奶牛子宫复旧的扫描电镜观察

子宫复旧是指母畜分娩后其子宫恢复到未孕时的状态和功能的生理过程。奶牛子宫复旧的速度及程度是决定奶牛产后繁殖力高低的主要因素。奶牛产后首次发情、排卵时间的早晚及胚胎能否附植都与子宫复旧状态有非常密切的关系，如果子宫复旧延迟，可影响奶牛产后发情、排卵及再次妊娠，所以     

奶牛子宫复旧的研究方法

子宫复旧是指母畜分娩后其子宫恢复到未孕时的状态和功能的生理过程。奶牛子宫复旧的速度及程度是决定奶牛产后繁殖力高低的主要因素。奶牛产后首次发情、排卵时间的早晚及胚泡能否附植都与子宫复旧状况有非常密切的关系，即影响产后发情、排卵及第二次妊娠，所以子宫复旧...     

奶牛子宫复旧的研究进展

子宫复旧是指母畜分娩后其子宫恢复到本孕时的状态和功能的生理过程。奶牛子宫复旧的速度及程度是决定奶牛产后繁殖力高低的主要因素。奶牛产后首次发情、排卵时间的早晚及胚泡能否附植都与子宫复旧状况有非常密切的关系，即影响产后发情、排卵及第二次妊娠，所似子宫复旧是决定产犊间隔时间长短的关键性因素，是影响奶牛繁殖效率和经济效益的主要因素。但它并未引起生产者的重视。自从Casida（1936）和Uren（1935）开始研究大家畜子宫复旧以来的60多年的时间里，许多作者从事过这方面的研究，特别是对于奶牛，因为奶牛子宫复旧的好坏及早…     

中药“缩宫灵”促进奶牛子宫复旧效果的观察

中药“缩宫灵”促进奶牛子宫复旧效果的观察张光远（黑河市锦河农场畜牧科·１６４３２６）牛的子宫复旧是指胎儿从胎衣排出后到子宫恢复到怀孕前的这一过程。奶牛子宫复旧时间的长短可因牛的年龄、胎次、产程长短，是否有产后感染或胎衣不下等而有差异．在生产实践中由于...     

奶牛子宫复旧

分娩后母牛的生殖器官从怀孕及分娩所发生的各种变化恢复到原来的状态和功能叫复旧。Malven把子宫复旧解释为:子宫和子宫颈从怀孕和分娩后的状态恢复。为监测产后生殖道的变化、控制分娩到再怀孕间隔及产后子宫疾病,有必要熟悉正常和非正常的子宫复旧过程。对奶牛子宫复旧过程的研究比其它家畜的多,因为奶牛子宫复旧时间拖长会直接降低繁殖效率。     

奶牛子宫复旧的研究进展

分娩后，母畜子宫从怀孕及分娩所发生的各种变化恢复到妊娠前的状态和功能，叫子宫复旧。正常情况下，奶牛分娩后40d左右子宫基本恢复至未孕时的状态，如果这一过程延长，就称为子宫弛缓或子宫复旧不全。奶牛子宫复旧影响产后繁殖力、产犊间隔及奶牛产后的生产性能，尽早恢复奶牛产后的生殖机能对提高奶牛场的经济效益具有重要的意义。     

小尾寒羊复旧子宫组织形态学变化的研究

用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜观察和B超扫描等方法对小尾寒羊产后子宫形态学变化进行了研究.结果发现,小尾寒羊在产后10 d内,恶露排出结束;产后19 d子宫颈复旧完成;产后25 d子宫外观复旧完成;到产后31 d子宫内膜破损的修复完成.子宫复旧过程中,子宫组织内胶原纤维降解明显,子宫组织中的巨噬细胞、浆细胞、成纤维细胞、淋巴细胞等都参与了子宫复旧过程.     

