中国棉花种质资源的收集与保存

一百多年来,我国已从53个产棉国引入国外棉花种质资源100次以上,引入种质2222份,其中,陆地棉2013 份,海岛棉209 份,引种种质份数最多的5个国家是美国、前苏联、澳大利亚、巴基斯坦、埃及.迄今为止,中国农业科学院棉花研究所共收集到国内外陆地棉6822份、陆地棉野生种系350份、海岛棉585份、亚洲棉378份、草棉17份、多年生野生棉41份,合计8193份,我国棉花种质资源的保存数量稳居世界第4位.这些种质资源分别保存在北京国家长期库、青海省复库和安阳中期库,野生棉保存在海南岛棉花种植圃.同时,也建立了较为完善的棉花种质资源数据库系统.近20年来,向9个国家和我国23个省(市)发放棉花种质资源10855 份次.     

我国农作物种质资源保护与利用成效显著

正[本刊讯]从3月16-17日农作物种质资源保护与利用专项2017年度工作会议上获知,我国农作物种质资源保护与利用项目取得重大进展。2016年收集与引进作物137种,种质资源16207份,共编目16371份,有30种作物10528份种质资源经繁种入国家种质库长期保存,有79种作物1585份无性繁殖作物种质资源繁殖入国家种质圃长期保存,2016年新增入库圃     

2018年我国农作物种质资源保护和利用工作成绩显著

从3月21-22日在石家庄召开的“全国农作物种质资源保护与利用专项2019年工作会议”上得知,2018年我国农作物种质资源保护和利用工作取得了显著成绩:一是资源保存总量突破50万份。新收集各类资源9704份,入国家库圃资源10485份,长期保存资源总量达502307份(其中国家长期库435550份,43个种质圃66757份)。二是鉴定评价富有成效。完成23092份种质的基本农艺性状鉴定,并评价筛选出781份特性突出的优异种质,为作物育种和农业科技原始创新提供了新的基础材料。三是资源得到妥善保存。完成库圃种质资源活力监测12640份,及时更新复壮活力低、长势弱、病害严重的种质10022份,确保了国家库圃资源的安全保存,为分发利用提供了有效保障。四是资源有效利用成效显著。通过在线公布优异种质目录、田间展示及定点定向服务等方式,向种业创新、基础研究等提供种质资源36792份,支撑或服务于各类科技计划项目/课题/产业技术体系402个、育成品种85个、国家奖2项、省部级奖12项、重要论文355篇、著作23部,对我国现代农业科技创新、地方产业发展和乡村振兴起到了重要支撑作用。     

品种

正我国保存农作物种质资源超47万份近日,在山东泰安组织召开农作物种质资源保护与利用专项2016年度工作会议。截至2015年底,我国共保存各类农作物种质资源470295份,保存总量居世界第二位,其中国家种质库长期保存资源已突破40万份,达到404690份,43个国家种质圃保存资源65605份。中国工程院副院长刘旭院士在会上指出,2015年     

中国蔬菜种质资源的种类及分布

从１９８６年起，全国３０个科研、院校单位参加了蔬菜种质资源的收集、整理、繁种更新、编目和入国家种质资源库长期保存的国家科技攻关。至１９９５年底，全国入库（圃）保存的蔬菜种质资源材料已达２８７６５份，分属于２１科６７属１０３种（含部分变种）。本文详细报道了各种蔬菜种质资源的数量，并分析了它们的分布范围和特点     

野生稻种质资源安全保存技术

本文介绍了野生稻种质资源保存的主要方法与技术及特点。野生稻资源保存采用原位保存与异位保存两种方式。原位保存也称原生境保存,通过在原生地建立保护区（点）保护资源;异位保存是对野生稻资源采取异地保存的一种方式,包括种质圃保存和种质库保存两种方法。原位与异位相结合,种质库、种质圃与原生境保护区（点）相补充的保存技术体系大大提高了我国野生稻资源保存的安全性。     

《作物种质资源安全保存原理与技术》正式出版

作物种质资源的安全保存是其有效利用的前提,安全保存需要确保维持种质高生活力和遗传完整性。国家农作物种质资源种质库圃已经收集保存超过51万份作物种质资源,此外各省、研究机构、育种单位也保存有大量作物种质资源。然而入库圃保存并不是一劳永逸的,种质库保存的资源会面临因活力下降而丧失的风险,种质圃保存的资源易遭受自然灾害和生境恶化等威胁,也存在丧失的风险。     

《作物种质资源安全保存原理与技术》正式出版

正作物种质资源的安全保存是其有效利用的前提,安全保存需要确保维持种质高生活力和遗传完整性。国家农作物种质资源种质库圃已经收集保存超过51万份作物种质资源,此外各省、研究机构、育种单位也保存有大量作物种质资源。然而入库圃保存并不是一劳永逸的,种质库保存的资源会面临因活力下降而丧失的风险,种质圃保存的资源易遭受自然灾害和生境恶化等威胁,也存在丧失的风险。     

国家种质勐海茶树分圃资源整理整合及共享利用

国家种质勐海茶树分圃是中国大叶茶种质资源保存的重要基地,目前已收集保存了茶组植物28个种,1199份茶树资源。为促进茶树种质资源的共享与利用,应用Access数据库软件,首次系统整理了云南茶树种质资源830份,向e平台提交了共性描述种质资源631份,特性描述种质资源300份,与国家自然科技资源e平台相链接,建立了云南茶树种质资源数据库,为实现茶树种质资源的规范化、数字化和信息化管理奠定了基础。根据茶树种质资源保存和利用现状,提出了资源圃茶树种质资源共享利用框架,指出了茶树资源保存、整理整合及共享利用中存在资源保存分散、体系不完善、种质资源性状鉴定深度不够、资源共享利用效率低等问题及解决对策。     

《作物种质资源安全保存原理与技术》正式出版

正本书由中国农业科学院作物科学研究所卢新雄研究员、辛霞副研究员、刘旭院士共同完成。是国内外首部作物种质资源安全保存原理与技术方面的专著,主要阐述了作物种质资源安全保存的含义与范畴,系统介绍了种质库、种质圃、离体库等保存方式的种质资源安全保存的原理与技术,可为种质资源保存、研究和设施建设提供指导,也可作为综合型大学、农林师范院     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.