云南省某奶牛场奶牛泌乳曲线拟合及泌乳规律分析

[目的]分析云南省某奶牛场奶牛群的产奶性状,旨在揭示相应的变化规律,以期为今后牛群的科学饲养管理提供基础和依据.[方法]利用昆明雪兰牛奶有限责任公司采用SAS系统对4个奶牛场1 954胎产奶量的测定数据,进行了统计分析,对泌乳曲线进行了拟合.[结果]成功拟合了牛群1～8胎的泌乳曲线,8个曲线方程的相关指数(R2)都在0.89以上,所拟合的泌乳曲线方程可靠性高.[结论]几乎所有胎次的泌乳奶牛产奶量都呈现了产奶量随泌乳月份逐渐下降的变化趋势,高产月份的产奶性能未充分表现.不同胎次的产奶量变化规律也不明显,高产胎次的高产性能表现不够充分.     

四川乳肉兼用牛群体的泌乳性能研究

以2213头成年乳肉兼用牛产奶量纪录和558个乳样的乳脂测定结果为基础材料,对四川乳肉兼用牛的泌乳性能进行了初步分析。结果表明,四川乳肉兼用牛的各胎次泌乳量为3889．4±1580．6 kg,泌乳期为283．5±35．2 d,乳脂率为4．509％±0．58％。其中第1胎至第5胎305 d平均泌乳量分别为3395．4±740．81 kg,4123．4±1038．8 kg,5260．7±1728．9 kg, 5149．6±1988．4 kg和4896．3±1979．5 kg;第1胎至第5胎平均乳脂率分别为4．403±0．32％,4．561±0．63％,4．561±0．72％,4．470±0．35％和4．497±0．73％,第5胎及5胎以上个体305 d平均产奶量为4602．3±1478．4 kg,表明四川乳肉兼用牛具有较好的泌乳性能。     

Effect of milking frequency in early lactation on energy metabolism, milk production and reproductive performance of dairy cows

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of imposing different milking frequencies for the first 4 weeks of lactation on energy balance, blood metabolic profiles and reproductive performance. The milking frequencies imposed were once daily for the first 4 weeks of lactation and twice daily subsequently (X1), twice daily for the entire lactation (X2) and three times daily for the first 4 weeks of lactation and twice daily subsequently (X3). Two weeks prior to the first expected calving date, sixty-three multiparous, Holstein-Friesian cows, were allocated to treatments based on expected calving date, parity (lactation number = 2 and lactation number > 2), BCS and BW. Mean DMI was lower (P < 0.05) on X1 than X2 (15.7 and 17.1 kg/day) over the first 4 weeks of lactation, but DMI on X3 was not different to either. Milk yield was lower (P < 0.05) on X1 than on X2 and X3 (24.1, 31.9 and 31.4 kg/day) from weeks 1 to 4 and at week 10 of lactation (30.9, 33.9 and 33.7 kg/day) but was not different at week 20. Yield of milk constituents followed the same pattern as milk yield. Milking frequency had no significant effect on milk fat or protein concentration but milk lactose concentration was higher (P < 0.05) on X1 than on X2. Cows on X1 experienced less (P < 0.05) negative energy balance than those on X2 and X3 from weeks 1 to 4, with no difference between X2 and X3. Cows on X1 lost less BW (P < 0.05) from weeks 1 to 4 and lost less BCS up to day 73 of lactation than cows on X2 and X3. Plasma NEFA and BHB concentrations tended to be lower and plasma glucose tended to be higher on X1 than on X2 and X3 from weeks 1 to 4, while plasma insulin was higher on X1 than on X2 and X3 for the first 2 weeks of lactation. There was no difference between treatments in any reproductive performance variable measured. These results indicate that reduced milking frequency decreases milk yield and improves energy balance and metabolic status in early lactation.     

