大兴安岭天然林林分生长模型研究

利用林分密度指数(SDI)作为天然林的林分密度测度,来反映天然林区天然林分中林木之间的竞争水平,利用地位级指数(SCI)代替地位指数来反映天然林区林分立地质量。结合这2个因子以Schumacher生长曲线为基本模型形式建立了天然林全林分生长和收获模型,模型包括断面积生长预估模型、林分蓄积量预估模型、郁闭度预估模型和蓄积枯损率模型。从模型的拟合和检验结果来看,模型的效果良好。     

间伐林分的断面积生长模型研究

利用Richards和Schumacher模型对人工落叶松和杉木林分进行断面积模型的拟合,结果表明:两种模型在同时选择单位面积株数或同时选择林分密度指数作为自变量时,Schumacher式都比Richards式拟合和预估效果好。Richards式用林分密度指数比用单位面积株数的拟合和预估效果明显要好,Schumacher式用林分密度指数比用单位面积株数拟合效果略好。在生产实践中,由于单位面积株数容易测定,而Schumacher形式比较简单,建议用来预估林分的断面积,并可作为间伐和未间伐林分的兼容模型。     

林分断面积生长模型研究评述

林分断面积生长模型是林分生长和收获预估模型的体系的主要组成部分。在对常用的新面积生长模型Ｒｉｃｈａｒｄｓ型和Ｓｃｈｕｍａｃｈｅｒ型分析的基础上，总结出断面积生长模型研究中应注意的４个问题；（１）选择的自变量应为３个，即立地质量指标、年龄和林分密度指标；（２）间伐林分模型应与未间伐林分模型同时考虑，进而详细介绍了用于间伐林分断面积预估的被压指数法；（３）间伐指标的构造需要伐前和后伐后的林分因子；（４     

厚朴生长规律的研究

本文对厚朴人工林的生长规律进行了系统研究,建立了其栽培群体的各种生长模型。并运用灰色系统理论,对厚朴生长与气候条件的相关规律进行了探讨。结果表明,其树叶生长符合自然对数方程,树高和胸径年生长符合二次抛物线方程,模型参数与树龄相关;树高、胸径和材积生长规律均可用Logistic方程模拟,各自的速生期分别为4～11年、5～14年和10～17年;气温与降水、日照时数与气温是分别影响厚朴树高、胸径生长的主要气候因子,其影响程度随年龄的增长而减弱。决定厚朴生长和“厚朴”产量的结构因子主要是林分密度。     

Growth and yield models for Dahurian larch plantations

IntroductionDahurianlarch(L8risgmeliniiRupr.)isoneofthemostimportanttimberspeciesinChina.AsaresuItofovercuttingforseveraIdecades,thenaturaIDahurianIarchforestresourcesaredecliningrapidly.PIantationsofdahurianIarchhavebecomeanimportantpartofforestpreserveresourcesinDaxing'anMountains.ConsequentIystudyingthegroWthofDahurianlarchandformingtheforesttabfesareofsignrficancetofor-estproduction.ThispaperpresentsinformationongroWthandyieIdmodeIsofDahurianlarchpIantations.MethodsDataof4O5stema…     

GROWTH AND YIELD MODELS FOR DAHURIAN LARCH PLANTATIONS

Growth and yield models were developed for individual tress and stands based on336 temporary plots with 405 stem analysis trees of dahurian larch(Larix gmelinii(Rupr.)Rupr.)plantations throughout Daxing’anling mountains.Several equations were selected using nonlinearregression analysis.Results showed that the Richards equation was the best model for estimatingtree height,stand mean helght and stand dominant height from age; The Power equation was thebest model for prediction tree volume from DBH and tree height; The logarithmic stand volumeequation was good for predicting stand volume from age,mean height,basal area and other standvariables.These models can be used to construct the volume table, the site index table and other for-estry tables for dahurian larch plantations.     

