寒泊羊和小尾寒羊的肌肉组织学性状及理化性状比较研究

本研究以育肥的小尾寒羊和寒泊羊的羔羊为试验动物,采集背最长肌、臂三头肌、股二头肌和臀中肌样品,测定了肌纤维横截面积、直径、粗脂肪含量和氨基酸种类及含量。结果表明,寒泊羊背最长肌肌纤维直径和横截面积均小于小尾寒羊(P＜0.01),股二头肌肌纤维直径和横截面积大于小尾寒羊 (P＜0.05)。寒泊羊背最长肌和股二头肌粗脂肪含量高于小尾寒羊(P＜0.01,P＜0.05),臂三头肌和臀中肌粗脂肪含量略高于小尾寒羊(P＞0.05)。小尾寒羊肉中牛磺酸含量高于寒泊羊(P＜0.01),其余17种氨基酸含量两品种羊肉间差异不显著(P＞0.05)。与肉鲜味有关的5种氨基酸,寒泊羊肌肉的含量高于小尾寒羊。除赖氨酸和色氨酸外,其余6种人体必需氨基酸寒泊羊肌肉的含量高于小尾寒羊。     

新吉林黑猪不同部位肌纤维特性研究

为研究新吉林黑猪骨骼肌的肌纤维特性，采集4头120 kg育肥猪的背最长肌、腰大肌、臂三头肌及股二头肌组织，采用HE染色法对不同部位的肌纤维直径、横截面积及密度进行形态学观察，利用免疫组化法检测各肌肉部位快、慢肌纤维表达百分比，qPCR分析不同肌肉部位MyHCI/MYH7、IIa/MYH2、IIx/MYH1和IIb/MYH4基因mRNA水平的差异，试剂盒检测不同肌肉部位酵解酶乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）及氧化酶中的琥珀酸脱氢酶（SDH）、苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH）活力。结果显示：腰大肌肌纤维直径最小，密度最大，其次为臂三头肌、背最长肌，股二头肌直径最大，密度最小；臂三头肌、腰大肌、股二头肌、背最长肌的快肌比例分别为68.78%、69.37%、79.09%、85.93%左右；腰大肌与臂三头肌中MYH7、MYH2水平极显著高于背最长肌与股二头肌；腰大肌中MYH4 mRNA水平极显著低于其他3个部位肌肉，背最长肌中MYH4mRNA水平极显著高于股二头肌和与臂三头肌；各部位酵解酶LDH酶活力无显著差异，但以腰大肌、臂三头肌表达量更少；臂三头肌的SDH活力最高，依次为股二头和腰大肌，背最长肌酶活力最低；臂三头...     

12月龄西藏羊肌纤维特性研究

试验以12月龄的西藏羊为研究对象,采用石蜡切片的方法,测定了其背最长肌、臂三头肌和股二头肌的肌纤维直径、肌纤维面积和肌纤维密度。结果表明:西藏羊公羊的背最长肌、臂三头肌和股二头肌等3个肌肉部位间的肌纤维直径、肌纤维面积和肌纤维密度等差异不显著(P>0.05),母羊的背最长肌、臂三头肌和股二头肌也表现出同样的规律;背最长肌和股二头肌的肌纤维直径和肌纤维面积均为公羊高于母羊,肌纤维密度为母羊高于公羊,但差异均不显著(P>0.05),臂三头肌的肌纤维直径为公羊显著高于母羊(P<0.05),肌纤维面积和肌纤维密度与背最长肌和股二头肌一致。     

胎儿期与成年期蒙古马骨骼肌肌纤维类型转化研究

为探索影响蒙古马胎儿期和成年期肌纤维类型差异机理.本研究选取3匹4月龄胎儿(两母一公)与3匹5岁健康成年母马身体4块分布全身、具有代表性的肌肉组织(长臂三头肌、夹肌、背最长肌、臀中肌)作为一个整体.胎儿期蒙古马肌纤维和成年期蒙古马肌纤维因存在差异各做为一组,试验进行3个生物学重复.首先对蒙古马骨骼肌肌肉样品进行免疫组化...     

