山西优质杂粮开发成本效益对策研究

对山西杂粮的加工、流通、绿色认证等情况进行了全面的调查,结果显示：山西省小杂粮商品量占总产量的10%,加工量仅为2%;小杂粮加工企业基本上是种类齐全、加工产品多样的中、小型企业,以销定产,营销手段灵活,带有粮油综合加工性质;山西省的一大批杂粮获奖产品,甚至很多的高档次获奖产品,并没有得到规模开发,也没有对基地发展发挥强大的带动作用。在此基础上,找出了山西目前优质杂粮产业存在的优势,提出了山西优质杂粮产业发展的对策。     

辣椒内生固氮菌的分离鉴定与多样性分析

通过分离湖南省不同地区辣椒的内生固氮菌,探索其多样性,为内生固氮菌资源应用于现实生产提供理论依据。利用改良无氮培养基对辣椒的根、茎、叶中内生固氮菌进行分离和纯化,并进行菌落计数比较其菌群密度,再对分离出的菌株进行16S rDNA序列扩增,分析其多样性,最后通过乙炔还原法结合气相色谱法测其固氮酶活性。结果筛选到内生固氮细菌30株,经16S rDNA序列刚定和分析,结果显示土壤杆菌属(Agrobacteriumsp.)、根瘤菌属(Rhizobium sp.)、泛菌属(Pantoeasp.)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)相对频率较高,是辣椒内生固氮菌的优势种。经乙炔还原法测定固氮酶活性表明,该30株菌株均具有较弱固氮酶活性,范围为4~183nmol/(mL.h),且不同地区同种菌的固氮酶活性存在一定差异。     

内生固氮菌DENB20在不同荒漠植物种体内的定殖动态

内生固氮菌DENB20属于克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella Trevisan),为了解其在不同荒漠植物种体内的定殖动态,通过利福平和链霉素标记此菌株并研究分析其在不同荒漠植物种体内的定殖动态。结果表明:灌根接种后,在多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.)的根系中,菌群数量逐渐增长,其茎叶中的菌群数量逐渐下降,接种后50~80天,茎叶中不能检测到标记菌株;在黑果枸杞(Lycium ruthenicum Murr.)的根系和茎叶中菌群数量虽呈逐渐下降趋势,但可保持一定菌量;大叶白麻[Poacynum hendersonii(Hook.f.)Woodson]根系中的菌群数量呈"先降后升"的趋势,其茎叶中的菌群数量逐渐降低,接种后50天,茎叶中标记菌株完全消失。因此,内生固氮菌DENB20可在荒漠植物多枝柽柳、黑果枸杞和大叶白麻的根系中稳定定殖,且定殖能力为大叶白麻多枝柽柳黑果枸杞。     

生物固氮的研究进展

生物固氮是一个全球性的战略课题,它对环境、粮食、人口等问题有着重要意义。目前这方面研究已从基因、酶、细胞和生态系水平上逐步展开。本文从固氮资源的发掘和利用、固氮的遗传工程以及固氮酶生物化学和化学模拟生物固氮三方面对国内外的研究进展进行了全面的阐述,并对生物固氮研究的前景进行了展望。     

植物内生菌抗菌活性物质的研究进展

植物内生菌能产生一系列具有抗菌活性的代谢产物.对植物内生菌产生的抗菌活性物质的来源及抗菌活性物质的多样性进行了综述.     

植物内生菌抗菌活性物质的研究进展

植物内生菌能产生一系列具有抗菌活性的代谢产物。对植物内生菌产生的抗菌活性物质的来源及抗菌活性物质的多样性进行了综述。     

植物内生菌农药活性研究进展

植物内生菌（Plant endophyte）是指那些在其生活史的一定阶段或全部阶段生活于健康植物的各种组织和器官内部的微生物，被感染的宿主植物（至少是暂时）不表现出外在病症，可通过组织学方法或从严格表面消毒的植物组织中分离或从植物组织内直接扩增出微生物DNA的方法来证明其内生。     

有机蔬菜生产中的病虫草害防治策略

在简述发展有机蔬菜的必要性和对环境的要求的基础上,介绍了有机蔬菜生产中病虫草害的防治策略和技术,主要包括合理的茬口安排,科学的施肥方法,灵活的农业措施,新型的生物和物理防治、天然的药剂采用以及有效的防除杂草技术等。在有机蔬菜生产中综合利用各种自然和生物的方法,利用蔬菜作物的生育规律,采用各种技术措施,提高蔬菜植株的抗病虫害能力,达到对病虫草害的预防和无害化防治的要求,实现生产优质有机蔬菜产品的目的。     