Predicting and calibrating diameter distributions of Eucalyptus grandis (Hill) Maiden plantations in Zimbabwe

Diameter distribution models for even-aged Eucalyptus grandis plantations in Zimbabwe were developed using the two-parameter Weibull function. The analysis was based on data from Correlated Curve Trend (CCT) experiments replicated on four different sites. Parameters of the Weibull distribution were predicted using stand characteristics as regressors. Two sets of parameter models were estimated: a set with and one without stand basal area as a predictor. Stand variables such as dominant height, age, site index and number of stems were used in both sets. The models were further calibrated to result in a given number of stems and stand basal area simultaneously. The usability of constructed models was tested both in prediction of yield in a stand inventory situation and in simulation of growth in connection with different growth models. The results indicated that models not including stand basal area produce considerably less precise stand volume estimates compared to models including also stand basal area. Calibration improved the accuracy of diameter distribution models. In growth simulation diameter distribution models can be connected both to single tree growth models and to stand projection models. The usability of calibration in growth simulation depends on the accuracy of the prediction of stand characteristics.     

基于哑变量的湿地松林分断面积生长模型

[目的]为更好地估测福州市湿地松人工林林分断面积生长情况,同时为湿地松人工林的经营提供参考依据.[方法]基于样地调查数据选用理查德方程、逻辑斯蒂、Mitscherlich和Schumacher等基础模型,引入优势木平均高和年龄因子为自变量并将林分密度指数作为密度指标加入到基础断面积模型中.在最优基础模型中引入哑变量,建...     

红锥人工林生长规律及6种生长模型拟合效果

选择5株28年生红锥（Castanopsis hystrix）人工林平均木进行树干解析,对其去皮胸径、树高、单株材积、形数生长规律进行分析。并采用6种林木生长经验模型对去皮胸径、树高、单株材积进行回归分析,选取合适的生长模型。结果表明：28年生红锥在第8-15年为速生期。胸径在第8-15年处于生长高峰期,连年生长量范围为1.01-1.11 cm/a;树高的连年生长量在第6-15年间处于较高的阶段,连年生长量范围为1.02-1.16 m/a;单株材积平均生长量和连年生长量增长幅度在第6-17年之间和第24-28年间较大,连年生长量在第14年后均大于0.01 m^3/a。坎派兹（Compertz）方程对去皮胸径的拟合效果最好,韦布尔（Weibull）方程对树高的拟合效果最好,苏玛克（Schumacher）方程对单株材积的拟合效果最好。     

A reduced growth model based on stand basal area. A case for hybrid poplar plantations in northeast Spain

Whole-stand models normally require data on initial stand basal area and dominant height. Dominant height measurements are time-consuming and often imprecise, compromising subsequent predictions. Poplar plantations provide a special case where basal area correlates with site index; a whole-stand model could thus be based on stand basal area. We report a static model constructed by the generalized algebraic difference approach (GADA) for poplar plantations for three different hybrid poplars (Populus × euramericana (Dode) Guinier “I-214”, “MC”, and “Luisa Avanzo”) in northeast Spain. The transition function was based on current stand basal area and was fitted with data from 158 permanent plots ranging from 1- to 17-year-old plantations. Merchantable stand volume was estimated by a volume equation where height was predicted by a height–basal area relationship based on 458 temporary plots. The model differences between clones were compared using the nonlinear extra sum of squares method. Significant differences were detected, while Luisa Avanzo presented the highest merchantable volume at the end of the rotation. Errors in basal area predictions were below 20% within 6 years in the case of Luisa Avanzo and MC clones, and within 3 years in the case of I-214. Our research showed that satisfactory predictions can be obtained using GADA with a single transition function based on an easily measurable variable such as stand basal area.     