奶牛子宫复旧的研究进展

分娩后,母畜子宫从怀孕及分娩所发生的各种变化恢复到妊娠前的状态和功能,叫子宫复旧.正常情况下,奶牛分娩后40 d左右子宫基本恢复至未孕时的状态,如果这一过程延长,就称为子宫弛缓或子宫复旧不全.奶牛子宫复旧影响产后繁殖力、产犊间隔及奶牛产后的生产性能,尽早恢复奶牛产后的生殖机能对提高奶牛场的经济效益具有重要的意义.     

奶牛严重产后子宫复旧不全病例分析

奶牛子宫复旧不全是比较多见的产科病,但严重的产后子宫复旧不全却很少见。2002年12月2日我场李某家养的一头8岁奶牛发生此病,并发展为产后败血症,由于治疗及时,采取多种方法的综合措施而治愈。1病因分析子宫复旧不全发病原因很多,凡能引起子宫阵缩微弱的各种原因均可引发本病。1.1体力过度衰竭,产后机体反应能力下降,造成子宫收缩无力。多见于老龄牛或某些原因致病的体弱牛。1.2机体血钙含量过低,致使子宫收缩无力而造成本病的发生。1.3分娩时间过长,机体过度疲劳引起子宫收缩迟缓无力,而发生本病。1.4胎儿过大或双胎、胎水过多使子宫壁和…     

奶牛产后子宫弛缓的治疗

奶牛产后子宫复旧不全性子宫弛缓的病例多有发生，临床以并发症多见。１子宫复旧的相关变化１．１子宫复旧不全的概念产后子宫恢复过程中，由产后膨大的子宫恢复到未孕时的子宫大小的正常过程称复旧。由于产后受不同致病因素影响，不能如时正常复旧的为子宫弛缓。１．２子宫复旧的时间一般在胎儿排出后子宫的长度约达１m左右，粗３０～４０cm，牛此时仍处在生产力作用下，子宫不断阵缩，随之子宫的水肿逐渐消退，子宫内的胎膜、胎水及恶露逐渐排出，子宫体逐渐变小，达到正常期的大小。从剖检产后的牛观察到，于产后２４h死亡的牛子宫长约３…     

奶牛子宫复旧期间FSH和LH动态变化规律研究

子宫复旧是奶牛产后生殖器官恢复的一个重要时期,复旧时间的长短会直接影响产后第一次发情的时间,子宫复旧的正常时间为产后30～46d。本试验为研究促卵泡素(FSH)与促黄体素(LH)在子宫复旧过程中的变化规律,选择了年龄、胎次相近,健康状况良好的产后奶牛15头,应用放射免疫分析法在子宫复旧期间每3天对奶牛血清中FSH与LH进行一次测定,前后持续10次。由试验数据可得出,FSH与LH分泌水平在子宫复旧的早期比较低,FSH浓度到产后第15天达到峰值,LH从产后第21天开始大幅上升,到产后第24天浓度达到峰值,之后二者浓度变动范围不大。     

Uterine Vascular Perfusion and Involution During the Postpartum Period in Mares

In horses, limited data is found regarding the vascular events during uterine involution at the puerperal period. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the morphological aspects (size of uterus and intrauterine fluid content) and the hemodynamics (endometrial and mesometrial vascular perfusion) of the uterus during its postpartum involution process. Ten mares were daily scanned by transrectal color Doppler ultrasonography from the first day postpartum (d1) to the 16th day after first postpartum ovulation (D0 = ovulation). The formerly gravid horn (GH) and formerly nongravid horn (NH) were individually evaluated. A reduction (P < .05) in the uterine diameter was observed during the first 7 days postpartum, and the rate of uterine involution decreased after this period. The involution was completed on d21 and d24 for the NH and GH, respectively. Presence of intrauterine fluid was present in large amounts between d1 and d2 postpartum, followed by a decrease (P < .05) between d4 and d7. No fluid was observed after d16 postpartum or after the third day postovulation (D3). During the early postpartum period, an increase (P < .05) in the endometrial and mesometrial vascularization was detected, respectively, between d1 and d4, and between d1 and d2. The vascular perfusion did not differ after d4 for endometrial tissue, whereas was reduced (P < .05) between d2 and d10 for mesometrium. After the first postpartum ovulation, an increase (P < .05) in vascular perfusion was observed from D0 to D5, followed by a decrease (P < .05) between D5 and D11 and an increase (P < .05) between D11 and D14. The novel vascular perfusion profile here described in the endometrium and mesometrium after ovulation is similar to the uterine vascular profile observed during estrous cycles and early pregnancy, indicating a fast return of the mare's uterus to cycling postpartum conditions.     