12月龄白萨福克与藏羊杂交F_1代羊肌纤维特性研究

试验以12月龄的白-藏羊为研究对象,采用石蜡切片的方法,测定了其背最长肌、臂三头肌和股二头肌的肌纤维直径、肌纤维面积和肌纤维密度。结果表明:白-藏羊公羊的背最长肌、臂三头肌和股二头肌等3个肌肉部位间的肌纤维直径、肌纤维面积和肌纤维密度等差异不显著(P>0.05),母羊的背最长肌、臂三头肌和股二头肌也表现出同样的规律;背最长肌和股二头肌的肌纤维直径、肌纤维面积及肌纤维密度均为公羊高于母羊(P>0.05),臂三头肌的肌纤维面积以母羊略高于公羊,肌纤维直径和肌纤维密度均以公羊高于母羊(P>0.05)。     

阿拉善戈壁驼与沙漠驼屠宰性能与骨骼肌组织学性状研究

为了研究阿拉善戈壁驼与沙漠驼屠宰性能和骨骼肌组织学性状,试验随机选取6,8,10齿龄的阿拉善戈壁驼和沙漠驼,每个品种、每个齿龄各6峰,共36峰,测量体尺指标并统计屠宰性能,选取成年(8齿龄)阿拉善戈壁驼和沙漠驼臂三头肌、股二头肌、背最长肌制作组织切片,观察肌纤维性状。结果表明:相同齿龄阿拉善戈壁驼体高、体长、活重、胴体重、净肉重、屠宰率、净肉率均显著或极显著大于阿拉善沙漠驼(P0. 05或P0. 01);阿拉善沙漠驼臂三头肌、股二头肌、背最长肌肌纤维直径、肌纤维横截面积均显著或极显著大于阿拉善戈壁驼(P0. 05或P0. 01),而肌纤维密度显著小于阿拉善戈壁驼(P0. 05)。说明阿拉善戈壁驼产肉量大,不仅与其体尺指标相关,还与肌纤维数量的增多有关。     

miR-374b与Myf6在绵羊不同生长时期骨骼肌中表达规律的研究

为探讨miR-374b及其靶基因Myf6调控肉羊肌肉生长发育的分子机制,本实验运用qRT-PCR对miR-374b、Myf6在南非肉用美利奴羊4个不同生长时期(胎龄90d、胎龄120d、初生期、出生后60d)背最长肌和股二头肌mRNA水平的表达规律进行研究;对4个不同生长时期的背最长肌及股二头肌进行HE染色,通过Image J软件分析计算得出不同部位的单根肌纤维横截面积,对miR-374b、Myf6的mRNA表达量与单根肌纤维横截面积变化进行相关性Person检验。结果显示:南非肉用美利奴羊4个不同生长时期,背最长肌中miR-374b、Myf6基因mRNA相对表达量总体呈下降趋势;在股二头肌中miR-374b与Myf6 mRNA表达变化趋势相反;背最长肌和股二头肌单根肌纤维横截面积随月龄增加均呈极显著增长,肌纤维横截面积均表现为股二头肌背最长肌;在背最长肌中miR-374b表达量与单根肌纤维横截面积变化呈极显著负相关(r=-0.941,P0.01),Myf6表达量与单根肌纤维横截面积变化呈显著负相关(r=-0.625,P0.05);在股二头肌中miR-374b表达量与单根肌纤维横截面积变化呈显著负相关(r=-0.677,P0.05),Myf6表达量与单根肌纤维横截面积变化无显著性相关关系。综上推测,miR-374b密切调控动物肌肉生长,对绵羊骨骼肌生长具有一定的抑制作用。     

云岭牛不同解剖部位肉品质评价

为了明确云岭牛不同解剖部位肉的品质特性,本试验测定了云岭牛冈上肌（SU）、冈下肌（IF）、臀三头肌（TB）、菱形肌（RH）、颈腹侧锯肌（SVC）、夹肌（SP）,中部胴体的腰大肌（PM）、背最长肌（LD）、背阔肌（LA）,后部胴体的半膜肌（SM）、半腱肌（ST）、股二头肌（BF）、臀中肌（GM）、股直肌（RF）、股外侧肌（VL）和阔筋膜张肌（TFL）共16个解剖部位肉的压力失水率、蒸煮损失、剪切力、pH、亮度（L^*）、红度（a^*）、黄度（b^*）、粗蛋白质、脂肪、水分10项品质指标,并通过方差分析、相关性分析和标准化分析研究其品质特性。结果显示,云岭牛不同解剖部位肉之间的10项品质指标均存在显著差异（P<0.05）。冈上肌、冈下肌、腰大肌、颈腹侧锯肌和阔筋膜张肌的嫩度较好,其剪切力均低于4 kg。夹肌、半腱肌和股外侧肌的保水性较差,半腱肌的L^*值最高。相关性分析结果表明,剪切力和压力失水率、蒸煮损失呈显著正相关。标准化分析发现,背最长肌和半腱肌具有相似的品质特征;股二头肌、臀中肌和股外侧肌具有相似的品质特征。结果表明,部位因素对云岭牛肉品质具有显著影响,云岭牛胴体前部肉品质较好,可以作为开发高档产品的原料来源。     