Estimating Pinus palustris tree diameter and stem volume from tree height,crown area and stand-level parameters

Accurate and efficient estimation of forest growth and live biomass is a critical element in assessing potential responses to forest management and environmental change. The objective of this study was to develop models to predict longleaf pine tree diameter at breast height （dbh） and merchantable stem volume （V） using data obtained from field measurements. We used longleaf pine tree data from 3,376 planted trees on 127 permanent plots located in the U.S. Gulf Coastal Plain region to fit equations to predict dbh and V as functions of tree height （H） and crown area （CA）. Prediction of dbh as a function of H improved when CA was added as an additional independent variable. Similarly, predic- tions of V based on H improved when CA was included. Incorporation of additional stand variables such as age, site index, dominant height, and stand density were also evaluated but resulted in only small improvements in model performance. For model testing we used data from planted and naturally-regenerated trees located inside and outside the geographic area used for model fitting. Our results suggest that the models are a robust alternative for dbh and V estimations when H and CA are known on planted stands with potential for naturally-regenerated stands, across a wide range of ages. We discuss the importance of these models for use with metrics derived from remote sensing data.     

广义Schumacher方程及其应用

从生物学理论基础出发给出了广义Ｓｃｈｕｍａｃｈｅｒ方程的推导和分析，本方程不仅具有良好的解析性能和预测性能，而且具有广泛的适应性．本文用其描述了冷杉林分平均胸径、每公顷断面积的生长过程，同时对生长特征进行了详尽的分析．     

基于混合效应模型的杉木人工林蓄积联立方程系统

建立江西杉木人工林基于非线性混合效应方法的林分优势木平均高和断面积模型以及基于对数形式线性混合效应蓄积模型的联立方程组,利用验证数据与传统模型回归方法的模拟结果进行比较分析。结果表明,优势木平均高是联立方程组最基本的组成部分。通过考虑优势木平均高和林分断面积模型中参数的随机效应以及3个因变量间的相关性,则蓄积模型中参数的随机效应可以忽略。优势木平均高决定着林分断面积预测的准确性,而优势木平均高和林分断面积又是预测蓄积的主要误差来源。基于混合效应模型方法的模拟结果明显好于传统回归估计方法。进行预测时,通过解释联立方程组中因变量相互间的相关性,利用已被观测的变量能够提高未观测变量的估计精度。     

林分生长和收获模型整体化思路探讨

介绍了林分生长和收获模型的概念、分类及模型整体化研究的内涵,以单木直径生长模型作为基础模型,提出了单木直径、树高、断面积、材积模型之间,林分平均直径、断面积、材积模型之间以及单木生长模型、全林分模型和径阶分布模型之间的耦合思路,对于解决不同水平模型之间的相容性、一致性及内部结构的统一具有一定意义.     

基于混合效应的湖南马尾松次生林单木生长模型

[目的]建立湖南省马尾松次生林单木断面积与材积生长模型,为林木的生长预估提供理论依据.[方法]以湖南省2014年一类清查样地中的20块马尾松次生林为研究对象,选取5个具有生物学意义的生长方程,建立马尾松断面积和材积随年龄变化的基础模型,在此基础上,加入以样地为随机效应的随机参数,构建基于混合效应的湖南马尾松次生林单木断...     

北京低山侧柏人工林资源分布与生长状况分析

对北京低山侧柏人工林资源分布及生长状况进行了分析。结果表明:7个山区县侧柏人工林面积为7.84万hm2,幼龄林面积占92.01%,中龄林面积占6.5%;幼龄林蓄积占低山侧柏人工林总蓄积的72.7%,中龄林蓄积占20.9%,近成熟林及过熟林蓄积占的比例较少。不同立地条件下,坡向、坡度对于侧柏的生长影响较大,分布于阳坡的侧柏生长较快。不同立地等级下材积连年生长量和平均生长量在54a时仍未相交。利用Forstat2.0和SPSS 18.0分析软件,模拟不同立地等级侧柏胸径、树高、材积的生长过程,并建立各因子生长模型。结果表明,Richards生长方程能较好地预估北京侧柏人工林的生长。     