小麦根际联合固氮菌剂应用效果分析

小麦根际联合固氮菌剂是河北省科学院微生物研究所利用从小麦根系分离得到的联合固氮菌,采用独特的培养基配方,经工业发酵法培制成功的生物制剂,该菌剂促使小麦增产的原因在于:第一,它具有较高的固氮酶活力,能固定大气中分子态氮并转化为结合态氮—NH₃,直接为小麦提供氮素营     

Effects of soybean variety and Bradyrhizobium strains on yield,protein content and biological nitrogen fixation under cool growing conditions in Germany

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is able to fix atmospheric nitrogen in symbiosis with the bacteria Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Because these bacteria are not native in European soils, soybean seeds must be inoculated with Bradyrhizobium strains before sowing to fix nitrogen and meet their yield potential. In Central Europe soybean cultivation is still quite new and breeding of early maturing soybean varieties adapted to cool growing conditions has just started.Under these low temperature conditions in Central Europe the inoculation with different, commercially available Bradyrhizobium inoculants has resulted in unsatisfactory nodulation. The aim of this study was: (i) to test the ability of commercially available inoculants to maximize soybean grain yield, protein content and protein yield, (ii) to study the interaction of different inoculants with different soybean varieties for two different sites in Germany under cool growing conditions over three years and (iii) to determine the variability of biological nitrogen fixation. Field trials were set up on an organically managed site at the Hessische Staatsdomäne Frankenhausen (DFH) and on a conventionally managed site in Quedlinburg (QLB) for three consecutive seasons from 2011 to 2013. Three early maturing soybean varieties—Merlin, Bohemians, Protina—were tested in combination with four different Bradyrhizobium inoculants—Radicin No.7, NPPL-Hi Stick, Force 48, Biodoz Rhizofilm—and compared with a non-inoculated control. Effective inoculation with Bradyrhizobium strains increased grain yield, protein content and protein yield by up to 57%, 26% and 99%, respectively. Grain yield, protein content and protein yield were generally higher in DFH. Average grain yield was 1634 kg ha⁻¹ in QLB (2012–2013) and 2455 kg ha⁻¹ in DFH (2011–2013), average protein content was 386 g kg⁻¹ in QLB and 389 g kg⁻¹ in DFH and average protein yield was 650 kg ha⁻¹ in QLB and 965 kg ha⁻¹ in DFH. The percentage of nitrogen derived from air (Ndfa) ranged between 40% and 57%. Soybeans inoculated with Radicin No. 7 failed to form nodules, and crop performance was identical to the non-inoculated control. Biodoz Rhizofilm, NPPL Hi-Stick and Force 48 are suitable for soybean cultivation under cool growing conditions in Germany. Interactions between soybean variety and inoculant were significant for protein content and protein yield at both sites, but not for nodulation, grain yield, thousand kernel weight and Ndfa. The variety Protina in combination with the inoculant Biodoz Rhizofilm can be recommended for tofu for both tested sites, while Merlin and Protina in combination with Biodoz Rhizofilm are recommended for animal fodder production in DFH. Animal fodder production was not profitable in QLB due to low protein yields.     

内生真菌对甜菜主要农艺性状及氮糖代谢关键酶活性的影响

采用内生真菌F11液浸种、喷叶及灌根处理方法,调查其对甜菜栽培品种KWS2409的主要农艺性状及对甜菜氮、糖代谢关键酶即硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、蔗糖合酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合酶(SPS)活性的影响。结果表明,内生真菌F11菌株对甜菜的含糖量有明显的提高作用,其中以灌根处理效果最好,其叶鲜重、叶绿素含量、单根重、含糖率和产糖量的平均值分别提高了66.67%、47.42%、6.96%、17.46%和25.63%。在整个生育期,内生真菌F11显著提高了氮糖代谢酶活性,其中NR和GS活力分别呈“M”型双峰曲线和抛物线型变化,而SS和GS活力呈单峰曲线变化,后期根部SS合成活力明显高于分解方向活力,生育前期SPS活力高于后期。叶丛形成期达到最高峰,说明NR、GS、SS和SPS活性的增强是甜菜含糖量升高的主要生理原因。     