贵州黑山羊不同肌肉组织FASN基因表达与肌内脂肪含量相关性分析

为探究FASN基因在贵州黑山羊不同肌肉组织中调控脂肪沉积的作用，采集12月龄公、母贵州黑山羊胸肌、背最长肌、肱三头肌、臂股二头肌，运用实时荧光定量PCR法（qPCR）检测FASN基因表达量，酸水解法测定肌内脂肪（IMF）含量，并通过Pearson分析FASN基因表达量与IMF含量相关性。结果显示，FASN基因在公、母羊不同组织中表达量均为臂股二头肌>胸肌>肱三头肌>背最长肌，其中公羊臂股二头肌显著高于背最长肌，母羊臂股二头肌极显著高于背最长肌；相同组织比较，母羊胸肌、肱三头肌、臂股二头肌表达量均高于公羊，背最长肌表达量低于公羊，但均未达到差异显著水平。IMF含量测定发现，公、母羊4个组织中IMF含量均为臂股二头肌>胸肌>肱三头肌≥背最长肌，同性别各组织之间比较差异不显著；相同组织比较，母羊4个组织中IMF含量均高于公羊。FASN基因表达量与IMF含量相关性分析表明，公、母羊FASN基因表达量与胸肌IMF含量呈正相关，与背最长肌、肱三头肌、臂股二头肌IMF含量呈负相关。     

中国西门塔尔牛前肢肌肉组织学和理化特性的研究

本试验对中国西门塔尔牛前肢肌肉（冈上肌、冈下肌和臂三头肌）进行组织学特性研究和理化指标的测定。结果表明,不同肌肉因素对肉品的颜色、pH、失水率的影响差异不显著(P>0.05);对剪切力、脂肪、蛋白质、水分、肌纤维直径、肌纤维密度和肌纤维横截面积有着显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)的影响。研究丰富了中国西门塔尔牛前肢肌肉肉品品质性状的数据资料。     

Variation of fiber types in the triceps brachii, longissimus dorsi, gluteus medius, and biceps femoris of horses

The distribution of type-I and type-II fibers in 9 different parts of the musculi triceps brachii, longissimus dorsi, gluteus medius, and biceps femoris was studied to determine whether biopsies from these muscles give reliable information. All 4 investigated muscles were not homogeneous in their fiber-type distribution. Large differences existed among different muscle parts. The percentage of type-I fibers increased toward the deeper and cranial parts of the muscles. In the same zone of the gluteus muscle, differences of 30% were found for type-I fibers. Therefore, results obtained by biopsies of muscles must be interpreted with caution.     

Effects of postmortem aging and USDA quality grade on Warner-Bratzler shear force values of seventeen individual beef muscles

Forty USDA Select and 40 upper two-thirds USDA Choice beef carcasses were used to determine the effects of postmortem aging on tenderness of 17 individual beef muscles. Biceps femoris-long head, complexus, gluteus medius, infraspinatus, longissimus dorsi, psoas major, rectus femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, serratus ventralis, spinalis dorsi, supraspinatus, tensor fasciae latae, teres major, triceps brachii-long head, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis muscles were removed from each carcass. Seven steaks (2.54-cm thick) were cut from every muscle, and each steak was assigned to one of the following postmortem aging periods: 2, 4, 6, 10, 14, 21, or 28 d postmortem. After completion of the designated aging period, steaks were removed from storage (2 degrees C, never frozen), cooked to a peak internal temperature of 71 degrees C, and evaluated using Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF). Analysis of WBSF revealed a 3-way interaction (P = 0.004) among individual muscle, USDA quality grade, and postmortem aging period. With the exception of the Select teres major, WBSF of all muscles (both quality grades) decreased with increasing time of postmortem storage. Nonlinear regression was used to characterize the extent (aging response) and rate of decrease in WBSF from 2 through 28 d postmortem for each muscle within each quality grade. In general, WBSF of upper two-thirds Choice muscles decreased more rapidly from 2 to 10 d postmortem than did corresponding Select muscles. Muscles that had greater aging responses generally had greater 2-d WBSF values. The upper two-thirds Choice psoas major, serratus ventralis, and vastus lateralis muscles required similar aging times to complete a majority of the aging response (< or =0.1 kg of aging response remaining) compared with analogous Select muscles. The upper two-thirds Choice complexus, gluteus medius, semitendinosus, triceps brachii-long head, and vastus medialis muscles required 4 to 6 d less time to complete a majority of the aging response than did comparable Select muscles. Aging times for Select biceps femoris-long head, infraspinatus, longissimus dorsi, rectus femoris, semimembranosus, spinalis dorsi, supraspinatus, and tensor fasciae latae muscles were > or =7 d longer than those for corresponding upper two-thirds Choice muscles. Results from this study suggest that muscle-to-muscle tenderness differences depend on quality grade and aging time and that postmortem aging should be managed with respect to individual muscle and USDA quality grade.     

