r = -0.638^*)、粒期有效积温(r = 0.822^**)和日均温(r = 0.723^**)、生育期有效积温(r = 0.843^**)。因此, 生产上, 春播玉米播期由传统的4月15日左右推迟至5月1日左右, 可减少花期阴雨和高温热害影响, 表现出较好的丰产稳产性。夏播玉米在麦收后抢时早播, 不仅可争取更多积温, 还可使玉米苗期处于较低日均温、粒期处于较高日均温的有利温度条件下, 同时为推迟收获期和机械粒收创造条件。     

用3种方法定位玉米萌发期和苗期的耐盐和耐碱相关性状QTL

以耐盐碱郑58和盐碱敏感昌7-2为亲本,构建包含151份F2:5重组自交系(RILs)群体。基于3K芯片对郑58、昌7-2及其F2:5家系进行基因型分析,构建了包含1407个SNP分子标记的高密度遗传连锁图谱。该图谱的各染色体标记数在84～191之间,标记间的平均距离为0.81 cM。胁迫液为200 mmol L–1 NaCl和100 mmol L–1 Na2CO3,对照液为蒸馏水或霍格兰营养液,对盐、碱胁迫和自然条件下玉米的发芽率(GP)、株高(PH)、植株干、鲜重(FW、DW)、幼苗组织含水量(TWS)、植株地上部分钠含量(SNC)、钾含量(SKC)、钠/钾含量比(NKR)、苗期耐盐率(STR)、耐碱率(ATR)10项指标,采用3种不同的作图方法同时定位研究,对加性QTL定位采用复合区间作图法(CIM)和完备区间作图法(ICIM),对加性QTL与环境互作联合分析采用混合线性模型的复合区间作图法(MCIM)。结果表明,(1)与对照条件下各性状表型值相比,耐碱相关性状的降低较耐盐相关性状明显,说明玉米对碱胁迫更加敏感和碱胁迫对玉米的伤害更严重。碱与盐胁迫下SKC相当而SNC差异较大,表明Na+、K+的吸收和运输是相互独立的两个过程,玉米盐、碱胁迫可能是两种性质不同的胁迫。(2)在自然、盐和碱胁迫条件下,运用CIM分别检测到27、28、40个加性QTL;运用ICIM分别检测到28、23、17个加性QTL;运用MCIM共检测到11个耐盐加性QTL、4个环境互作QTL以及11个耐碱加性QTL、3个环境互作QTL。(3)盐胁迫条件下的qPH-9、qSTR-8、qNKR-6、qNKR-7和碱胁迫条件下的qPH-9、qATR-3能被3种作图方法重复检测到。与前人结果比较, qPH-9、qSTR-8、qNKR-6、q-ATR-3定位在相同或邻近区域,qNKR-7尚未见报道。本研究结果为精细定位玉米耐盐碱主效基因、挖掘候选基因和开发用于标记辅助选择的实用功能标记奠定基础。     

The Response of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) to Inter- and Relay-cropping with Maize (Zea mays L.)

Four sweet potato cultivars were inter- and relay-cropped with maize at two locations in Peru. Increasing interspecific competition drastically reduced tuber yields of all cultivars; fewer tubers m ⁻² were produced and no tolerant genotype was identified. Likewise the mean tuber weight declined linearly for two cultivars when competition became severe. Shoot development was less affected. Under intense competition the plant top was favoured in assimilate partitioning to the detriment of tuber formation. Overall reduction in assimilate production due to mixed cropping was the major cause of yield loss. Various intercropping combinations were found with the same productivity but distinct proportions of the component crops (sweet potato + maize). Land equivalent ratio (LER) exceeded sole crop productivity only for the combinations with the highest maize yields. Biomass production was clearly increased by intercropping but there was no increment in marketable yields. Relay-cropping reduced tuber and maize yields and had the lowest productivity of all combinations tested.