轮虫、卤虫营养强化研究进展

轮虫和卤虫具有丰富的营养价值,是鱼类和甲壳类幼体培育的重要饵料。文章从轮虫和卤虫营养强化剂的选择、营养成分、强化方法和时间等层面概述了该领域的研究进展,可为开展轮虫、卤虫的营养强化以及在水产养殖中的应用提供参考。     

牛磺酸对卤虫无节幼体体成分的营养强化作用

为探讨牛磺酸强化卤虫无节幼体对其体成分的影响,试验分别以0、10、100、1 000mg/L浓度的牛磺酸强化卤虫无节幼体12h和24h后,采用国标法检测卤虫无节幼体水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分、钙和磷的含量。试验结果显示:100mg/L牛磺酸强化卤虫无节幼体12h能显著提高其粗蛋白(P0.05)、粗脂肪、钙和磷的含量,显著降低其粗灰分含量(P0.05);10mg/L牛磺酸强化卤虫无节幼体24h能显著提高其粗蛋白和钙的含量(P0.05),显著降低其粗脂肪和粗灰分含量(P0.05);100mg/L牛磺酸强化卤虫无节幼体24h能显著提高其粗蛋白、钙和磷的含量(P0.05),显著减低其粗脂肪和粗灰分含量(P0.05)。表明:本试验条件下10mg/L牛磺酸强化卤虫无节幼体24h能显著改善卤虫无节幼体的体成分。     

纤细裸藻及其对轮虫、卤虫的营养强化

前言 近二十年来,有关鱼类营养需求的研究,取得了显著的进展,特别是已普遍认识到作为必需脂肪酸的n—3高度不饱和脂肪酸(n—3HUFA)的重要性。尤其是在仔鱼期中,生物饵料的投喂不可缺少,n—3HUFA的提供十分重要。现在几乎所有的种苗生产工艺中,都是采用微绿球藻Nannochlorapsis或市售的营养强化饲料,对生物饵料进行营养强化。 作为天然存在的n—3HUFA,绝大部分是EPA(廿碳五烯酸)和DHA(廿二碳六烯酸)。最近,在真鲷、缟鲹、鰤鱼和日本对虾等,对它们二者的必需脂肪酸效果进行比较。其结果,     

轮虫与卤虫在营养价值等方面的比较

近些年来,随着水产养殖业的发展,轮虫(rotifer)和卤虫(Artemia)由于适口性好、蛋白含量高、对水质污染小等优点,已被广泛地应用于鱼、虾、蟹类的苗种生产,成为不可替代的生物饵料。本文对轮虫和卤虫的生物学特性、研究历史、营养价值、培养方式和营养强化等方面进行了比较性的综述,以便对轮虫与卤虫有进一步的了解。     

β-胡萝卜素强化剂对卤虫体内类胡萝卜素组成的影响

为探究β-胡萝卜素强化对卤虫(Artemia)体内类胡萝卜素组成和含量的影响,以渤海湾卤虫为研究对象,设置5个β-胡萝卜素强化剂梯度(1、3、5、7、9 mg·L^-1),并设1个不添加β-胡萝卜素的对照组,分析添加不同浓度β-胡萝卜素强化剂对卤虫无节幼体和成虫体内类胡萝卜素组成和含量变化的影响。结果表明,营养强化后,卤虫体内检测到β-胡萝卜素、角黄素和海胆酮3种类胡萝卜素;卤虫无节幼体和成虫体内β-胡萝卜素含量随着强化剂量增大显著上升(P<0.05);无节幼体体内海胆酮和成虫体内角黄素含量变化大致上与β-胡萝卜素强化剂梯度变化表现出显著相关性(P<0.05)。饥饿12 h后,强化组体内β-胡萝卜素含量明显下降,但依然显著高于对照组(P<0.05),表现出较好的富集效果。因此,通过营养强化的卤虫,不仅可以作为外源类胡萝卜素的生物载体,还可以利用其体内代谢转化,为养殖苗种提供多级类胡萝卜素营养。     