The Quality Evaluation of Different Anatomical Locations of Yunling Cattle

In order to define the quality characteristics of different anatomical locations of Yunling cattle,the pressing loss rate,cooking loss rate,shear force,pH, L^* value,a^* value,b^* value,crude protein content,crude fat content and moisture of supraspinatus (SU),infraspinatus (IF),triceps brachii (TB),rhomboideus (RH),serratus ventraliscervicis (SVC),splenius (SP),psoas major (PM),longissimus dorsi (LD),latissimus dorsi (LA),semimembranosus (SM),semitendinosus (ST),biceps femoris (BF),gluteus medius (GM),rectusfemoris (RF),vastus lateralis (VL), tensor fasciae latae (TFL) from Yunling cattle carcass were determined.The quality traits of Yunling cattle meat among different anatomical locations were analyzed using variance,correlation and standardization analysis. The result showed that there were significant differences in quality traits among various anatomical locations (P<0.05). The SU,IF,PM,SVC and TFL had higher tenderness comparing to other muscles with shear force values less than 4 kg,while the water holding capacity of SP,ST and VL was poorer than other muscles. The ST had the highest L^* value among all muscles. There was significantly positive correlation between shear force and pressing loss, cooking loss rate. The LD and ST had similar quality characteristic,while BF,GM and VL had similar quality characteristic. It was showed that different parts of muscle had significant effect on Yunling cattle meat quality.The quality of forequarter meat was better, which could be used to develop high-end products.     

Distribution of muscle fiber type in fetal equine gluteus medius muscle

The gluteus medius muscles were removed from a four-year-old female Welsh pony and her nine-month-old fetus. The muscles were divided into sections which were histochemically examined to determine the variation in the distribution of fast-twitch-glycolytic (FG), fast-twitch oxidative glycolytic (FOG), and slow-twitch oxidative (SO) muscle fibers throughout the entire cross-section of the muscle. The fetal muscle had a larger percent of FOG fibers and smaller percent of SO fibers than the same muscle from the mare. Variation in the distribution of muscle fiber type within the fetal gluteus medius was found. This is the first study of fiber type variation in fetal equine muscle.     

The effect of breed of sire and age at feeding on muscle tenderness in the beef chuck

Steers (n = 59) produced from the mating of Braford, Simbrah, Senepol, and Simmental bulls to Brahman- and Romana Red-sired cows and Brahman bulls to Angus cows were used in this study. Effects of sire breed and age at feeding on muscle tenderness in the major muscles of the chuck when steers were fed to 1.0 cm 12th rib fat were determined. There were no muscle tenderness effects due to sire breed group, with the exception of the serratus ventralis muscle, which was more tender in Brahman- and Braford-sired steers than in Simmental-sired steers. Additionally, the supraspinatus muscle from the yearlings was lower in shear value than that from the calves. The Brahman-sired steers had serratus ventralis muscles with higher percentages (P less than .05) of intramuscular fat than those of Braford-, Simbrah-, and Simmental-sired steers. Fat deposited within the muscle or between muscles in the chuck was not related to muscle tenderness as measured by Warner-Bratzler shear values. Also, percentages of intramuscular fat of the triceps brachii, serratus ventralis, or supraspinatus muscles were not influenced (P greater than .05) by age at feeding.     