血叶兰可培养内生真菌多样性

为了解血叶兰内生真菌的多样性,揭示其菌群群落结构及分布特征。本研究以霸王岭自然保护区野生血叶兰为研究对象,采用组织块分离方法,对血叶兰内生真菌进行分离鉴定和多样性的研究。结果表明:从血叶兰不同组织部位中共分离出来66株内生真菌,通过r DNA-ITS序列分析将其归为4纲18属,其中以刺盘孢属(Colletotrichum)为优势类群,占菌株总数33.33%;茎中分布的菌群和菌株数量均最高,分别占61.11%和36.26%,根部与茎段菌群都以刺盘孢属最多;不同组织中叶片的内生真菌的多样性指数(H’)和均匀度指数(E)最高,分别为2.75和1.19;茎与叶部位内生真菌相似程度最高,相似性系数为0.381。因此,血叶兰内生真菌资源组成丰富,不同部位中内生真菌分布及组成存在较大差异,但又有一定组织的专一性。     

Effect of Water Regimes and Moisture Stress at Different Growth Stages on Nodule Dynamics,Nitrogenase Activity and Nitrogen Fixation in Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill)*

The effect of water regimes and soil moisture stress on total nodule number, effective nodule number, nodule dry weight, nitrogenase activity and nitrogen fixation in soybean was studied. The effective nodule number, nodule weight, nitrogenase activity and nitrogen fixation increased due to increase in water regimes from 0.4 to 0.6 Cumulative Pan Evaporation (CPE). The stress during either flowering or pod filling reduced the effective nodule number, nodule weight, nitrogenase activity and nitrogen fixation. The amount of nitrogen fixed was maximum with 0.8 CPE (50.09 kg ha^-1 season^-1) followed by 0.6 CPE (42.08 kg ha^-1 season^-1) and 0.4 CPE (33.04 kg ha^-1 season^-1). The amount of nitrogen fixed was reduced by 17.71 % and 26.39 % due to stress during flowering and pod filling respectively compared to normal irrigation.     

Biological nitrogen fixation in three long-term organic and conventional arable crop rotation experiments in Denmark

Biological nitrogen (N) fixation (BNF) by legumes in organic cropping systems has been perceived as a strategy to substitute N import from conventional sources. However, the N contribution by legumes varies considerably depending on legumes species, as well as local soil and climatic conditions. There is a lack of knowledge on whether the N contribution of legumes estimated using short-term experiments reflects the long-term effects in organic systems varying in fertility building measures. There is also limited information on how fertilizer management practices in organic crop rotations affect BNF of legumes. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate BNF in long-term experiments with a range of organic and conventional arable crop rotations at three sites in Denmark varying in climate and soils (coarse sand, loamy sand and sandy loam) and to identify possible causes of differences in the amount of BNF. The experiment included 4-year crop rotations with three treatment factors in a factorial design: (i) rotations, i.e. organic with a year of grass-clover (OGC), organic with a year of grain legumes (OGL), and conventional with a year of grain legumes (CGL), (ii) with (+CC) and without (−CC) cover crops, and (iii) with (+M) and without (−M) animal manure in OGC and OGL, and with (+F) mineral fertilizer in CGL. Cover crops consisted of a mixture of perennial ryegrass and clover (at the sites with coarse sand and sandy loam soils) or winter rye, fodder radish and vetch (at the site with loamy sand soil) in OGC and OGL, and only perennial ryegrass in CGL at all sites. The BNF was measured using the N difference method. The proportion of N derived from the atmosphere (%Ndfa) in aboveground biomass of clover grown for an entire year in a mixture with perennial ryegrass and harvested three times during the growing season in OGC was close to 100% at all three sites. The Ndfa of grain legumes in both OGL and CGL rotations ranged between 61% and 95% depending on location with mostly no significant difference in Ndfa between treatments. Cover crops had more than 92% Ndfa at all sites. The total BNF per rotation cycle was higher in OGC than in OGL and CGL, mostly irrespective of manure/fertilizer or cover crop treatments. There was no significant difference in total BNF between OGL and CGL rotations, but large differences were observed between sites. The lowest cumulated BNF by all the legume species over the 4-year rotation cycle was obtained at the location with sandy loam soil, i.e. 224–244, 96–128, and 144–156 kg N ha⁻¹ in OGC, OGL and CGL, respectively, whereas it was higher at the locations with coarse sand and loamy sand soil, i.e. 320–376, 168–264, and 200–220 kg N ha⁻¹ in OGC, OGL and CGL, respectively. The study shows that legumes in organic crop rotations can maintain N₂ fixation without being significantly affected by long-term fertilizer regimes or fertility building measures.     

