中国棉花种质资源的收集与保存

一百多年来,我国已从53个产棉国引入国外棉花种质资源100次以上,引入种质2222份,其中,陆地棉2013 份,海岛棉209 份,引种种质份数最多的5个国家是美国、前苏联、澳大利亚、巴基斯坦、埃及.迄今为止,中国农业科学院棉花研究所共收集到国内外陆地棉6822份、陆地棉野生种系350份、海岛棉585份、亚洲棉378份、草棉17份、多年生野生棉41份,合计8193份,我国棉花种质资源的保存数量稳居世界第4位.这些种质资源分别保存在北京国家长期库、青海省复库和安阳中期库,野生棉保存在海南岛棉花种植圃.同时,也建立了较为完善的棉花种质资源数据库系统.近20年来,向9个国家和我国23个省(市)发放棉花种质资源10855 份次.     

我国农作物种质资源保护与利用成效显著

正[本刊讯]从3月16-17日农作物种质资源保护与利用专项2017年度工作会议上获知,我国农作物种质资源保护与利用项目取得重大进展。2016年收集与引进作物137种,种质资源16207份,共编目16371份,有30种作物10528份种质资源经繁种入国家种质库长期保存,有79种作物1585份无性繁殖作物种质资源繁殖入国家种质圃长期保存,2016年新增入库圃     

2018年我国农作物种质资源保护和利用工作成绩显著

从3月21-22日在石家庄召开的“全国农作物种质资源保护与利用专项2019年工作会议”上得知,2018年我国农作物种质资源保护和利用工作取得了显著成绩:一是资源保存总量突破50万份。新收集各类资源9704份,入国家库圃资源10485份,长期保存资源总量达502307份(其中国家长期库435550份,43个种质圃66757份)。二是鉴定评价富有成效。完成23092份种质的基本农艺性状鉴定,并评价筛选出781份特性突出的优异种质,为作物育种和农业科技原始创新提供了新的基础材料。三是资源得到妥善保存。完成库圃种质资源活力监测12640份,及时更新复壮活力低、长势弱、病害严重的种质10022份,确保了国家库圃资源的安全保存,为分发利用提供了有效保障。四是资源有效利用成效显著。通过在线公布优异种质目录、田间展示及定点定向服务等方式,向种业创新、基础研究等提供种质资源36792份,支撑或服务于各类科技计划项目/课题/产业技术体系402个、育成品种85个、国家奖2项、省部级奖12项、重要论文355篇、著作23部,对我国现代农业科技创新、地方产业发展和乡村振兴起到了重要支撑作用。     

品种

正我国保存农作物种质资源超47万份近日,在山东泰安组织召开农作物种质资源保护与利用专项2016年度工作会议。截至2015年底,我国共保存各类农作物种质资源470295份,保存总量居世界第二位,其中国家种质库长期保存资源已突破40万份,达到404690份,43个国家种质圃保存资源65605份。中国工程院副院长刘旭院士在会上指出,2015年     

中国蔬菜种质资源的种类及分布

从１９８６年起，全国３０个科研、院校单位参加了蔬菜种质资源的收集、整理、繁种更新、编目和入国家种质资源库长期保存的国家科技攻关。至１９９５年底，全国入库（圃）保存的蔬菜种质资源材料已达２８７６５份，分属于２１科６７属１０３种（含部分变种）。本文详细报道了各种蔬菜种质资源的数量，并分析了它们的分布范围和特点     

野生稻种质资源安全保存技术

本文介绍了野生稻种质资源保存的主要方法与技术及特点。野生稻资源保存采用原位保存与异位保存两种方式。原位保存也称原生境保存,通过在原生地建立保护区（点）保护资源;异位保存是对野生稻资源采取异地保存的一种方式,包括种质圃保存和种质库保存两种方法。原位与异位相结合,种质库、种质圃与原生境保护区（点）相补充的保存技术体系大大提高了我国野生稻资源保存的安全性。     

《作物种质资源安全保存原理与技术》正式出版

作物种质资源的安全保存是其有效利用的前提,安全保存需要确保维持种质高生活力和遗传完整性。国家农作物种质资源种质库圃已经收集保存超过51万份作物种质资源,此外各省、研究机构、育种单位也保存有大量作物种质资源。然而入库圃保存并不是一劳永逸的,种质库保存的资源会面临因活力下降而丧失的风险,种质圃保存的资源易遭受自然灾害和生境恶化等威胁,也存在丧失的风险。     

《作物种质资源安全保存原理与技术》正式出版

正作物种质资源的安全保存是其有效利用的前提,安全保存需要确保维持种质高生活力和遗传完整性。国家农作物种质资源种质库圃已经收集保存超过51万份作物种质资源,此外各省、研究机构、育种单位也保存有大量作物种质资源。然而入库圃保存并不是一劳永逸的,种质库保存的资源会面临因活力下降而丧失的风险,种质圃保存的资源易遭受自然灾害和生境恶化等威胁,也存在丧失的风险。     

国家种质勐海茶树分圃资源整理整合及共享利用

国家种质勐海茶树分圃是中国大叶茶种质资源保存的重要基地,目前已收集保存了茶组植物28个种,1199份茶树资源。为促进茶树种质资源的共享与利用,应用Access数据库软件,首次系统整理了云南茶树种质资源830份,向e平台提交了共性描述种质资源631份,特性描述种质资源300份,与国家自然科技资源e平台相链接,建立了云南茶树种质资源数据库,为实现茶树种质资源的规范化、数字化和信息化管理奠定了基础。根据茶树种质资源保存和利用现状,提出了资源圃茶树种质资源共享利用框架,指出了茶树资源保存、整理整合及共享利用中存在资源保存分散、体系不完善、种质资源性状鉴定深度不够、资源共享利用效率低等问题及解决对策。     

