利用内标为基础的RT-PCR技术检测草莓斑驳病毒

 利用改进的CTAB法提取出优质的草莓总RNA,可以稳定地进行RT PCR。针对草莓斑驳病毒(SMoV)基因组序列设计筛选引物,对病毒基因组的不同区域进行扩增,扩增产物经克隆、测序证明为SMoV的特异片段,与国外序列的同源性为91%~97%。为了监测RNA的质量和RT PCR反应的正常进行,在检测体系中引入线粒体NADH脱氢酶基因ND2亚基作为内标,内标引物跨越内含子区域,只对剪接后的mRNA进行特异扩增,可以较好地监测整个检测过程。在国内首次建立了SMoV的RT PCR检测体系,以优质的草莓总RNA为模板,结合扩增内标的检测体系,对草莓病毒指示植物和草莓栽培品种都可以进行快速稳定的检测。     

应用特异引物和简并引物检测百合斑驳病毒

应用特异引物和简并引物对百合斑驳病毒(LMoV)进行RT-PCR检测.结果表明,特异引物和简并引物均能从LMoV感病百合组织中扩增出与预期大小一致的目标片段,而健康组织无此扩增产物,简并引物还能从感染TBV的郁金香病叶中扩增出目标片段.将感染LMoV组织总RNA以10倍梯度稀释成不同浓度检测,特异引物检测的灵敏度为10-4,简并引物的灵敏度为10-3.对特异引物的PCR产物进行克隆和测序,序列分析表明与LMoV不同分离物的序列同源性为90%～99%,说明采用本研究确定的方法检测百合斑驳病毒结果准确可靠.     

PCR方法检测美人蕉黄斑驳病毒

美人蕉黄斑驳病毒病是危害美人蕉的重要病害之一,我国目前尚无该病发生的报道.本文以健康和感病植株为材料,进行总DNA的提取和PCR扩增,从感病植株中扩增出与目的片段大小相符的产物,而健康植株中则未扩增出.PCR扩增产物经克隆、测序后证实,与已报道的美人蕉黄斑驳病毒(Cannayellow mottle virus,CaYMV)序列同源性高达97%～99%.经优化反应条件,建立了稳定的美人蕉黄斑驳病毒PCR检测方法.     

利用RT-PCR快速检测黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒

根据黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒（CGMMV）的外壳蛋白基因（CP基因）保守序列设计、合成引物,以感病西瓜、南瓜、玉米叶片组织总RNA为模板,进行cDNA合成和PCR扩增,并将扩增产物连接到pMD18-T载体上测序鉴定。核苷酸序列测定结果表明,此CP基因全长为654个核苷酸,与已报道的CGMMV的CP基因同源性为97%-100%。RT-PCR方法为检测CGMMV提供了操作更为简便、特异性更强的快速、准确的检测鉴定方法,是一种控制该潜在危险性有害生物蔓延的有效途径。     

葡萄卷叶病毒RT-PCR检测技术

为调查葡萄植株携带葡萄卷叶病毒(GLRaV)的情况，以带毒和非带毒指示植物“品丽珠”为试验材料提取总RNA，并以此总RNA为模板进行RT—PCR扩增，建立了GLRaV的RT—PCR检测体系，并对GLRaV cDNA序列进行测定，结果成功地检测到了GLRaV。经多次试验证明，该检测结果准确可靠，可以用于GLRaV的检测。     

两重RT-PCR同步检测菊花B病毒和番茄不孕病毒

根据已报道的菊花B病毒（CVB）和番茄不孕病毒（TAV）外壳蛋白基因序列合成两条寡核苷酸引物,用RT-PCR的方法对这两种病毒的外壳蛋白基因进行了扩增,得到与预期大小相符的特异扩增条带。将其克隆到pGEM T中,经序列分析表明所克隆的是CVB和TAV的CP基因,与已知的序列相比,CVB的同源性分别为82%、85％,而TAV的同源性为98%。利用两重RT-PCR成功同步检测这两种病毒,从而建立了一种能同时检测两种病毒的快速、简便、灵敏的分子检测方法。     

地高辛标记的cDNA探针检测烟草花叶病毒、黄瓜花叶病毒及马铃薯Y病毒

 根据已发表的烟草花叶病毒(Tobacco mosaic virus,TMV)、黄瓜花叶病毒(Cucumber mosaic virus,CMV)和马铃薯Y病毒(Potato virus Y,PVY)的外壳蛋白基因序列,设计特异引物,分别以提取的TMV、CMV和PVY侵染的病叶总RNA为模板,反转录PCR进行体外扩增,分别得到长度为0.44、0.77、0.80 kb的目的片段,并克隆到pGEM-T easy质粒载体上,以构建的重组质粒为模板,用PCR方法合成了相应的地高辛标记的双链DNA探针。以合成的探针通过斑点杂交技术检测烟草病叶总RNA和烟草病叶汁液。TMV、CMV和PVY的3种地高辛探针检测各自感染的烟草病叶总RNA的稀释低限分别为1:1000、1:10000、1:320,检测各自侵染烟草病汁液的最大稀释倍数分别为1:100、1:100、1:10,而每种探针与健康烟草和其它2种病毒的反应均为阴性。     

RT-PCR检测李坏死环斑病毒的研究

为了从植物组织中快速检测李坏死环斑病毒９ＰＮＲＳＶ）,根据该病毒ＲＮＡ３序列设计引物,对感病和健康组织总ＲＮＡ进行ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ,结果从感病组织中扩增出了大约４５０ｂｐ的目的片段,而健康组织中无此扩增带。将此ＰＣＲ产物连接到ｐＧＥＭ－Ｔ－ｅａｓｙ载体也能转化大肠杆菌ＤＨ５５α菌株,得到了含有目的片段的重组子。并采用双脱氧终止法进行序列配美国报道的李坏死环斑病毒ＲＮＡ３序列对应部分核苷酸基本一致,这表     

应用RT-PCR分子检测技术快速检测大蒜普通潜隐病毒

根据大蒜普通潜隐病毒(Garlic common latent virus,GCLV)的外壳蛋白区域的保守序列设计合成一对寡核苷酸引物,以带毒植物的总RNA为模板,进行反转录和PCR扩增,通过反应体系和反应程序的建立与优化,扩增得到长300 bp的目的片段,并将目的片段转入大肠杆菌进行了克隆和序列测定。测序结果与GenBank中其他GCLV相应区域的序列同源性最高达98%。并对其检测的特异性和灵敏度进行了验证,从而建立了快速、灵敏、特异性强的GCLV分子生物学检测方法。     

恩施地区烟草病毒病的电镜诊断与RT-PCR鉴定

采集湖北省恩施地区疑似感染烟草病毒病的新鲜烟叶样品,提纯获取混合样品病毒粒子悬浮液,采用悬滴法进行负染,通过电镜观察对病原物进行初步鉴定。结果显示,病毒粒子悬浮液中存在大量线状、杆状与球状形态病毒粒子。进一步提取混合样品总RNA,使用马铃薯Y病毒属通用引物,TMV、CMV外壳蛋白序列特异性引物进行PCR扩增,将扩增产物回收克隆用于测序,经BLAST程序与GenBank进行比对,感病样品中检出TMV、CMV、PVY,与电镜所观察到的病毒粒子形态结构一致。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.