Customer Segments Among Family Forest Owners: Combining Ownership Objectives and Decision-Making Styles

Empirical forest owner classifications typically distinguish groups based on owners’ behaviour or motivations. Typologies are used to inform forest and environmental policies and market-based service provision. However, single typologies may be weak in discerning owner groups that would bring new insights for policymakers or service providers. The present study aims to put together two previously documented owner classification frameworks to form and analyse customer segments for decision-support services. The first grouping is based on owners’ objectives for forest ownership, while the second grouping focuses on owners’ decision-making styles. These two typologies deal with subjects of interest and motivations for communication, respectively. The study uses a subsample of the Finnish Forest Owner 2010 survey data, collected in 2009 (n = 2,106). Via cross-tabulation of the two groupings, the four largest and potentially most interesting combined owner groups are discerned: multiobjective learners (13 %), multiobjective thinkers (9 %), learning recreationists (8 %) and learning investors (7 %), while the other 16 combined groups each account for less than 6 % of owners. The result thus reveals the need for learning-oriented services for three differing principal subjects of interest as well as multiobjective services for deliberate thinkers, i.e. comparative information about forest management alternatives. The message for policymakers and service providers is that the majority of forest owners may be served with educative interactive services. Learning-oriented indifferent owners need special services to recognize their latent goals. Delegators need ready-made services for outsourced decision making and self-reliant owners need information packages of varying contents. Combinations of groups prove feasible for producing policy advice.     

Interactive Method for Supporting Forest Owners in Biodiversity Protection Decisions

Voluntary biodiversity protection tools have been adopted for practical use in many countries where non-industrial private forest ownership includes invaluable biodiversity resources. This has created a new kind of decision problem for individual forest owners: they should be able to define their conditions for entering into a biodiversity protection contract including sometimes a predetermined subsidy. This study presents a holding-level method for examining this decision problem. The method is based on utilization of interactive optimization where the possible subsidy has been included in the protection (no treatment) alternative of the examined stand. Generally, interactive optimization means that the landowner pinpoints the best plan by interactively studying and learning the production possibilities of his/her forest holding. Following changes made to the objective function by the forest owner, new solutions are presented for forest owners’ evaluation. If the “No treatments” option is selected in optimization for these areas, the forest owner would benefit more—in the current location of the production frontier and with the current subsidy—from entering into the protection contract than from cutting the specific forest area. In the case study, we demonstrate that the values of the holding-level goals, production possibilities of the planning area and the levels of the subsidy have a significant effect on the optimal decisions relating to biodiversity protection on the stand level.     

Challenges of Organizing Private Forest Owners in Serbia

Small-scale forestry in Serbia is characterized by high fragmentation of properties, a large number of parcels and forest owners. Numerous activities for private forest owners in Serbia supported by the State, FAO and CEPF have resulted in an increased interest of owners in forming private forest owners’ associations (PFOA). The goal of this paper is to explore preconditions that are necessary for organizing private forest owners in Serbia into effective associations. In order to reach this goal, results of PRIFORT project were used. The over-arching research questions of this paper are: “What is the level of interest among forest owners in forming owners’ associations?”; “Why has forest owner interest in organizing developed so slowly?” and “What are the necessary preconditions for the development of private forest owners’ organizations in the country?” In order to answer these questions, quantitative survey with 42 close, open and Likert scale questions was conducted. Sample size was determined following Malhotra’s proportion method and, in total, 350 private forest owners, from nine municipalities were interviewed. Results of this paper show that majority of respondents are very little or not at all aware of existing legislation. Almost half of respondents consider that their interests are not represented well. Although about 50% of interviewed forest owners miss interest organization, only 0,3% are members of PFOA. More than 70% are ready to join association, if it would provide some economic advantages.     

