Checkers is solved

The game of checkers has roughly 500 billion billion possible positions (5 x 10(20)). The task of solving the game, determining the final result in a game with no mistakes made by either player, is daunting. Since 1989, almost continuously, dozens of computers have been working on solving checkers, applying state-of-the-art artificial intelligence techniques to the proving process. This paper announces that checkers is now solved: Perfect play by both sides leads to a draw. This is the most challenging popular game to be solved to date, roughly one million times as complex as Connect Four. Artificial intelligence technology has been used to generate strong heuristic-based game-playing programs, such as Deep Blue for chess. Solving a game takes this to the next level by replacing the heuristics with perfection.     

领导是什么

领导,在人类社会活动中与生俱来,与时俱进。领导工作既是科学,也是艺术。将领导作为专门学研究,古今中外都是一个经久不衰的课题。研究领导问题都应当也必须揭示领导的开端概念,全面准确地回是什么。     

Altruism is rewarding

People will learn an instrumental conditioned response, the reward for which is the deliverance of another human being from suffering.