Influence of Puerperal Uterine Infection on Uterine Involution and Postpartum Ovarian Activity in Dairy Cows

This article presents the results of a clinical trial designed to study the effect of puerperal uterine infection on uterine involution and on ovarian activity in dairy cows, monitored twice weekly from parturition until the sixth week postpartum (wpp). Infection significantly retarded uterine involution assessed by the uterine body diameter and a score of intrauterine fluid volume (IUFV). By the sixth wpp, cows with normal puerperium (controls) and cows that showed mild puerperal endometritis had similar uterine body diameter and IUFV, indicating spontaneous recovery within the postpartum voluntary waiting period. However, in cows with severe puerperal endometritis, although uterine body diameter had regressed to pregravid size, IUFV remained significantly higher than in control and mild endometritis cows, indicating that chronic endometritis was established. The IUFV score was positively and significantly correlated with uterine swab bacterial growth density and allowed diagnosis of endometritis after the third wpp. Cows with mild or severe endometritis had a significantly higher prevalence and persistence of pathogenic bacteria ( Escherichia coli , Actinomyces pyogenes , Gram-negative anaerobes – GNA) than controls. Actinomyces pyogenes was associated to GNA in 74% of isolations. Ovarian activity measured by ultrasound scanning of the ovaries and plasma progesterone (P4) concentrations was more abnormal (prolonged anoestrus, prolonged luteal phases and ovarian cysts) in cows with severe endometritis than in controls.     

Normal Postpartum Involution of the Uterus in the Dog

Ninety-eight reproductive tracts from dogs at different postpartum time periods were used to investigate stages of normal involution. Seventy-eight reproductive tracts were obtained from the field, and 20 obtained surgically for gross and microscopic examination. Plasma progesterone was measured in 22 dogs at various times postpartum.

The uterine horns during the first week postpartum were dilated and edematous. The placental sites were 1.5-3 cm in width, rough, granular and covered with mucus and a few blood clots. By the fourth week the placental sites were thick, grayish-tan and nodular with a few blood clots within nodules. The uterine horns during the seventh week were greatly contracted and the placental sites were narrow and light in color. A few nodules were still present on the surface. By the ninth week the uterine horns were uniform in shape and contracted with a narrow lumen. The placental sites appeared as a narrow brown band.

Histologically the placental sites during the first week postpartum were covered by an eosinophilic staining necrotic mass and a few intact epithelial cells scattered on the surface as an interrupted single layer. Under the necrotic mass, large eosinophilic staining cells in moderate number were scattered throughout the lamina propria of the placental site. These cells were considered to be decidual cells. By the fourth week the placental sites were covered by a large lobulated mass of collagen fibers. The uterine glands were greatly dilated and degenerate, and mononuclear cell infiltration in the lamina propria was pronounced. By the seventh week, large masses of collagen fibers were detached from the surface, and endometrial glands were normal in size and shape. By the ninth week surface sloughing was completed. However, regeneration and replacement of the endometrial lining from the mouth of the uterine glands continued until the end of the twelfth week when the involution process was completed.

The progesterone levels were very low for eight weeks postpartum.