Effect of milking interval on milk yield and quality and rate of recovery during subsequent frequent milking

Forty mid-lactation, pasture-fed dairy cows were used to study the effects of milking interval on milk yield and quality and whether effects could be reversed during a short period of subsequent frequent milking. Following a 2-day pre-experimental period of normal twice-daily milking (TDM), cows were milked again after 6, 12, 18, 24 or 30 h, with each milking interval followed by 24 h of frequent milking (i.e., every 6 h). Milk yield increased linearly until 18 h and then started to plateau. Similarly, milk quality (serum albumin and proteolytic enzyme activity) became adversely affected after 18 h. These changes coincided with increased permeability of mammary tight junctions (TJ), starting after a milking interval of 18 h. A brief period of frequent milking helped restore milk yields to pre-experiment levels, even after the longest milking interval.     

Effect of liner design,pulsator setting,and vacuum level on bovine teat tissue changes and milking characteristics as measured by ultrasonography

: Friesian-type dairy cows were milked with different machine settings to determine the effect of these settings on teat tissue reaction and on milking characteristics. Three teat-cup liner designs were used with varying upper barrel dimensions (wide-bore WB = 31.6 mm; narrow-bore NB = 21.0 mm; narrow-bore NB1 = 25.0 mm). These liners were tested with alternate and simultaneous pulsation patterns, pulsator ratios (60:40 and 67:33) and three system vacuum levels (40, 44 and 50 kPa). Teat tissue was measured using ultrasonography, before milking and directly after milking. The measurements recorded were teat canal length (TCL), teat diameter (TD), cistern diameter (CD) and teat wall thickness (TWT).Teat tissue changes were similar with a system vacuum level of either 50 kPa (mid-level) or 40 kPa (low-level). Widening the liner upper barrel bore dimension from 21.0 mm (P < 0.01) or 25.0 mm (P < 0.001) to 31.6 mm increased the magnitude of changes in TD and TWT after machine milking. Milk yield per cow was significantly (P < 0.05) higher and cluster-on time was reduced (P < 0.01) with the WB cluster as compared to the NB1 cluster. Minimum changes in teat tissue parameters were achieved with system vacuum level of 40 kPa and 50 kPa using NB and WB clusters, respectively. Similar changes in teat tissue and milk yield per cow were observed with alternate and simultaneous pulsation patterns. Widening pulsator ratio from 60:40 to 67:33 did not have negative effects on changes in teat tissue and had a positive effect on milk yield and milking time. Milk liner design had a bigger effect on teat tissue changes and milking characteristics than pulsation settings.     

添加过瘤胃脂肪酸对早期产奶奶牛生产性能的影响

试验在荷斯坦奶牛泌乳初期(产犊后120 d以内)日粮中添加过瘤胃脂肪酸(New Century)300 g/(d.头)。经56 d饲养试验结果表明,奶牛的干物质采食量和奶产量无明显变化(P>0.05),乳蛋白、乳脂肪、乳糖、无脂固形物和总固形物分别提高6.71%、8.16%、0.22%、1.98%、4.08%;牛奶中C4~C15脂肪酸含量减少,C16以上的脂肪酸含量明显增加,尤以(C183∶n6)、(C20∶3n6)、共轭亚麻油酸(c9,t11)、(t10,c12)增加最明显(P<0.01)。从而认为,在泌乳初期奶牛日粮中添加过瘤胃脂肪酸是保证奶牛能量需要、产奶量和牛奶品质的一项重要措施。     

饲料中添加小苏打对甘南地区荷斯坦牛产奶量的影响

[目的]为研究饲料中添加小苏打对甘南地区荷斯坦牛产奶量的影响。[方法]选用27头健康、年龄、泌乳期一致的荷斯坦牛27头,随机分为3组,每组9头,设为对照组、试验A组、试验B组。分别饲喂8 kg青干草1、kg马铃薯;配合精料（见表2）;配合精料（见表2）＋150 g小苏打。[结果]试验A、B组比对照组日均多产奶3.75 kg和4.3 kg,分别提高了28%和32.1%（P〈0.05）,差异显著,试验B组较A组提高了0.55 kg（P〉0.05）,差异不显著。试验A、B组比对照组日均毛收入提高了7.53和9.65元,试验B组较A组日均毛收入提高了2.12元。[结论]在荷斯坦牛饲料中添加150 g小苏打能有效提高产奶量。     

Effect of restricted suckling on milk yield,milk composition and udder health in cows and behaviour and weight gain in calves,in dual-purpose cattle in the tropics