卤虫的营养强化及其对罗氏沼虾幼体培育的影响

用小球藻强化培育卤虫，研究不同时间后卤虫体内脂肪酸的变化，并用此卤虫投喂罗氏沼虾幼体，研究其对罗氏沼虾幼体发育及成活的影响。实验结果表明，卤虫在强化12h后EPA及HUEA含量最高，强化时间延长至24h，EPA和HUFA含量反而下降。卤虫经营养强化可明显地促进罗氏沼虾幼体的生长发育并提高育苗成活率，而且在24h内随着强化时间的延长，效果越明显。     

重要生物饵料轮虫与卤虫在营养价值、营养强化等方面的比较

轮虫属轮虫动物门、轮虫纲、真轮亚纲,具有生命力强、繁殖迅速、营养丰富、大小适宜、增殖快速、易大量培养、不易恶化育苗水质等诸多优点。作为一种重要的水生动物饵料,在世界范围内被广泛培养,在多种鱼类和甲壳类幼体培育中发挥着重要作用;卤虫属节肢动物门,有鳃亚门,甲壳纲,鳃足亚纲,无甲目,盐水丰年虫科,卤虫属（Artemia）。卤虫幼体和成虫也是水产动物苗种生产中重要的生物饵料,在海水仔稚鱼培育、河蟹育苗及名贵观赏水族动物的养殖中广泛应用。下面将对它们进行比较性的综述。     

卤虫的营养强化及其在水产养殖中的应用

卤虫作为水产养殖业饵料的营养价值,可以通过用富含必需脂肪酸,特别是（Ｎ－３）高不饱和脂肪酸（ＨＵＦＡ）的强化得到加强。本文介绍了英国、日本、法国、比利时等国的卤虫营养强化技术及强化饵料,并对营养强化卤虫在水产养殖上的具体应用进行了综述。     

Bioencapsulation and pharmacokinetic study of oxolinic acid in rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis), Artemia franciscana nauplii and metanauplii

The uptake of oxolinic acid by the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis, Artemia franciscana nauplii and metanauplii was studied as a function of its concentration in the enrichment medium and the duration of the enrichment period. An emulsion containing 5, 10, 20 or 30% (w/w) oxolinic acid was administered and the enrichment period lasted 4, 8, 12 or 36 h. Highest incorporation of oxolinic acid was achieved using a 20% emulsion and a 12 h enrichment for rotifers (205.05 ± 17.1 μg g^?1 dry weight), a 24 h enrichment for nauplii (2528.8 ± 254.6 μg g^?1 dry weight), and an 8 h enrichment for metanauplii (1236.58 ± 22.9 μg g^?1 dry weight). Higher concentrations of oxolinic acid in the enrichment emulsion or longer enrichment times resulted in decreased survival. Two hours post enrichment the contents of the drug appeared significantly decreased. The concentration data of oxolinic acid were best fit to a two phase exponential elimination model, the first phase elimination half‐life (t_1/2α) being 1.86, 1.08 and 1.74 and the terminal phase elimination half‐life (t_1/2β) 26.83, 29.67 and 17.48 in rotifers, nauplii and metanauplii correspondingly. Enrichment with an emulsion containing 20% oxolinic acid is recommended employing a duration of 12, 24, or 8 h enrichment for rotifers, nauplii and metanauplii respectively, while enriched carriers should be used shortly after enrichment.     

Energy budget of the Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck & Schlegel) larvae fed HUFA-enriched and non-enriched Artemia nauplii

The energy budget of the Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck & Schlegel) larvae fed enriched (EA) and non‐enriched (NEA) Artemia nauplii was determined by equating energy intake (EI) with the summation of energy channelled to faeces (F), metabolism (M), excretion (U) and growth (G). Larvae (21 days post hatching, 2.2 mg mean wet wt) were reared in six 80‐L circular tanks with three replicates of 160 larvae per tank and fed EA and NEA for 20 days. EI was calculated from the energy content of consumed nauplii, M from the summation of energy for routine, feeding and active metabolisms, U from ammonia excretion and G from energy gained based on weight gain, while F was the difference between EI and the total of other components. The heat increment of larvae was calculated from the difference of O₂ consumption at post‐prandial and routine conditions. Except for G and F, variables were correlated to the dry body weight (W) of larvae in a power function: Y=aW^b. Coefficients a and b were estimated by regression after a logarithmic transformation of the raw data. Overall, growth and survival rates of the larvae fed EA were higher than those fed NEA. For a larval flounder growing from 2 to 20 mg wet wt, the ingested energy was partitioned as follows: 22.8% to faecal loss, 38.3% to metabolism, 1.5% to urinary loss and 37.4% to growth for the EA group, whereas 35.4% to faecal loss, 28.4% to metabolism, 1.3% to urinary loss and 34.9% to growth for the NEA group. Gross conversion and assimilation efficiencies were higher, but the net conversion efficiency was lower in EA‐fed larvae than NEA‐fed larvae. This study suggests that the higher growth and survival rates of the EA‐fed group compared with the NEA‐fed group were attributed to their higher intake of essential fatty acids, higher metabolism and lower energy loss of faeces.     