     

A Universal Index of Uterine Discharge Symptoms from Calving to 6 Weeks Postpartum

In this paper, a new uterine discharge index (D‐index) was created and tested. It was based on a principal component analysis (PCA) of clinical findings of classical uterine discharge symptoms and rectal temperature during the postpartum period of dairy cattle. The PCA analysis revealed how uterine discharge features relate to each other and how they cluster together possibly representing different degrees of uterine inflammation. The D‐index was the result of the multivariate PCA‐analysis, and the D‐index gives a continuous value between 0 and 10. It was demonstrated that the same scale, i.e. the D‐index, can be used without any adjustment from 1 to 6 weeks post‐calving. It is valid for any type of uterine discharge without defining the type of infection or differentiating between infection and contamination. The D‐index was tested using the uterine involution data. Uterine involution was significantly delayed in the high‐D‐index group of cows. Similarly, in the test with all cows, involution was progressively delayed and the rate of involution of the pregnant horn was slowed down with the increase of the D‐index values. It is concluded that the D‐index can be a new practical, universal, tool for improved management of dairy cows in the postpartum period under commercial conditions.     

奶牛子宫复旧期间雌激素与孕酮变化规律的研究

子宫复旧是奶牛产后生殖器官恢复的一个重要时期,复旧时间的长短会直接影响产后第一次发情的时间。本试验为研究雌激素和孕酮在子宫复旧过程中的变化规律,选择了年龄、胎次相近,健康状况良好的产后奶牛15头,应用放射免疫分析法在子宫复旧期间每3d对雌激素、孕酮测定一次,前后持续10次,由试验数据可得出,雌激素、孕酮在子宫复旧早期阶段呈下降趋势,但在18d时浓度都达到了一个峰值,至末期时雌激素水平开始下降,而孕酮水平开始逐渐上升。     

小尾寒羊产后子宫内细菌类型和数量的研究

通过子宫内膜活检采样器得到子宫腔内液,应用细菌分离培养鉴定技术,研究10只小尾寒羊产后不同时期子宫内细菌的种类和数量的变化规律。结果发现:在产后1~25 d,小尾寒羊子宫腔内存在4个属的细菌,这些细菌是以芽孢杆菌属、葡萄球菌属、微球菌属为主的革兰氏阳性菌和以大肠杆菌群为主的革兰氏阴性菌等。产后子宫细菌数量和种类随着子宫内环境的改变而有规律地变化:从无菌状态增加到最高点约7 d左右,而下降比较缓慢,到子宫颈管复旧完成(22 d)后,才接近于无菌状态。产后子宫内一定数量的细菌对子宫复旧无显著影响。     

Uterine involution in Finnish dairy cows

The effect of parity on the cervical and uterine involution was studied in 79 Finnish dairy cows on a research farm. The cows were examined clinically by rectal palpation 3 times a week during 8 weeks postpartum. The diameters of the cervix and uterine horns were estimated manually. The parous uterine horn was compared with the non-parous one. The results were separately analysed in primiparous cows (n = 18) and in those with the third calving (n = 61). A significant difference (p less than 0.001) between the parous and non-parous uterine horns was obtained until 21 days. Thereafter, involution still continued and equal diameters for the horns were not found until 5 weeks after parturition. A decline of the cervical diameter continued until 30 days after the delivery. The parity had no significant effect on the swiftness of uterine or cervical involution. However, in multiparous cows the cervical diameter remained larger than that in the primiparous animals still at 8 weeks postpartum.     