地理数据库及其在森林资源调查中的应用设想

根据地理数据库的特点,结合森林资源连续清查、森林资源规划设计调查以及伐区调查设计的具体情况,就如何应用地理数据库解决目前森林资源调查数据管理所面临的问题进行了探讨,并分别给出了初步的解决方案。     

森林资源资产评估中利率确定方法探讨

介绍纯利率、风险利率、通货膨胀率的概念以及利率对森林资源资产评估值的影响.对森林资源资产评估中通货膨胀率、风险利率、纯利率的确定方法及投资期与利率的关系进行了论述.     

Social Values of Forests and Production of New Goods and Services: The Views of Swedish Family Forest Owners

Forests are considered crucial assets for sustainable rural development, and contemporary forestry is an industry where production, environmental and social goals can—and should—be handled simultaneously. Swedish family forest owners (FFOs) are expected to both manage and conserve their forests for the benefit of the whole country, but there are contradictions between development and conservation and between traditional and alternative forms of utilization representing dilemmas in rural areas. Tensions between urban and rural areas, between demands on what to produce and protect, are often linked to the FFOs’ views on opportunities for forest management. The aim of this study is to identify and analyse the extent to which FFOs perceive that social values have the ability to generate “new” goods and services as a supplement or alternative to traditional forestry, and to suggest how the forests might be managed to render high social values. Fifty-seven interviews were conducted with FFOs (both resident and non-resident). The results indicate that regardless of where they reside, FFOs have a multifunctional view of their forests and forest management, that the social values attached to forests can play an important role in development of local recreation- and forest-based tourism activities, and in this respect they can enhance sustainable rural development. It is, however, not obvious who might start and develop these businesses, since there seems to be a lack of interest among the FFOs themselves.     

集体竹林通过森林认证提高经营绩效探析

集体竹林国际森林认证经营绩效是竹产区农民极为关心和敏感的现实问题,是竹农利益之所在。文章评估了森林认证后的集体竹林的经营绩效,分析了竹林认证的经济潜力,提出了森林认证后集体竹林提高其经营绩效的对策。     

采伐方式对森林土壤氮初级转化速率和净氮转化速率的影响

目的 为探明不同采伐方式下森林土壤氮素的释放和保存能力,揭示采伐对森林土壤氮素循环的影响。 方法 本研究通过室内培养试验,采用15N同位素成对标记技术和FLUAZ数值优化模型研究了择伐和皆伐方式下寒温带阔叶混交林土壤氮初级转化速率和净氮转化速率特征。 结果 保留带处理土壤氮初级矿化速率、净氮矿化速率、氮初级固定速率、初级硝化速率和净硝化速率分别为4.16、1.86、2.32、0.368和0.343 mg∙kg−1∙d−1。与保留带处理相比,择伐和皆伐处理土壤氮初级矿化速率分别显著降低了32.2%和61.8%,净氮矿化速率分别显著降低了43.1%和61.5%,氮初级固定速率分别显著降低了23.3%和63.4%。择伐对土壤初级硝化速率和净硝化速率没有显著影响,但皆伐处理土壤初级硝化速率和净硝化速率分别显著降低了23.6%和33.3%。相关分析结果表明,土壤有机碳和水溶性有机碳含量的变化是影响氮初级矿化速率和初级固定速率的主要因素,pH是影响硝化速率的主要因素。 结论 皆伐后土壤铵态氮固定速率的下降程度大于初级硝化速率,导致gn/ia和NO3−/NH4+值显著提高,增加了硝态氮淋溶风险。而择伐处理的gn/ia和NO3−/NH4+值与保留带处理没有显著差异,是一种相对可取的森林采伐方式。     