Effect of artemia nauplii enriched with vitamin A palmitate on hypermelanosis on the blind side in juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

ABSTRACT:   The effect of Artemia nauplii enriched with different level of vitamin A (VA) palmitate (1 µg = 1 IU) on the occurrence of hypermelanosis on the blind side of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus was determined. Artemia were enriched with 0, 1, 2, 5 or 10 mg VA palmitate/L (control group, and 1-, 2-, 5-, and 10-mg groups). The enriched Artemia were fed to the larvae from 27 to 31 days post hatching (dph) corresponding to the F–G stage. VA palmitate, retinol and retinoic acid (RA) contents of Artemia were correlatively elevated with increasing VA palmitate in the culture medium. RA was detected in Artemia enriched with 5 mg and 10 mg, and a significantly high frequency of hypermelanosis on the blind side was observed in these groups at 65 dph ( P  < 0.05). These results suggest that RA synthesized from VA palmitate in Artemia could induce hypermelanosis on blind side of flounder when Artemia are enriched with more than 5 mg VA palmitate/L.     

鸡粪浆及5种微藻对轮虫脂肪酸组成的影响

采用投喂鸡粪浆的方法培养轮虫,并与5种微藻培养轮虫的脂肪酸组成进行了比较。结果表明:鸡粪轮虫具有较高的营养价值,HUFA含量达25.9%,仅次于小球藻轮虫和新月菱形藻轮虫,EPA和DHA的含量分别为11.2%和4.4%;在5种微藻培养的轮虫中,用小球藻、新月菱形藻和球等鞭金藻培养的轮虫营养价值较高,而用微绿球藻和衣藻培养的轮虫营养价值相对较低;轮虫的脂肪酸组成受饵料影响显著,但又不完全取决于饵料。     

Growth,survival and fatty acid composition of Rhamdia quelen (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824) larvae fed on artificial diet alone or in combination with Artemia nauplii

Black catfish (Rhamdia quelen) is a species of interest for aquaculture in Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay. A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding R. quelen larvae on either only an artificial diet or in combination with Artemia nauplii (AN) on larval performance and fatty acid composition. For 12 days, larvae were fed from first feeding (3 days after hatching, TL = 5.88 ± 0.23 mm) with artificial food only or a combination of artificial food and AN (co‐feeding). At the end of the trial, total length of co‐fed larvae was significantly higher than that of larvae fed solely artificial food (P < 0.001). No significant differences were found in survival rates. Co‐feeding microdiet with a small amount of AN significantly affected larval fatty acid composition. Lipid and fatty acid composition of food and larvae revealed the importance of n‐3 fatty acids for growth of black catfish larvae and that, as most freshwater fish, R. quelen larvae can elongate and desaturate linolenic acid to n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acids. Results suggest that R. quelen larvae can be fed from first feeding on microdiets as unique food source, although better larval performances are obtained by co‐feeding with a small amount of AN.     

盐度对漠斑牙鲆幼鱼存活、生长及摄食的影响

盐度对漠斑牙鲆幼鱼的存活的影响较小,将漠斑牙鲆幼鱼从盐度为32的海水直接放入盐度为24、16、8、0的水中观察48 h存活情况,仅盐度0组成活率为75%,其他盐度组均为100%.在盐度为32、24、16、8、0各试验组中,经1个月饲养,生长速度和饵料系数均无显著差异.盐度越低越有利于漠斑牙鲆白化个体康复正常体色.     