油松人工林单木树高生长模型研究

使用Richard,Logistic,Korf,Mitscherlich,Schumacher,weibull等6种理论生长方程拟合了不同立地条件下油松人工林单木树高生长过程,从中选出模拟效果最优的生长方程。研究结果显示:三参数理论生长方程Lo—gistic、weibull、Richard、Korf对油松树高生长拟合的精度基本相近,明显高于二参数的Mitscherlich、Schumach—er方程;立地指数显著影响各方程渐进线参数和形状参数,将立地指数引入各理论生长方程中,构建了模拟油松人工林单木树高生长精度最优的预测方程为Logistic式;使用未参加建模的油松解析木数据对构建的预测方程进行T检验,发现预测值与实测值之间无显著差异(P=0.6213>0.05)。可见,本文构建的预测方程可以准确预测油松人工林单木树高生长过程,为油松人工林科学经营提供重要参考。     

印度热带干旱地区沙漠柚木(Tecomella undulata)同龄林极限林分密度与基面积模型

对用于评价印度拉贾斯坦邦热带干旱区沙漠柚木极限林分密度的公式进行了研究。对5个不同密度的林分基面积预测模型进行测试和比较,这些模型属非线性生长函数的轨迹不变量代数差形式。这些模型可根据林分变量,如优势高／公顷、立木数／公顷,预测林分基面积,还可用于评估不同造林方案。利用所收集的22块样地的数据建立模型。使用各种可能的树龄数据结构,用定性和定量标准比较了这些替代模型。使用Akaike信息准则差异统计来分析各种模型的预测能力。结果表明：Hui和Gadow提出的模型预测效果最好,推荐在本研究区域内使用该模型来预测沙漠柚木林分基面积。但是,此模型并未使用间伐林分数据,因此,不能准确地预测林木有明显自然死亡的林分基面积。     

日本落叶松家系对树高生长模型参数的影响

以湖北省建始县长岭岗林场 15年生日本落叶松子代测定林为研究对象 ,研究了家系间优势高的生长变异 ,家系对树高生长模型参数影响的显著性检验 ,并构建了日本落叶松家系树高生长模型。研究表明 ,同一立地不同家系的树高—年龄关系为多形曲线 ,不仅渐近线存在显著差异 ,而且曲线的形状也发生改变 ,应采用不同的生长模式来描述其树高生长过程 ,优势高生长是环境差异和遗传变异的树木表现型的综合反映 ,树高生长潜力 (立地指数 )随着遗传改良材料的应用而增大 :Schumacher和Richards方程对模拟日本落叶松幼龄阶段不同家系的优势高生长过程均能达到令人满意的效果 :家系间优势高的差距随年龄而增大 ,且家系间连年生长速率也各不相同。     

Modeling top height growth of red alder plantations

Height growth equations for dominant trees are needed for growth and yield projections, to determine appropriate silvicultural regimes, and to estimate site index. Red alder [Alnus rubra Bong.] is a fast-growing hardwood species that is widely planted in the Pacific Northwest, USA. However, red alder dominant height growth equations used currently have been determined using stem analysis trees from natural stands rather than repeated measurements of stand-level top height from plantations, which may cause them to be biased. A regional dataset of red alder plantations was complied and used to construct a dynamic base-age invariant top height growth equation. Ten anamorphic and polymorphic Generalized Algebraic Difference Approach (GADA) forms were fit using the forward difference approach. The Chapman–Richards anamorphic and Schumacher anamorphic model forms were the only ones with statistically significant parameters that yielded biologically reasonable predictions across a full range of the available data. The Schumacher model form performed better on three independent datasets and, therefore, was selected as the final model. The resulting top height growth equations differed appreciably from tree-level dominant height growth equations developed using data from natural stands, particularly at the younger ages and on lower site indices. Both the rate and shape parameters of the Schumacher function were not influenced by initial planting density. However, this analysis indicates that the asymptote, which is related to site index, may be reduced for plantations with initial planting density below 500 trees ha⁻¹. The final equation can be used for predictions of top height (and thus) site index for red alder plantations across a range of different growing conditions.