浅谈提高林相图质量的对策

根据对林相图应用的实践，体会到由于成图方法多样，要求不一，致使图件的应用价值受到极大限制，为此提出了相应的解决办法。     

Willingness of Private Forest Owners to Supply Woody Biomass in Croatia

Renewable energy sources have received significant attention in European countries as a result of increasing dependence on energy imports and concerns over high prices of fuels and climate change. Although private forests in Croatia account for less than one quarter of all forests, they may play an important role in woody biomass energy production, due to their underutilized exploitation. The objective of this paper is to identify the willingness of private forest owners to supply woody biomass and to understand how this willingness is affected by certain owner, management and forest property characteristics. A survey conducted in Croatia in 2012 of a random sample of 350 private forest owners shows that almost half of them were willing to supply woody biomass. A random utility model was used to determine the factors influencing private forest owners’ willingness to supply woody biomass. The results showed that willingness to supply woody biomass was influenced by property size, management objectives (production of fuel wood for personal needs and using the forest for outdoor recreation), cooperation with other forest owners and owner age. In order to enhance woody biomass mobilization from private forests it is important to identify the owners who are willing to supply it and to provide them with financial and administrative support using a mix of developed forest policy instruments.     

The Increasing Importance of Small-Scale Forestry: Evidence from Family Forest Ownership Patterns in the United States

The state-level distribution of the size of family forest holdings in the contiguous United States was examined using data collected by the USDA Forest Service in 1993 and 2003. Regressions models were used to analyze the factors influencing the mean size and structural variation among states and between the two periods. Population density, percent of the population at least 65 years of age, percent of the population residing in urban areas, per capita income, income inequality, and per capita private forestland were found to be significantly correlated with the structure of landholding size. This paper suggests that the number and proportion of small-scale family forest owners in the United States are both increasing due to the increasing importance of non-timber amenities to forest landowners.

Willingness of Nonindustrial Private Forest Owners in Norway to Supply Logging Residues for Wood Energy

Norway has set ambitious targets for increasing bioenergy production. Forest residue extraction levels are currently very low, but residues have the potential to be an important component of the wood energy supply chain. A representative sample of Norwegian nonindustrial private forest owners having at least 8 ha (20 acres) of productive forest land was surveyed about their willingness to supply logging residues for wood energy production. About 59 % responded that they were willing to do so. Logistic regression analyses revealed that the following factors were positively associated with the likelihood of being willing to supply logging residues: total forest area, education level, living in a region with active timber markets and a history of forest production, and having positive perceptions of residue extraction and forestry’s role in mitigating climate change. Four variables were negatively associated with the likelihood to supply residues: living on property, being older than 65 years, having family or friends who are opposed to residue extraction, and having negative perceptions of residue extraction. The study provides insight regarding nonindustrial forest owners’ attitudes towards extraction of forest residues that may aid policy-makers designing effective means to meet national bioenergy production goals.     

境外森林资源调查分层整群抽样案例分析

以分层整群抽样理论为基础,以境外项目实际案例为依据,详细介绍了分层整群抽样的具体过程,分析了分层整群抽样的总体精度,结果表明,在相同样本情况下,分层整群抽样精度比整群抽样精度提高7%。     

对林区家庭林场经营机制的探讨

1999年 9月份 ,省委、省政府积极贯彻党中央、国务院关于全面停止长江、黄河流域天然林资源采戊 ,加快植树造林、封山育林、生态环境建设步伐的指示精神 ,及时提出了“治理母亲好、绿化两座山”的生态建设目标 ,省林业厅出台了“关于省直林区深化改革 ,确保天然林资源保护工程顺利实施的意见”。明确提出“大力发展家庭林场、农场和股份合作制林场等多种所有制经济”。 3年来 ,省直林区广大职工积极响应省委号召 ,走出机关 ,到林场承包荒山 ,创办家庭林场 ,为在实施天然林资源保护工程的新形势下 ,转换林区经营机制 ,增强林区经济实力 ,带动…     

国外私有林的合作化趋势

私有林合作化是国外对私有林进行管理和提高私有林生产能力的一项重要政策措施.文中论述了私有林合作化运动的背景、缘由,以及发达国家和发展中国家为实现私有林合作化所采取的各种措施.     