《作物种质资源安全保存原理与技术》正式出版

正本书由中国农业科学院作物科学研究所卢新雄研究员、辛霞副研究员、刘旭院士共同完成。是国内外首部作物种质资源安全保存原理与技术方面的专著,主要阐述了作物种质资源安全保存的含义与范畴,系统介绍了种质库、种质圃、离体库等保存方式的种质资源安全保存的原理与技术,可为种质资源保存、研究和设施建设提供指导,也可作为综合型大学、农林师范院     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Evolution under domestication involving disturbance of genic balance

Summary An hypothesis is developed that the rapid change from wild plants into domesticated crops principally involves the selection of alleles with non-functional gene products which leads to reduced control of the highly integrated metabolism and morphogenesis previously accumulated by lengthy natural selection. Such disturbance of the genome produces altered physiological and morphological development which, although deleterious in nature, serves mankind better and has been selected.     

Genetic variation for disease and nematode resistances and forage quality in perennial diploid and tetraploid lucerne populations (Medicago sativa L.)

Summary Twenty-five lucerne populations of the Medicago sativa complex, which were either diploid or tetraploid and wild or cultivated, were analysed for their resistance to four different fungal diseases and to stem nematode. Forage quality, including stem digestibility and saponin content, was also tested.Populations varied in susceptibility to the diseases caused by Colletotrichum trifolii, Verticillium albo-atrum, Sclerotinia trifoliorum and Pseudopezizza medicaginis, and to the nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci. Except for Sclerotinia rot, sativa and falcata subspecies differed in susceptibility, but this grouping of populations did not account for the full range of variation among them. However, the resistance to P. medicaginis was much lower in the sativa than in the falcata populations.Populations also varied significantly in stem fiber content and digestibility. Stem digestibility was negatively correlated to forage yield. Wild sativa and falcata populations had lower fiber content and higher digestibility than cultivated sativa populations. The medicagenic acid was the sapogenin responsible for the anti-nutritional effect of the lucerne measured by the yellow mealworm larvae Tenebrio molitor. The medicagenic acid content was lowest for the pure sativa populations, highest for the pure falcata populations, and intermediate for the French sativa varieties that have some traits originating from falcata germplasm. Some populations could be used in breeding programs to improve disease and nematode resistance, and forage quality.     

Review of Effects of Active Components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on Central Nervous System

In order to explore the pharmacological effects of active components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on the central nervous system,through consulting related literatures,...     

Effects of Pb on Rhizosphere Soil Enzyme Activity and Chemical Constituents of Achyranthes bidentata Blume

[Objectives]The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Pb on rhizosphere soil enzyme activity and chemical constituents of Achyranthes bidentat...     

不同P-Zn配比对小麦幼苗微量元素营养的影响

采用了螯合-缓冲营养液培养方法对小麦进行了苗期培养试验,在3个P水平(0,0.6,3.0 mmol/L)和3个Zn水平(0,3,30 μmol/L)的完全组合下对小麦苗期生长及Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养进行了研究,旨在为小麦微肥施用提供理论依据.结果表明,P、Zn的正常供应促进了小麦生长,二者的缺乏与过量均会抑制小麦发育,且这种影响在冠部表现得更为明显.在小麦苗期,Zn与Cu的吸收存在明显的拮抗作用,但供Zn则促进了Zn和Cu的转运,而Mn转运则受到了抑制;过量供Zn时,大量Zn被转运到冠部,同时明显抑制了(Fe+Cu+Mn)的吸收总量;P的供应显著地抑制了Fe的吸收,但P的供应提高了Zn、Cu、Mn的转运率;P、Zn在对Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn间吸收竞争的影响中,Zn本身的影响要比P的影响更为明显,供Zn明显促进了小麦幼苗对Zn的吸收;在小麦幼苗冠部,Zn与Fe的竞争中,供P利于Zn的吸收,缺P则利于Fe的吸收;而Zn与Cu以及Zn与Mn间的竞争中,缺磷时利于Zn的吸收,供磷后则利于Cu和Mn的吸收.总之,小麦幼苗Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养中,P、Zn的不同配比会不同程度地改变Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn的协同或拮抗效应.     

Isozyme variation between diploid and tetraploid cytotypes of Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth.

Summary Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth. is a wild perennial species related to the cultivated soybean, G. max (L.) Merr. It is composed of diploid (2n=40) and tetraploid (2n=80) cytotypes. Currently, to differentiate the cytotypes, plants are grown out in the greenhouse and chromosome counts made on pollen mother cells. It is a laborious and time consuming process. The objective of this study was to determine whether electrophoretic techniques could be utilized to separate the cytotypes. Electrophoretic examination of seven isozyme systems from seed of 67 G. tabacina accessions revealed banding patterns that could be used to differentiate between diploid and tetraploid cytotypes in the species. Among the tetraploid accessions, the number of bands observed were always greater than the diploids. Some tetraploid banding patterns consisted of bands similar to the diploid tabacina and/or additional bands previously identified in other Glycine species. The patterns of isozyme multiplicity and variation in the tetraploid tabacinas suggests more than one mode of origin for the tetraploids.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.