The Effect of Lactation on Post‐Partum Uterine Involution in Holstein Dairy Cows

The objective was to examine the effect of lactation on uterine involution in post‐partum dairy cows. Holstein primiparous cows were used (n = 19, mean age: 3.9 ± 0.1 years). At calving, cows were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups, lactating (n = 11) or non‐lactating (i.e. dried off at calving, n = 8). Examination of the reproductive tract was carried out by ultrasonography twice weekly until week 7 post‐partum. Blood samples were collected twice weekly for the analysis of progesterone to indicate the resumption of cyclicity and metabolites indicative of energy status. Uterine involution was assessed in terms of size of the uterine horns, uterine body diameter and uterine fluid volume as assessed by the amount of non‐echogenic material measured by ultrasound and position of the uterus. Vaginal mucous score was taken on day 28 post‐partum for the assessment of uterine inflammation. Resumption of cyclicity (serum progesterone > 1 ng/ml) had occurred in both groups on average by day 21 post‐partum. Concentrations of non‐esterified fatty acids and beta‐hydroxybutyrate were higher, whereas concentrations of glucose, insulin and IGF‐1 were lower (p < 0.05) in lactating compared to non‐lactating cows. Lactating cows had a smaller mean uterine body diameter (p < 0.05) than non‐lactating cows from days 28 to 42 post‐partum (day 28: 20.2 ± 1.3 vs 24.9 ± 1.5 mm, respectively) and had a lower mean uterine fluid volume up to day 49 (p < 0.05). By day 49, there was no difference in uterine diameter (15.2 ± 1.8 vs 15.2 ± 1.6 mm) or uterine fluid volume (0.11 ± 0.38 vs 0.18 ± 0.46) between lactating and non‐lactating cows, respectively. Vaginal mucous score revealed no evidence of uterine inflammation in either group. In conclusion, while lactation induced significant alterations in metabolic status, it did not have a major effect on the rate of uterine involution as defined in this study.     

The Effect of Mycobacterium Cell Wall Fraction on Histologic,Immunologic, and Clinical Parameters of Postpartum Involution in the Mare

Maintaining yearly foal production is important for the economic success of the broodmare, and this requires breeding to occur as quickly postpartum as possible. The initial postpartum estrus occurs within 5–20 days postpartum, whereas the uterus is still undergoing repair from tissue alterations during pregnancy and parturition, a process known as involution. Attempts have been made to hasten this process, but with minimal success. Mycobacterium cell wall fraction (MCWF) is an immunomodulator that has been shown to reduce bacterial growth and alter aspects of the immune response to breeding, but it is unknown if MCWF hastens the process of involution. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to (1) investigate the effect of MCWF on tissue remodeling, (2) assess the effect of MCWF on the local immune system of the uterus, and (3) determine the optimal treatment interval needed for these processes to occur. We hypothesize that repeated treatments of MCWF postpartum will hasten the process of involution. To study this, 16 pregnant mares of mixed breeds were evaluated postpartum. Control mares (n = 4) received 1.5 mL lactated Ringer’s solution intravenously on Day 1 (Day 0 = day of parturition) postpartum and again on Day 7, whereas treated mares either received 1.5 mL Settle intravenously on Day 1 and Day 7 (TX1; n = 6) or 1.5 mL Settle intravenously on Day 1 and then every 3 days until ovulation was detected (TX2; n = 6) and then evaluated until 15 days postpartum. Mares were assessed every 3 days for clinical, immunologic, and histologic parameters. Clinical parameters were assessed with transrectal ultrasonography and included ovarian activity, uterine fluid retention, and measurement of the uterine diameter, in addition to endometrial culture. Immunologic parameters included endometrial biopsies for quantitative polymerase chain reaction for expression of various cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-1RN, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor [TNF], interferon [IFN]-γ, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) in addition to endometrial cytology. Formalin-fixed endometrial biopsies were histologically assessed for the retention of microcaruncles, dilation of endometrial glands, and inflammation of the mucosa, stratum compactum, and spongiosum. Statistics were performed using SAS 9.4, using a mixed model for repeated measures with mare and treatment as a random effect. All post-hoc analysis was done using a Tukey’s honestly significant difference test. Involution was considered complete by Day 15 postpartum in all mares, and the day postpartum had a significant effect on almost all parameters investigated, indicating the immunologic process of involution. Treatment with MCWF decreased the magnitude of bacterial growth in addition to time to negative culture. In addition, MCWF increased the expression of IL-1β, IFNγ, and TNF. Although minimal treatment effect was noted histologically, a decrease in mucosal inflammation was seen in MCWF-treated mares. In conclusion, involution appears to be influenced by the immune system. In addition, MCWF appears to have a bactericidal effect on the postpartum mare, and this may be because of an increase in proinflammatory cytokines. It is unknown if this bactericidal property will improve fertility on the first estrous cycle postpartum, and future studies are needed to determine this.