Recognizing the Interest of Forest Owners to Combine Nature-Oriented and Economic Uses of Forests

Protecting biodiversity within separate set-aside conservation areas has not been effective enough to halt its loss. Thus, new approaches to conserve biodiversity alongside production are needed. The non-market values of a forest may play an essential role when the forest owner decides the use of their land. However, so far the service offerings other than related to timber production, have been scant. The mismatch between decision support services offered and the service interests of forest owners may result in the objectives of forest owners remaining unfulfilled. The aims of this study were to explore the links between family forest owners’ forest management preferences and their objectives for the forest and secondly their preferences for decision support services. Data were collected in a postal survey in the Northern Karelia region, Finland in spring 2014. Data consist of 298 survey answers that were analysed using multi-variate analyses. Two typologies were combined: clustering of forest ownership objectives and the preferred forest management style. We found that the forest owner’s objectives were demonstrated by their preferred way of managing the forest. Opinions about different decision aid services varied between cluster groups. The groups emphasizing nature values considered biodiversity related information about their forest more necessary than other groups. They were also less satisfied with the usability of the forest management plan. Forest advisory services should better acknowledge the prevalence of multiple objectives also among forest owners who are interested in timber selling. Developing services for forest owners with diverse socio-economic backgrounds, information needs and objectives is important.     

The Diverse Values and Motivations of Family Forest Owners in the United States: An Analysis of an Open-ended Question in the National Woodland Owner Survey

The number of family forest owners in the USA has increased continuously in recent decades, and the fate of much of US forests lies in the hands of this diverse and dynamic group of people. The National Woodland Owner Survey (NWOS) is a recurring and comprehensive national survey of US private forest owners, including family forest owners. The NWOS includes an open-ended question that explores forest owners’ motivations and values related to their woodland. The open-ended question format allows respondents to express their own frame of reference in their own words, rather than respond to predetermined, fixed-response categories of motivations. This paper describes the system of values and motivations that emerged from analysis of responses to the open-ended question, and compares these findings to a closed-ended, fixed-response question also included in the NWOS. Diverse and multidimensional motives were expressed by respondents. Eight broad categories and 37 sub-categories of motives and values emerged from analysis of the open-ended question. The fixed categories of the closed-ended question failed to capture many dimensions of forest owner motivations. A more detailed, qualitative understanding of forest owner motivations and values is needed to provide extension foresters and others who work with family forest owners important insights and help guide public policy related to private forestland. Open-ended survey questions can help provide such understanding.     

桉树用材林林木资产评估的方法及应用

本文根据桉树速生、短轮伐期的特点,结合用材林林木资产评估方法,按立地等级差异进行桉树林地的资产评估。充分考虑桉树调查小班的林龄及生长状况,按照经营成本、利息、利润及税收等因素对林木资源价值量及其分布结构进行核算评估。通过应用案例分析,用常规的评估方法对速生桉用材林进行评估不能合理地反映林木资产价值。针对幼龄林采用重置成本法评估其林木价值,在栽植时至评估基准日期间,林木因快速生长所产生的价值不能体现。而采用“现行市价法”进行评估,是对有蓄积的幼龄林林木资产价值评估的首选方法,可真实反映其林木价值,为桉树林地林权流转提供可靠的依据,在生产实践中切实可行。     

几种植物生长调节剂对油茶花期授粉率的影响

采用不同生长调节剂在油茶(Camellia oleifera)花芽分化期和盛花期进行试验,结果显示,花芽分化期采用2 000 mg/L细胞分裂素或1 000 mg/L乙烯利进行喷雾可促进花芽分化;盛花期采用200 mg/L防落素+0.5%尿素或500 mg/L细胞分裂素处理可较大幅度地增加花朵的授粉受精率,促进座果,座果率显著高于对照.     

机载激光雷达森林参数估算方法综述

综述了机载激光雷达(LiDAR)在森林树高、郁闭度、蓄积量等参数估算中的应用,并对森林参数的估算精度及其影响因素进行了总结和分析。重点总结了目前机载激光雷达在森林参数估算中采用的如基于几何特性的点云数据滤波方法、基于强度信息森林参数提取方法、全波形数据的处理方法及L iDAR与多光谱影像数据融合关键技术,阐述了其现状及各自应用范围和存在的问题。