The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of restricted suckling (RS) in dual-purpose cows and calves compared to artificial rearing (AR). Twelve Holstein-Zebu cows with calves were assigned to each treatment. Cows were milked once daily in the morning with calves present to stimulate milk let-down. RS calves suckled 30 min after milking and 30 min in the afternoon, whereas AR calves were milk-fed from nipple bottles. The daily saleable milk yield was higher in RS than in AR cows (p < 0.01; 7.44 vs 6.50 kg/day), whereas RS cows had lower milk-fat content (p < 0.001). AR cows had higher California Mastitis Test scores (p < 0.001) and lower lactose content (p < 0.001) compared to RS cows, which indicates an improved udder health in RS cows. AR calves displayed more ‘cross-suck’ during suckling/milk feeding (p < 0.001) and during observations of general behaviour (p < 0.05), and more ‘lick and sniff interior’ during milking (p < 0.05) and suckling/milk feeding (p < 0.01), compared to RS calves. During observations of general behaviour the RS calves were more often observed to ‘walk’ (p < 0.01) and ‘lick self’ (p < 0.05) and less frequently to ‘eat concentrate’ (p < 0.05) than AR calves. Results support the hypothesis that RS increases milk yield, influences milk composition and improves udder health in cows, and decreases abnormal sucking in calves.     

Effect of partly replacing cottonseed cake with Mucuna spp. (var. Ghana) hay on feed intake and digestibility, milk yield and milk composition of zebu cows

The effect of partly replacing cottonseed cake with Mucuna hay (Mucuna spp. var. Ghana) on feed intake, digestibility and milk production of dairy cows was studied using six Zebu cows randomly assigned to three dietary treatments in a replicated Latin square design. All cows were fed hay from natural pastures ad libitum and 1.1 kg molasses as a basal diet, which was supplemented with: (1) 2 kg cottonseed cake (control diet), (2) 1.5 kg cottonseed cake and 1.2 kg Mucuna hay (low Mucuna, LM), and (3) 1.0 kg cottonseed cake and 3.3 kg Mucuna hay (high Mucuna, HM). Dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) intake were similar for all the diets. The addition of Mucuna significantly increased DM and organic matter digestibility, whereas CP, acid detergent fibre and neutral detergent fibre digestibility were similar among the diets. The treatments had no effect on daily milk yield (3.38, 3.43 and 3.38 kg milk) or milk composition (41.1, 43.7 and 42.7 g fat/kg milk; 35.1, 36.4 and 35.9 g protein/kg milk; and 46.1, 45.8 and 45.3 g lactose/kg milk, respectively, for cows fed control, LM and HM diets). The treatments had no significant effect on live weight changes. The results showed that replacing 50% of the cottonseed cake with Mucuna hay had no negative effects on feed intake and digestibility, milk yield or milk composition.     

种植密度对高丹草农艺性状及饲用品质的影响

选择光周期不敏感型冀草1号、光周期敏感型冀草2号高丹草(Sorghum bicolor×S.sudanense)为研究对象,通过设置不同种植密度处理,分别于抽穗期、开花期、乳熟期分析了高丹草农艺性状及饲用品质指标的变化规律。结果表明,抽穗―乳熟期,低密度(6.0万~7.5万株·hm~(-2))处理下,冀草1号、冀草2号高丹草的主茎直径显著高于高密度处理(30.0万~37.5万株·hm~(-2))(P0.05),但其它农艺性状无显著差异(P0.05)。乳熟期,不同种植密度对冀草1号高丹草的干草产量无显著影响(P0.05),但15.0万株·hm~(-2)处理下的粗蛋白含量和相对饲用价值显著高于7.5万株·hm~(-2)处理(P0.05);种植密度在30.0万株·hm~(-2)处理下,冀草2号高丹草的干草产量显著高于12.0万株·hm~(-2)处理(P0.05);但12.0万株·hm~(-2)处理下的饲用品质指标与其它处理无显著差异(P0.05)。综合得出,海河平原区,乳熟期刈割时,光周期不敏感型高丹草适宜种植密度为15.0万株·hm~(-2),光周期敏感型高丹草适宜种植密度为12.0万株·hm~(-2)。