合欢内生菌H8的分离、鉴定及其抗菌代谢物质研究

为了寻找结构新颖,高效的农用抗菌活性物质,以药用植物合欢叶为试验材料,分离筛选出一株内生细菌H8。采用对峙培养法与琼脂扩散法进行抑菌试验,结果表明:H8菌株、发酵液、无菌发酵液及其活性组分对苹果腐烂病菌、苹果轮纹病菌等6种供试植物病原菌均具有较强的抑菌活性,抑菌带宽度可达20.5~34.5 mm。经形态观察、生理生化试验和16S r DNA系统进化分析,鉴定其为死谷芽孢杆菌(Bacillus vallismortis)。采用液-液萃取、薄层层析及硅胶柱层析,对内生菌H8的代谢液提取分离,得6个组分,对抑菌活性高的2个组分硅烷化衍生后,经GC-MS检测,确定代谢液中有脂肪酸、芳香酸、环二肽等28种活性化合物。     

沙地云杉内生真菌拮抗菌株的筛选及鉴定

从194株沙地云杉内生真菌中筛选出对8种植物病原物具有拮抗效果的沙地云杉内生真菌。本研究初筛采用皿内对峙法筛选,复筛采用打孔法筛选。两种方法相结合筛选出了对8种植物病原真菌具有拮抗效果的沙地云杉内生真菌。初筛后具有25株沙地云杉内生真菌对8种植物病原真菌有抑制作用。复筛后具有4株沙地云杉内生真菌对8种植物病原真菌均有抑制效果。本研究通过以上两种筛选方法筛选出具有拮抗作用的沙地云杉内生真菌,为下一步深入研究代谢产物奠定了基础。     

辣椒内生菌的分离及拮抗菌的筛选与鉴定

用稀释分离法从健康辣椒植株的茎、叶、果肉中共分离得到植物内生菌88株,其中细菌有65株,真菌有21株,放线菌2株。用平板对峙法从中筛选出内生菌003和X两株对辣椒疫霉病菌、辣椒绿霉病菌、辣椒炭疽病菌3种病原菌具有明显拮抗作用的菌株,得出抑制率为34.80%～48.0%。根据菌株形态、生理生化特性对菌株003和菌株X进行了初步鉴定,结果显示菌株003和菌株X都为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)。     

一株具有抗菌和抗肿瘤活性的诺丽内生真菌的鉴定

为研究一株诺丽内生真菌M50的抗菌和抗肿瘤生物活性并鉴定此菌株,本研究对实验室保藏的诺丽内生真菌M50,采用ITS rDNA测序鉴定内生真菌M50;以金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和枯草芽孢杆菌为指示细菌,采用滤纸片扩散法对其次生代谢产物的抗菌性进行测试;以新暗色柱节孢菌、辣椒疫霉、西瓜枯萎病菌和拟盘多毛孢为指示真菌,采用平板对峙法对其抑菌性进行测试;以肝癌细胞株SMMC-7721、Lewis肺癌、前列腺癌细胞株PC-3为指示癌细胞,采用MTT法对其次生代谢产物的抗肿瘤活性进行测试。内生真菌M50鉴定为Leptoxyphium fumago;金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和枯草芽孢杆菌抑菌圈的大小分别为(13.16±0.22) mm、(12.06±0.31) mm、(7.89±0.17) mm和(11.05±0.22) mm;新暗色柱节孢菌、辣椒疫霉、西瓜枯萎病菌和拟盘多毛孢的抑制率分别为50.00%、18.36%、12.35%和46.91%;肝癌细胞株SMMC-7721、Lewis肺癌、前列腺癌细胞株PC-3的半抑制浓度分别为45.46μg/m L、53.33μg/m L、80.48μg/m L。说明内生真菌M50具有广谱的抗菌和抗肿瘤的生物活性。本研究为解决药源问题带来新的希望和契机,为开发诺丽新产品提供理论依据和技术支撑。