Artemia sp. Proportions and Effects on Survival and Growth of Pintado,Pseudoplatystoma corruscans Larvae

ABSTRACT

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the survival and growth of larvae (L) of pintado, Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, fed different Artemia sp. proportions: 50, 200, 350, 500, 650, 800, and 950 Artemia nauplii per larva per day, in a complete randomized design. Water salinity was 1.7%, and larviculture lasted for a period of 15 days, which was divided into three individual 5-day trials. Larvae were stocked at a density of 15 per liter and kept in the dark. The concentrations of un-ionized ammonia-N and nitrite-N were directly proportional to the increase in prey density (P < 0.05). Regression analysis showed increased survival and growth rates up to 200, 350, and 500 nauplii/L/day, for the first, second, and third trials, respectively. These results indicate that larval food intake is related to ontogenetic development stage.     

微粒饲料中以微藻粉替代鱼油对牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)稚鱼生长存活和脂肪酸组成的影响

以18日龄的牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)稚鱼为研究对象,通过11 d 的生长实验,研究了添加不同比例的微藻粉替代鱼油对牙鲆稚鱼生长、存活率和脂肪酸组成的影响。以鱼油组(FO)为对照组,以裂壶藻粉(Schizochytrium sp.)、微绿球藻粉(Nannochloropsis sp.)和橄榄油替代不同比例的鱼油,配制成5组等氮等能的实验饲料,分别命名为鱼油组(FO),50%混合替代组(M50)、100%混合替代组(M100)、100%裂壶藻橄榄油替代组(S100)、100%微绿球藻橄榄油替代组(N100)。结果显示,微藻粉替代鱼油对牙鲆稚鱼的生长无显著影响;含有裂壶藻的各饲料组(M50、M100、S100)成活率显著高于 FO 组和 N100组(P?0.05);微藻粉替代鱼油不影响牙鲆稚鱼主要脂肪酸的组成;Person相关性分析发现,C14：0、C16：1n-7、C18：2n-6、C20：0、C18：3n-3、C22：0、C20：4n-3、EPA、C22：5n-6和 DHA 的百分含量均与其饲料中的百分含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05);总饱和脂肪酸、总单不饱和脂肪酸、n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的百分含量以及 DHA/EPA 比率均与其饲料组成表现出显著正相关(P<0.05)。综上所述,微藻作为脂肪源替代鱼油完全可以满足牙鲆稚鱼的生长和发育,各种脂肪酸均可以被牙鲆稚鱼充分消化和吸收,并且添加两种微藻后提高了稚鱼的 DHA 含量和 DHA/EPA 比率,与鱼油对照组相比显著提高了牙鲆稚鱼的成活率。因此,以微藻替代鱼油在牙鲆稚鱼的培育中是可行的。     

光周期对卤虫摄食、生长和存活的影响

在不同光周期（０Ｌ：２４Ｄ、６Ｌ：１８Ｄ、１２Ｌ：１２Ｄ、１８Ｌ：６Ｄ和２４Ｌ：０Ｄ）下培养河北大清河盐场的卤虫,结果表明：卤虫的摄食率有随着光周期缩短而下降的趋势。大清河盐场的卤虫在不同光周期下的生长速度无显著差异,但成活率差异显著,６Ｌ：１８Ｄ组的成活率最高。建议在短光周期下培养卤虫。     

不同摄食水平对牙鲆幼鱼生长及能量收支的影响

在水温(20.0±0.5)℃,摄食水平分别为体质量的1.0%、1.5%及饱食条件下,进行牙鲆幼鱼[体质量为(35.08±0.05)g]的生长和能量收支的研究。试验结果表明,随着摄食水平的增加,鱼体干物质、蛋白质和能量表观消化率随摄食水平的增加而增加;湿质量特定生长率随摄食水平的增加呈线性上升,干物质、蛋白质和能量特定生长率呈对数增加;饲料湿质量转化效率不受摄食水平的影响,饲料干物质、蛋白质和能量转化效率随摄食水平的增加先升后降。粪能占摄食能的比例随摄食水平的增加而显著降低,生长能占摄食能的比例随摄食水平的增加先升后降,代谢能占摄食能的比例变化与生长能占摄食能的比例变化相反。各个摄食水平下能量收支式为:1.0%:100.00C=28.99G+2.34F+6.03U+62.64R;1.5%:100.00C=37.19G+1.94F+5.27U+55.60R;饱食:100.00C=30.73G+1.36F+5.16U+62.75R。