Specificity and reversibility of the training effects on the concentration of Na+,K+-Atpase in foal skeletal muscle

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether training and detraining affect the Na+,K+-ATPase concentration in horse skeletal muscles, and whether these effects are specific for the muscles involved in the training programme. Twenty-four Dutch Warmblood foals age 7 days were assigned randomly to 3 groups: Box (box-rest without training), Training (box-rest with training: short-sprint) and Pasture (pasture without training). Exercise regimens were carried out for 5 months and were followed by 6 months of detraining. Five of the foals in each group were subjected to euthanasia at age 5 months and the remaining foals at 11 months. Muscle samples were collected from the deep part of the gluteus medius, semitendinosus and masseter muscles. The Na+,K+-ATPase concentration was quantified by [3H]ouabain binding. In the Training group, the concentration of Na+,K+-ATPase in gluteus medius and semitendinosus muscle, but not in masseter muscle, showed a relative increase of 20% (P<0.05) as compared to Box foals. After detraining for the subsequent 6 months, the concentration of Na+,K+-ATPase in semitendinosus muscle remained the same, while that in gluteus medius muscle was reduced by 10%. It is concluded that: 1) short-sprint training for 5 months induced an increase of the Na+,K+-ATPase concentration in gluteus medius and semitendinosus muscles of the foal. Interestingly, this effect persisted during the 6 months of the detraining period. Whether the higher Na+,K+-ATPase concentration due to training of young foals leads to a better athletic performance when they become mature still needs to be established; 2) the factors that initiate an increase in Na+,K+-ATPase concentration following training are likely to be located in the muscle itself and 3) the training effect may last for several months after returning to normal activity, especially in muscles containing a high percentage of fast-twitch fibres.     

Neuronal nitric oxide synthase is heterogeneously distributed in equine myofibers and highly expressed in endurance trained horses

Mammalian skeletal muscle expresses splice variants of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). Skeletal muscles have a metabolically heterogeneous population of myofibers, and fiber composition in equine skeletal muscle is correlated with athletic ability in endurance events. In this study, we investigated whether nNOS expression in equine skeletal muscle is related to fiber type and endurance training. Biopsy samples obtained from the gluteus medius of sedentary- (SH) and endurance-trained (TH) horses were examined for the electrophoretic mobility of myosin heavy chain (MHC) and NOS activity. Serial tissue cross-sections were stained for myosin ATPase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) reductase, and also immunostained for nNOS. The gluteus medius of TH had higher levels of nNOS expression and activity when compared to muscle from SH. In SH, nNOS was restricted to the subsarcolemmal area while in TH nNOS was also present at cytoplasmic sites. A splice variant of nNOS was heterogeneously distributed among the different myofibers, its expression being higher in fast-oxidative-glycolytic type IIA fibers than in fast-glycolytic type IIX fibers and absent in slow-twitch type I fibers. Trained horses had a significantly higher relative content of type IIA fibers, a greater oxidative capacity, and a lower percentage of type IIX fibers when compared with SH. The differences in muscle fiber typing between the 2 groups of horses reflected alterations that probably resulted from the endurance-training program. Overall, these results show that nNOS is differentially expressed and localized in the gluteus medius according to the fiber type and the athletic conditioning of the horses.     

Correlation between histochemically assessed fiber type distribution and isomyosin and myosin heavy chain content in porcine skeletal muscles.

Highly sensitive enzyme assays developed to differentiate skeletal muscle fibers allow the recognition of three main fiber types: slow-twitch oxidative (SO), fast-twitch oxidative glycolytic (FOG), and fast-twitch glycolytic (FG). Myosin, the predominant contractile protein in mammalian skeletal muscle, can be separated based on the electrophoretic mobility under nondissociating conditions into SM2, SM1, IM, FM3, and FM2 isoforms, or under dissociating conditions into myosin heavy chain (MHC) I, IIb, IIx/d, and IIa. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the histochemical method of differentiation of fiber types is consistent with the electrophoretically identified isomyosin and MHC isoforms. These comparisons were made using serratus ventralis (SV), gluteus medius (GM), and longissimus muscles (LM) from 13 pigs. Two calculation methods for the histochemical assessed fiber type distribution were adopted. The first method incorporated the number of fibers counted for each fiber type and calculated a percentage of the total fiber number (fiber number percentage: FNP). The second method expressed the cross-sectional area of each fiber type as a percentage of the total fiber area measured per muscle (fiber area percentage: FAP). Independent of the calculation methods, correlation analyses revealed in all muscles a strong relation between SO fibers, the slow isomyosin (SM1 and SM2), and MHCI, as well as between the FG fibers, the fast isomyosin (FM3 and FM2), and MHCIIx/b content (P<.05). There were no correlations between FOG fiber population assessed by histochemical analysis and intermediate isoform (IM) or MHCIIa content. The present results did not provide conclusive evidence as to which of the calculation methods (FNP or FAP) was more closely related to myosin composition of skeletal muscles. Despite some incompatibility between the methods, the present study shows that histochemical as well as electrophoretic analyses yielded important information about the composition of porcine skeletal muscle. The combination of the two methods may be essential to accurately characterize porcine skeletal muscles.